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Beneficial Microbes Aug 2021Probiotics have aroused great interest as an adjunctive treatment to periodontal therapy, due to the frequent colonisation by periodontopathogens after therapy. The aim...
Probiotics have aroused great interest as an adjunctive treatment to periodontal therapy, due to the frequent colonisation by periodontopathogens after therapy. The aim of this systematic review was to analyse in the scientific literature, evidence of the microbiological effects of probiotics as an adjunct to periodontal therapy in the treatment of periodontal diseases (PD). Only randomised controlled trials (RCT), evaluating the microbiological effect of probiotics as an adjunct to periodontal therapy. The authors conducted a search in PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, ScienceDirect, Web of Science and Cochrane Library to identify articles published in English until February 2020. The quality of the studies was assessed using the JADAD scale and the risk of bias was assessed according to the Cochrane Collaboration assessment tool. Of the 265 articles potentially relevant to this review, 10 studies were included. The most frequently used probiotic bacteria were those of the genus spp. and the time of administration of the probiotics was between 14 days to 3 months. Most studies have shown that the adjuvant use of probiotics reduces the total mean counts of gram-negative anaerobic species ( and ) and gram-negative coccobacillus () of subgingival plaque samples. Probiotics adjuvant to periodontal therapy reduces periodontopathogenic species in a greater proportion, compared only to periodontal therapy. Especially the strain, without combination with other strains, offered a greater reduction in pathogenic bacteria associated with greater destruction of periodontal tissues and deep periodontal pockets. Researchers should perform high-quality RCT, evaluating single strains without combinations, in order to observe the microbiological benefits as adjunctive treatment of PD.
Topics: Humans; Limosilactobacillus reuteri; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontal Pocket; Probiotics; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 34169804
DOI: 10.3920/BM2020.0143 -
Transfusion Medicine Reviews Jul 2021Septic reactions from platelet transfusions are one of the leading causes of transfusion-associated mortality. The FDA guidance for platelet bacterial risk control... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Septic reactions from platelet transfusions are one of the leading causes of transfusion-associated mortality. The FDA guidance for platelet bacterial risk control includes bacterial culture using both aerobic and anaerobic bottles. Several studies have reported false positive rates (FPR) of culture, but these data have not been summarized or influencing factors analyzed. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to published guidelines to assess the false positive rate and influencing factors. Eighteen studies were included for analysis. The combined aerobic/anaerobic FPR was 2.4 events per thousand (EPT) with a prediction interval of 0.5 to 5.7, while the aerobic FPR rate was 1.0 EPT (prediction interval: 0.2-2.2) and the anaerobic rate was 1.8 EPT. Estimates were based on a total of almost 5 million units tested. The rate of false positives due to instrument error was between 0.5-1.7 EPT, while it was between 0.3-1.0 EPT for sampling contamination based on whether only aerobic, anaerobic, or aerobic/anaerobic cultures were performed. The FPR is approximately 2 to 5 times higher than the literature reported true positive rate of 0.5 EPT.
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Bacteria; Blood Platelets; Humans; Platelet Transfusion; Quality Control
PubMed: 34158212
DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2021.05.001 -
Water Research Mar 2021Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) represents a promising technology for wastewater nitrogen removal. Organics management is critical to achieving efficient and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) represents a promising technology for wastewater nitrogen removal. Organics management is critical to achieving efficient and stable performance of anammox or integrated processes, e.g., denitratation-anammox. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the state-of-the-art knowledge on the multifaceted impacts of organics on wastewater anammox community structure and function. Both exogenous and endogenous organics are discussed with respect to their effects on the biofilm/granule structure and function, as well as the interactions between anammox bacteria (AnAOB) and a broad range of coexisting functional groups. A global core community consisting of 19 taxa is identified and a co-occurrence network is constructed by meta-analysis on the 16S rDNA sequences of 149 wastewater anammox samples. Correlations between core taxa, keystone taxa, and environmental factors, including COD, nitrogen loading rate (NLR) and C/N ratio are obtained. This review provides a holistic understanding of the microbial responses to different origins and types of organics in wastewater anammox reactors, which will facilitate the design and operation of more efficient anammox-based wastewater nitrogen removal process.
Topics: Ammonium Compounds; Anaerobiosis; Bioreactors; Denitrification; Nitrogen; Oxidation-Reduction; Wastewater
PubMed: 33461083
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116817 -
Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Jun 2021Cutibacterium acnes is a commensal, gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacillus that resides in the dermis. Historically thought to be a contaminant when identified... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Cutibacterium acnes is a commensal, gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacillus that resides in the dermis. Historically thought to be a contaminant when identified on cultured specimens, recent advances in diagnostic technology have now implicated it as the most common organism responsible for postoperative shoulder infections. Despite a recognition of the role of this organism and a significant research interest in recent years, there is clear lack of consensus guideline on strategies to prevent, diagnose, and treat postoperative shoulder infection.
METHOD
The electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched in March 2020. All experimental and nonexperimental studies that investigate C acnes in shoulder surgery were included. Inclusion was limited to articles published after 2000 and written in English; reviews, gray literature, or abstracts were excluded. A total of 70 studies were included in this review. This scoping review was performed in accordance with the Extended Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR).
RESULTS
Standard surgical prophylactic regimens such as intravenous antibiotics and topical chlorhexidine are ineffective at removing C acnes from the deep layer of the dermis, and there is a shift toward using topical benzoyl peroxide with significantly improved efficacy. An improved understanding of the bacteria has demonstrated that a prolonged culture time of up to 14 days is needed, especially in cases of established infection. Advances in diagnostics such as sonication and molecular-based testing are promising. Although usually thought to be susceptible to a broad range of antibiotics, resistance is emerging to clindamycin. An improved understanding of its ability to form a biofilm highlights the difficulty in treating an established infection.
CONCLUSION
The role of C acnes causing postoperative infection following shoulder surgery is being increasingly recognized. Strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment have been outlined from both an antimicrobial and surgical perspective. A number of these strategies are emerging and require further research to demonstrate efficacy before implementation into clinical guidelines.
Topics: Benzoyl Peroxide; Clindamycin; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Propionibacterium acnes; Shoulder; Shoulder Joint
PubMed: 33373684
DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.11.011 -
Chemosphere May 2021This paper review is aiming to comprehensively identify and appraise the current available knowledge on microbial composition and microbial dynamics in anaerobic... (Review)
Review
This paper review is aiming to comprehensively identify and appraise the current available knowledge on microbial composition and microbial dynamics in anaerobic digestion with focus on the interconnections between operational parameters and microbial community. We systematically searched Scopus, Web of Science, pubmed and Embase (up to August 2019) with relative keywords to identify English-language studies published in peer-reviewed journals. The data and information on anaerobic reactor configurations, operational parameters such as pretreatment methods, temperature, trace elements, ammonia, organic loading rate, and feedstock composition and their association with the microbial community and microbial dynamics were extracted from eligible articles. Of 306 potential articles, 112 studies met the present review objectives and inclusion criteria. The results indicated that both aceticlastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis are dominant in anaerobic digesters and their relative composition is depending on environmental conditions. However, hydrogenotrophic methanogens are more often observed in extreme conditions due to their higher robustness compared to aceticlastic methangoens. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla are most common fermentative bacteria of the acidogenic phase. These bacteria secrete lytic enzymes to degrade organic matters and are able to survive in extreme conditions and environments due to their spores. In addition, among archaea Methanosaeta, Methanobacterium, and Methanosarcinaceae are found at high relative abundance in anaerobic digesters operated with different operational parameters. Overall, understanding the shifts in microbial composition and diversity as results of operational parameters variation in anaerobic digestion process would improve the stability and process performance.
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Archaea; Bioreactors; Methane; Microbiota
PubMed: 33121817
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128618 -
Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics Jan 2021Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is one of the most common vaginal complaints of women of reproductive age, characterized by a shift from a Lactobacillus-dominated vaginal...
PURPOSE
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is one of the most common vaginal complaints of women of reproductive age, characterized by a shift from a Lactobacillus-dominated vaginal microbiome towards a more diverse flora of facultative and obligately anaerobic bacteria. BV can increase the risk of preterm births, contracting sexually transmitted infections and developing other chronic health issues. Standard treatment for BV are antibiotics, however despite initial efficacy, they do not provide effective long-term treatment and recurrence or persistence prevention. This systematic review focuses on describing the current study situation and summarizing the newest data on the efficacy of alternative non-antibiotic options, namely probiotic products containing lactobacilli, lactic acid, sucrose gel, combination products with estriol, and supplementation of antibiotics.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic literature search using the MEDLINE database and evaluated the 33 trials which met our inclusion criteria.
CONCLUSION
The diverse study designs produced extremely varied outcomes, but so far the results are promising. Furthermore, these alternatives have shown little to no adverse effects and are consequently generally considered safe to use. In general, the results of this review warrant more thorough trials with larger cohort sizes to provide sufficient evidence for these alternatives to be a part of official treatment recommendations.
Topics: Administration, Intravaginal; Adult; Female; Humans; Lactobacillus; Microbiota; Probiotics; Treatment Outcome; Vagina; Vaginosis, Bacterial
PubMed: 33025086
DOI: 10.1007/s00404-020-05821-x -
Journal of Prosthodontics : Official... Mar 2021To evaluate and synthesize the existing evidence on the microbiological and human immune response associated with peri-implantitis in comparison to healthy implants. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
To evaluate and synthesize the existing evidence on the microbiological and human immune response associated with peri-implantitis in comparison to healthy implants.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Three electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library) were searched in October 2019 to identify clinical studies evaluating the microbiota and the immune response associated with peri-implantitis. Two reviewers independently screened the studies and used the full text to extract the data. A qualitative synthesis was performed on the extracted data and summary tables were prepared. Due to clinical and methodological heterogeneity among included studies, no meta-analysis was performed.
RESULTS
Forty studies were included in this review. Of these, 20 studies compared the microbiological profile of peri-implantitis with healthy implants. Nineteen studies focused on the immune response associated with peri-implantitis in comparison to healthy implants. Three studies focus on gene polymorphism associated with peri-implantitis. The most commonly reported bacteria associated with peri-implantitis were obligate anaerobe Gram-negative bacteria (OAGNB), asaccharolytic anaerobic Gram-positive rods (AAGPRs), and other Gram-positive species. In regard to immune response, the most frequently reported pro-inflammatory mediators associated with peri-implantitis were IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α. Osteolytic mediator, e.g., RANK, RANKL, Wnt5a and proteinase enzymes, MMP-2, MMP-9, and Cathepsin-K were also expressed at higher level in peri-implantitis sites compared to control.
CONCLUSIONS
Peri-implantitis is associated with complex and different microbiota than healthy implants including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and virus. This difference in the microbiota could provoke higher inflammatory response and osteolytic activity. All of this could contribute to the physiopathology of peri-implantitis.
Topics: Dental Implants; Humans; Immunity; Microbiota; Peri-Implantitis
PubMed: 33016381
DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13270 -
Anaerobe Dec 2020Studies on the anaerobic bacteria Porphyromonas, mainly focused on P. gingivalis, have revealed new bacterial structures, metabolic pathways, and physiologic... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Studies on the anaerobic bacteria Porphyromonas, mainly focused on P. gingivalis, have revealed new bacterial structures, metabolic pathways, and physiologic functionalities. Porphyromonas are mainly described as being associated with mammals and involved in chronic oral infections and secondary pathologies such as cancers or neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we collected and analyzed information regarding Porphyromonas isolation sites and associated conditions and showed that Porphyromonas are detected in numerous pristine and anthropic environments and that their host range appears wider than previously believed, including aquatic animals, arthropods, and birds, even if their predominant hosts remain humans, pets, and farm animals. Our analyses also revealed their presence in multiple organs and in a substantial proportion of healthy contexts. Overall, the growing numbers of microbiota studies have allowed unprecedented advances in the understanding of Porphyromonas ecology but raise questions regarding their phylogenic assignment. In conclusion, this systematic and meta-analysis provides an overview of current knowledge regarding Porphyromonas ecological distribution and encourages additional research to fill the knowledge gaps to better understand their environmental distribution and inter- and intra-species transmission.
Topics: Animals; Bacteroidaceae Infections; Environmental Microbiology; Host Specificity; Humans; Porphyromonas; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Symbiosis
PubMed: 33011277
DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102280 -
Vox Sanguinis Apr 2021Septic transfusion reactions are a principal cause of transfusion-related mortality. The frequency of detectable bacterial contamination is greater in platelets compared... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Septic transfusion reactions are a principal cause of transfusion-related mortality. The frequency of detectable bacterial contamination is greater in platelets compared to other blood components because platelets are stored at room temperature. Most strategies outlined in the September 2019 FDA guidance require both aerobic culture (AC) and anaerobic culture (AnC) testing. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis in an effort to provide the best available estimate of the effectiveness of AnC.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Our analysis was performed according to published guidelines. Broad and context-specific meta-analyses of bacterial detection rates in platelets by AnC were performed to assess the practical effectiveness of AnC as a risk control measure.
RESULTS
Seven studies with a total of 1 767 014 tested platelet components were included for analysis. With exclusion of positives due to Cutibacterium/Propionibacterium species and redundancy due to AC results, AnC detected 0·06 contamination events per thousand (EPT) components tested, twofold lower than the AC (0·12 EPT).
CONCLUSION
Excluding Cutibacterium/Propionibacterium species, AnC detects occasional bacterial contamination events that are not detected by AC (~1 in 17 000 platelet components).
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Bacteria; Bacteriological Techniques; Blood Platelets; Blood Safety; Drug Contamination; Humans; Platelet Transfusion; Transfusion Reaction
PubMed: 32996621
DOI: 10.1111/vox.13013 -
BMJ Open Sep 2020The gut microbiota influences many aspects of human health. We investigated the magnitude and duration of changes in gut microbiota in response to antibiotics commonly... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
The gut microbiota influences many aspects of human health. We investigated the magnitude and duration of changes in gut microbiota in response to antibiotics commonly prescribed in UK primary care.
METHODS
We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and AMED, all years up to May 2020 including all study designs, collecting and analysing data on the effect of antibiotics prescribed for respiratory and urinary tract infections. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and Cochrane standard methods. Risk of bias was evaluated using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. Narrative synthesis was used to report the themes emerging from the data.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Primary outcomes were antibiotic-induced changes in the composition and/or diversity of the gut microbiota. Secondary outcome was the time for the microbiota to return to baseline.
RESULTS
Thirty-one articles with low or unclear risk of bias showed that antibiotics impact the gut microbiota by causing rapid and diminished levels of bacterial diversity and changes in relative abundances. After cessation of treatment, gut bacteria recover, in most individuals, to their baseline state within a few weeks. Some studies suggested longer term effects from 2 to 6 months. Considerable heterogeneity in methodology makes the studies prone to biases and other confounding factors. Doxycycline was associated with a marked short-term decrease in diversity. Clarithromycin decreased the populations of Enterobacteria, and the anaerobic bacteria sp and sp in numbers and diversity for up to 5 weeks. Phenoxymethylpenicillin, nitrofurantoin and amoxicillin had very little effect on the gut microbiome.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite substantial heterogeneity of the studies and small sample sizes, there is evidence that antibiotics commonly used in primary care influence the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota. Larger population-based studies are needed to fully understand how antibiotics modulate the microbiota, and to determine if these are associated with (longer term) health consequences.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER
CRD42017073750.
Topics: Amoxicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Primary Health Care; United Kingdom
PubMed: 32958481
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035677