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Leukemia & Lymphoma 2023
Topics: Humans; Amyloidosis; Lymphoma; Serum Amyloid A Protein
PubMed: 37493601
DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2023.2239971 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... Jul 2023Seeds represent a potential source of starch, containing at least 60-70% of total starch, however many of them are treated as waste and are usually discarded. The review...
Seeds represent a potential source of starch, containing at least 60-70% of total starch, however many of them are treated as waste and are usually discarded. The review aim was to analyze the characteristics, functional properties, and potential applications of native and modified starches from underutilized seeds such as Sorghum bicolor L. Moench (WSS), Chenopodium quinoa, Wild. (QSS), Mangifera indica L. (MSS), Persea americana Mill. (ASS), Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni (PCSS), and Brosimum alicastrum Sw. (RSS). A systematic review of scientific literature was carried out from 2014 to date. Starch from seeds had yields above 30%. ASS had the higher amylose content and ASS and RSS showed the highest values in water absorption capacity and swelling power, contrary to MSS and PCSS while higher thermal resistance, paste stability, and a lower tendency to retrograde were observed in MSS and RSS. Functional properties such as water solubility, swelling power, thermal stability, low retrogradation tendency, and emulsion stability were increased in RSS, WSS, QSS, and MSS with chemical modifications (Oxidation, Oxidation-Crosslinking, OSA, DDSA, and NSA) and physical methods (HMT and dry-heat). Digestibility in vitro showed that WSS and QSS presented high SDS fraction, while ASS, MSS, PCSS, and HMT-QSS presented the highest RS content. Native or modified underutilized seed starches represent an alternative and sustainable source of non-conventional starch with potential applications in the food industry and for the development of healthy foods or for special nutritional requirements.
Topics: Chemical Phenomena; Seeds; Starch; Water
PubMed: 37254325
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112875 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2023Type 2 diabetes (T2D) diagnoses are predicted to reach 643 million by 2030, increasing incidences of cardiovascular disease and other comorbidities. Rapidly digestible...
BACKGROUND
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) diagnoses are predicted to reach 643 million by 2030, increasing incidences of cardiovascular disease and other comorbidities. Rapidly digestible starch elevates postprandial glycemia and impinges glycemic homeostasis, elevating the risk of developing T2D. Starch can escape digestion by endogenous enzymes in the small intestine when protected by intact plant cell walls (resistant starch type 1), when there is a high concentration of amylose (resistant starch type 2) and when the molecule undergoes retrogradation (resistant starch type 3) or chemical modification (resistant starch type 4). Dietary interventions using resistant starch may improve glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. However, few studies have explored the differential effects of resistant starch type. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to compare the effects of the resistant starch from intact plant cell structures (resistant starch type 1) and resistant starch from modified starch molecules (resistant starch types 2-5) on fasting and postprandial glycemia in subjects with T2D and prediabetes.
METHODS
Databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Web of Science) were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials. Standard mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were determined using random-effects models. Sub-group analyses were conducted between subjects with T2D versus prediabetes and types of resistant starch.
RESULTS
The search identified 36 randomized controlled trials ( = 982), 31 of which could be included in the meta-analysis. Resistant starch type 1 and type 2 lowered acute postprandial blood glucose [SMD (95% CI) = -0.54 (-1.0, -0.07)] and [-0.96 (-1.61, -0.31)]. Resistant starch type 2 improved acute postprandial insulin response [-0.71 (-1.31, -0.11)]. In chronic studies, resistant starch type 1 and 2 lowered postprandial glucose [-0.38 (-0.73, -0.02), -0.29 (-0.53, -0.04), respectively] and resistant starch type 2 intake improved fasting glucose [-0.39 (-0.66, -0.13)] and insulin [-0.40 (-0.60, -0.21)].
CONCLUSION
Resistant starch types 1 and 2 may influence glucose homeostasis discrete mechanisms, as they appear to influence glycemia differently. Further research into resistant starch types 3, 4, and 5 is required to elucidate their effect on glucose metabolism. The addition of resistant starch as a dietary intervention for those with T2D or prediabetes may prevent further deterioration of glycemic control.
PubMed: 37051127
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1118229 -
Critical Reviews in Food Science and... Mar 2023Starch is a natural, abundant, renewable and biodegradable plant-based polymer that exhibits a variety of functional properties, including the ability to thicken or gel...
Starch is a natural, abundant, renewable and biodegradable plant-based polymer that exhibits a variety of functional properties, including the ability to thicken or gel solutions, form films and coatings, and act as encapsulation and delivery vehicles. In this review, we first describe the structure of starch molecules and discuss the mechanisms of their interactions with guest molecules. Then, the effects of starch-guest complexes on gelatinization, retrogradation, rheology and digestion of starch are discussed. Finally, the potential applications of starch-guest complexes in the food industry are highlighted. Starch-guest complexes are formed due to physical forces, especially hydrophobic interactions between non-polar guest molecules and the hydrophobic interiors of amylose helices, as well as hydrogen bonds between some guest molecules and starch. Gelatinization, retrogradation, rheology and digestion of starch-based materials are influenced by complex formation, which has important implications for the utilization of starch as a functional and nutritional ingredient in food products. Controlling these interactions can be used to create novel starch-based food materials with specific functions, such as texture modifiers, delivery systems, edible coatings and films, fat substitutes and blood glucose modulators.
PubMed: 36908227
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2186126 -
International Journal of Biological... Feb 2023Because intelligent hydrogels have good biocompatibility, a rapid response, and good degradability as well as a stimulus response mode that is rich, hydrophilic, and... (Review)
Review
Because intelligent hydrogels have good biocompatibility, a rapid response, and good degradability as well as a stimulus response mode that is rich, hydrophilic, and similar to the softness and elasticity of living tissue, they have received widespread attention and are widely used in biomedical engineering. In this article, we conduct a systematic review of the use of smart hydrogels in biomedical engineering. First, we introduce the properties and applications of hydrogels and compare the similarities and differences between traditional hydrogels and smart hydrogels. Secondly, we summarize the intelligent hydrogel types, the mechanisms of action used by different hydrogels, and the materials for preparing different types of hydrogels, such as the materials for the preparation of temperature-responsive hydrogels, which mainly include gelatin, carrageenan, agarose, amylose, etc.; summarize the morphologies of different hydrogels, such as films, fibers and microspheres; and summarize the application of smart hydrogels in biomedical engineering, such as for the delivery of proteins, antibiotics, deoxyribonucleic acid, etc. Finally, we summarize the shortcomings of current research and present future prospects for smart hydrogels. The purpose of this paper is to provide researchers engaged in related fields with a systematic review of the application of intelligent hydrogels in biomedical engineering. We hope that they will get some inspiration from this work to provide new directions for the development of related fields.
Topics: Biomedical Engineering; Biocompatible Materials; Hydrogels; Tissue Engineering; Bioengineering; Macromolecular Substances
PubMed: 36549612
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.148 -
Current Opinion in Rheumatology Jan 2023Emerging data suggest that regulatory T-cells (Treg) alterations play a major role in systemic vasculitis pathophysiology. We performed a systematic review of recent...
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW
Emerging data suggest that regulatory T-cells (Treg) alterations play a major role in systemic vasculitis pathophysiology. We performed a systematic review of recent advances in the role of Treg and interleukin (IL)-10 in the pathogenesis and treatment of systemic vasculitis, including giant cell arteritis (GCA), Takayasu arteritis, Behçet's disease, antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies (ANCA) associated vasculitis (AAV), and cryoglobulinemia associated vasculitis.
RECENT FINDINGS
Emerging data suggest that Treg deficiencies are disease-specific, affecting distinct pathways in distinct vasculitides. Decreased peripheral blood frequencies of Treg are described in all vasculitis when compared to healthy donors. Altered Treg functions are reported in GCA, Takayasu arteritis, AAV, and Behçet's disease with different mechanisms proposed. Treatment with biologics, and sometimes other immunosuppressants, may restore Treg frequencies and/or immune activity with significant differences in active disease or disease in remission in several systemic vasculitis. IL-10 is elevated in GCA, AAV, cryoglobulinemia associated vasculitis. In Behçet's disease, IL-10 is decreased in peripheral blood and elevated in saliva. In Takayasu arteritis, IL-10 levels were essentially elevated in patients' vessel wall. Several new therapeutic approaches targeting Treg and Il-10 (low dose IL-2, CAR Treg…) are developed to treat patients with systemic vasculitis.
SUMMARY
Treg and IL-10 play a central role in the regulation of inflammation in vasculitis and new targeting approaches are emerging.
Topics: Humans; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory; Interleukin-10; Behcet Syndrome; Giant Cell Arteritis; Takayasu Arteritis; Systemic Vasculitis; Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis
PubMed: 36508306
DOI: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000000915 -
Molecular Genetics and Metabolism Jun 2022Mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD) is a monogenic auto-inflammatory disease. Its manifestations range from partial MKD to mevalonic aciduria (MVA). All patients display... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD) is a monogenic auto-inflammatory disease. Its manifestations range from partial MKD to mevalonic aciduria (MVA). All patients display a periodic fever, and MVA patients additionally exhibit severe neurological involvement. The objective of this work was to describe neurological manifestations of MKD.
METHODS
A systematic literature review was performed from January 1990 to January 2022. Forty-five patients from 18 case reports and five cohort studies were included in the analysis.
RESULTS
In cohort studies, the most-reported manifestations were headaches (41%) and fatigue (31%). Serious involvements including ataxia and developmental delay were described less than 1% of patients but 22-31% of case reports. They consistently appeared in the first years of life. Retinal dystrophy was frequently reported (31%) in case reports. Other manifestations, including uveitis, aseptic meningitis, and stroke remained rare.
DISCUSSION
Severe neurological manifestations are rare in MKD but are responsible for major functional disabilities. They are present at onset and never appear at follow-up of patients with mild MKD. Conversely, headaches and fatigue are frequent symptoms that should be investigated. Visual examinations should be performed on the appearance of visual symptoms. The efficacy of anti-IL-1β therapy on neurological manifestations should be further investigated.
Topics: Fatigue; Headache; Humans; Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency
PubMed: 35525811
DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2022.04.006 -
Rheumatology (Oxford, England) Nov 2022Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) is a rare but treatable inherited autoinflammatory condition including familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS),...
OBJECTIVE
Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) is a rare but treatable inherited autoinflammatory condition including familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS), Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS) and chronic infantile neurologic cutaneous articular syndrome (CINCA). Our objective was to describe the main features of CAPS AA amyloidosis (AA-CAPS) associated and the efficacy of IL-1 inhibitors in this indication.
METHODS
Retrospective study in France associated with a systematic literature review.
RESULTS
Eighty-six patients were identified: 23 new French cases and 63 from the literature, with a median age at amyloidosis diagnosis of 39 years old. CAPS subtypes were MWS (n = 62), FCAS (n = 9), frontier forms between MWS and FCAS (n = 12) and between CINCA and MWS (n = 3). NLRP3 had been sequenced in 60 patients (70%) and the most frequent mutation was R260W (60%). Three AA-CAPS patients displayed somatic NLRP3 mutations. Death occurred in 35 patients (41%), none of whom having ever received IL-1 inhibitors. Twenty-eight patients (33%) received IL-1 inhibitors, with a >50% decrease in proteinuria in 89% of cases.
CONCLUSION
AA amyloidosis can occur in nearly all CAPS subtypes. IL-1 inhibitors are effective, underlining the necessity of an early diagnosis of CAPS in order to start this treatment as soon as possible among AA-CAPS patients.
Topics: Humans; Adult; Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; Retrospective Studies; Mutation; Amyloidosis; Interleukin-1
PubMed: 35262642
DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac145 -
Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism Dec 2021Deficiency of adenosine deaminase 2 (DADA2) is a rare autoinflammatory disease usually presenting before the age of 10 years. Non-specific clinical features or...
BACKGROUND
Deficiency of adenosine deaminase 2 (DADA2) is a rare autoinflammatory disease usually presenting before the age of 10 years. Non-specific clinical features or late-onset presentation may delay its diagnosis until adulthood.
OBJECTIVE
To determine whether DADA2 diagnosed in adulthood is associated with specific characteristics compared to DADA2 diagnosed in childhood.
METHODS
We pooled a cohort of 12 adult DADA2 patients followed in France with cases identified through a systematic literature review. For each patient, we determined the type of clinical presentation and assessed six key organ involvements.
RESULTS
A total of 306 cases were included. Among the 283 patients with available data regarding age at diagnosis, 140 were diagnosed during adulthood and 143 during childhood. The vascular presentation of DADA2 was more frequent in the adult diagnosis group (77.9% vs. 62.9%, p < 0.01), whereas the hematological presentation (bone marrow failure) prevailed in the pediatric diagnosis group (10.0% vs. 20.3% p = 0.02). In patients with vasculopathy, severe skin manifestations developed in 35% and 10% of the adult and pediatric diagnosis groups, respectively. Conversely, fewer strokes occurred in the adult group presenting with systemic vasculopathy (54% vs. 81%). Symptomatic humoral immune deficiency (HID) was rarely a clinical presentation in itself (5% and 2.8%) but accompanied other phenotypes of DADA2, especially the hematological phenotype in the adult group (33% vs. 4%).
CONCLUSION
DADA2 diagnosed in adulthood presents more often with a vascular phenotype and less often with bone marrow failure than DADA2 diagnosed in childhood. Adults diagnosed with DADA2 vasculopathy display more severe skin involvement but fewer strokes.
Topics: Adenosine Deaminase; Adult; Child; Humans; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Mutation; Phenotype
PubMed: 34571400
DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2021.09.001 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Aug 2021Starchy foods can have a profound effect on metabolism. The structural properties of starchy foods can affect their digestibility and postprandial metabolic responses,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Starchy foods can have a profound effect on metabolism. The structural properties of starchy foods can affect their digestibility and postprandial metabolic responses, which in the long term may be associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes and obesity.
OBJECTIVES
This systematic review sought to evaluate the clinical evidence regarding the impact of the microstructures within starchy foods on postprandial glucose and insulin responses alongside appetite regulation.
METHODS
A systematic search was performed in the PUBMED, Ovid Medicine, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases for data published up to 18 January 2021. Data were extracted by 3 independent reviewers from randomized crossover trials (RCTs) that investigated the effect of microstructural factors on postprandial glucose, insulin, appetite-regulating hormone responses, and subjective satiety scores in healthy participants.
RESULTS
We identified 745 potential articles, and 25 RCTs (n = 369 participants) met our inclusion criteria: 6 evaluated the amylose-to-amylopectin ratio, 6 evaluated the degree of starch gelatinization, 2 evaluated the degree of starch retrogradation, 1 studied starch-protein interactions, and 12 investigated cell and tissue structures. Meta-analyses showed that significant reductions in postprandial glucose and insulin levels was caused by starch with a high amylose content [standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.64 mmol/L*min (95% CI: -0.83 to -0.46) and SMD = -0.81 pmol/L*min (95% CI: -1.07 to -0.55), respectively], less-gelatinized starch [SMD = -0.54 mmol/L*min (95% CI: -0.75 to -0.34) and SMD = -0.48 pmol/L*min (95% CI: -0.75 to -0.21), respectively], retrograded starch (for glucose incremental AUC; SMD = -0.46 pmol/L*min; 95% CI: -0.80 to -0.12), and intact and large particles [SMD = -0.43 mmol/L*min (95% CI: -0.58 to -0.28) and SMD = -0.63 pmol/L*min (95% CI: -0.86 to -0.40), respectively]. All analyses showed minor or moderate heterogeneity (I2 < 50%). Sufficient evidence was not found to suggest how these structural factors influence appetite.
CONCLUSIONS
The manipulation of microstructures in starchy food may be an effective way to improve postprandial glycemia and insulinemia in the healthy population. The protocol for this systematic review and meta-analysis was registered in the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) as CRD42020190873.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Dietary Carbohydrates; Food Analysis; Humans; Postprandial Period; Starch
PubMed: 34049391
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab098