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Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor... Sep 2022The advice for daily oral care is to brush teeth twice a day with toothpaste containing fluoride and to practice interdental cleaning. The use of mouthwash with...
The advice for daily oral care is to brush teeth twice a day with toothpaste containing fluoride and to practice interdental cleaning. The use of mouthwash with essential oils is not part of this advice, but is sometimes recommended when daily oral care is insufficient, or if mechanical cleaning is temporarily difficult or impossible. The results of a systematic literature review show that there is sufficient evidence, of moderate methodological quality, mouthwash with essential oils can reduce dental plaque and gingivitis. Oral care professionals can recommend mouthwash with essential oils as an adjunct to daily oral care.
Topics: Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Gingivitis; Humans; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Toothpastes
PubMed: 36074643
DOI: 10.5177/ntvt.2022.09.22055 -
International Journal of Dental Hygiene Feb 2023This review aimed to assess the impact of mouthwashes on the composition of the human oral microbiome. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
This review aimed to assess the impact of mouthwashes on the composition of the human oral microbiome.
METHOD
An electronic search algorithm was adapted to MEDLINE-PubMed, Scopus, Embase and ISI Web of Science, and reference lists of relevant sources were manually searched. Inclusion criteria were controlled clinical trials published in English whose population were adult individuals who rinse with antimicrobial mouthwashes and that analysed changes in the oral microbiome by metataxonomy, metagenomics or phylogenetic microarray. Identified studies were screened and assessed following the PRISMA guidelines, and results were compiled into qualitative synthesis of the evidence.
RESULTS
Five controlled clinical studies were included. These studies found associations between the daily use of mouthwashes and changes in the oral microbiome, but the nature of the effect varied according to the mouthwash. Chlorhexidine (CHX) rinses lowered microbial diversity. While 7-day use of CHX led to increases in the abundance of Neisseria, Streptococcus and Granulicatella and a decrease in the abundance of Actinomyces, its prolonged use led to widespread reductions in several genera and species. Cetylpyridinium chloride-containing mouthwashes specifically lowered the abundance of gingivitis-associated genera. In contrast, N-acetyl cysteine-based mouthwashes did not promote changes in the oral microbiome.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite substantial heterogeneity, we found evidence to support the hypothesis that CHX and CPC mouthwashes promote changes in oral microbial structure and/or reductions in community diversity that favour the resolution of dysbiosis. However, future large population-based studies of adequate duration are needed to fully understand the extent to which antimicrobial mouthwashes modulate the microbiome.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Microbiota; Mouthwashes; Phylogeny; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic
PubMed: 35946140
DOI: 10.1111/idh.12617 -
European Archives of Paediatric... Aug 2022This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to answer the following question: Are children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) more... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to answer the following question: Are children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) more likely to have gingival or periodontal disease-related outcomes than their non-ADHD peers?
METHODS
Searches were conducted in the following databases: Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed. Google Scholar and OpenGrey were also verified. Observational studies were included in which children and adolescents with ADHD were compared with their healthy peers in terms of gingival and/or periodontal endpoints. Bias appraisal was performed using the Joann Briggs tool for case-control and cross-sectional studies. Meta-analysis was performed using R language. Results are reported as mean difference (MD) and odds ratio (OR). Statistical analyses were performed in RStudio.
RESULTS
A total of 149 records were identified in the searches. Seven studies were included. The meta-analysis showed that children and adolescents with ADHD had a higher mean gingival bleeding index (percentage) than their non-ADHD peers (MD = 11.25; CI = 0.08-22.41; I = 73%). There was no difference between groups for plaque index (MD = 4.87; CI = - 2.56 to 12.30; I = 63%) and gingivitis (OR = 1.42; CI = 0.22-9.21; I = 76%). Regarding the assessment of risk of bias, the major issue found in the articles was the absence of analyses for the control of confounding factors.
CONCLUSION
Children and adolescents with ADHD had more gingival bleeding than their non-ADHD peers, but no difference regarding plaque or gingivitis was detected between groups.
CLINICAL REGISTRATION
CRD42021258404.
Topics: Adolescent; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Child; Dental Plaque; Gingivitis; Humans
PubMed: 35838891
DOI: 10.1007/s40368-022-00732-8 -
Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry Jun 2022To summarise the available data on the effects of chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash in treating gingivitis during treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
PURPOSE
To summarise the available data on the effects of chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash in treating gingivitis during treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Multiple electronic databases were searched up to December 7th, 2021. Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were eligible for inclusion. The quality of the included RCTs was assessed with the Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomised trials (RoB 2.0). After data extraction and risk of bias assessment, differences were recorded in several oral hygiene indices in time and mean percentage change in those indices using different antimicrobial solutions.
RESULTS
Fourteen studies were deemed eligible for inclusion, reporting on a total of 602 patients with an age range of 11-35 years. The experimental solution was a 0.06%, 0.12%, or 0.2% CHX mouthwash with the control either a placebo mouthwash or a selection from a variety of mouthwashes. Treatment duration varied from 1 day to almost 5 months and the follow-up period varied from 1 min to 5 months. Chlorhexidine mouthrinses led to reduced plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation during orthodontic treatment, while at the same time, some of the control group mouthrinses were deemed equally effective. No statistically significant difference was detected in the meta-analysis between CHX and mouthwashes with propolis/probiotics/herbs in terms of the gingival index at 3 to 4 weeks (mean difference 0.07, 95% CI: -0.18, 0.31, p = 0.59).
CONCLUSION
Chlorhexidine mouthwash in orthodontic patients successfully controls gingival inflammation and bleeding when compared to untreated controls, but is equally effective as other mouthrinses where various oral health indices are concerned.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Gingivitis; Humans; Inflammation; Mouthwashes; Young Adult
PubMed: 35762364
DOI: 10.3290/j.ohpd.b3170043 -
The Journal of Evidence-based Dental... Jun 2022Previous studies demonstrated a dose-dependent efficacy of sodium bicarbonate when added to dentifrices for the mechanical control of dental biofilm. The present... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
Previous studies demonstrated a dose-dependent efficacy of sodium bicarbonate when added to dentifrices for the mechanical control of dental biofilm. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a 67% sodium bicarbonate-based toothpaste for gingival health parameters improvement in subjects with gingivitis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An electronic search on MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), was performed using a combination of keywords, followed by a hand search on pertinent Journals. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective comparative studies in English language were included. There was no publication date and language restriction. The data regarding gingival, bleeding, and plaque index were extracted from the selected studies. Included studies underwent risk-of-bias assessment. When at least 3 studies reporting the same outcome were found, a meta-analysis was undertaken, to estimate the combined effect. Trial Sequential Analysis (TSA) was also performed to evaluate the power of the meta-analysis for primary outcomes.
RESULTS
The search strategy yielded 83 articles. After screening, 7 RCTs were included. Three were at high risk, one at moderate risk, and 3 at low risk-of-bias. Significant improvement of gingival index, bleeding index, and plaque index was observed in patients using 67% sodium bicarbonate toothpaste as compared with control subjects. TSA showed sufficient power for modified Gingival index and bleeding scores.
CONCLUSIONS
The clinical use of 67% sodium bicarbonate toothpaste can improve periodontal health in patients with gingivitis.
Topics: Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Double-Blind Method; Gingivitis; Humans; Sodium Bicarbonate; Toothpastes
PubMed: 35718441
DOI: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2022.101709 -
The Journal of Evidence-based Dental... Jun 2022Sadeq A. Al-Maweri, Mohammed Nasser Alhajj, Esraa A. Deshisha, Ameera K. Alshafei, Azza I. Ahmed, Nada O. Almudayfi, Sara A. Alshammari, Alla Alsharif, Saba Kassim... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
ARTICLE TITLE AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Sadeq A. Al-Maweri, Mohammed Nasser Alhajj, Esraa A. Deshisha, Ameera K. Alshafei, Azza I. Ahmed, Nada O. Almudayfi, Sara A. Alshammari, Alla Alsharif, Saba Kassim (2021). Curcumin mouthwashes versus chlorhexidine in controlling plaque and gingivitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Dental Hygiene. Pages 1-9.
SOURCE OF FUNDING
Government? Industry? Non-profit, Foundations, etc? Other? Information not available?
TYPE OF STUDY/DESIGN
Systematic review with meta-analysis of data.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Chlorhexidine; Curcumin; Dental Plaque; Gingivitis; Humans; Inflammation; Mouthwashes
PubMed: 35718434
DOI: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2022.101727 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jun 2022This systematic review aimed to compare the efficacy of herbal agents with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) in removing the smear layer during root canal... (Review)
Review
This systematic review aimed to compare the efficacy of herbal agents with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) in removing the smear layer during root canal instrumentation. The research question in the present study was to assess: "Is there a significant difference in reducing smear layer comparing EDTA and herbal agents?" Electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched from their start dates to April 2022 using strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, and reviewed following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) 2020 guidelines. Only in vitro studies comparing herbal agents with EDTA were included in the current systematic review. Two reviewers independently assessed the included articles. A total of 625 articles were obtained from an electronic database. Eighteen papers were included for review of the full text, out of which, ten papers were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Finally, eight articles were included in the systematic review. The present systematic review considered only in vitro studies; hence, the result cannot be completely translated to strict clinical conditions. The results of the present systematic review have shown that extract, and neem show better smear layer removal compared to other herbal agents, whereas they showed reduced smear layer removal when compared with EDTA. Although, it was seen that most of the included studies did not report a high quality of evidence. Hence, the present systematic review concludes that herbal agents have reported to show inferior smear layer removal when compared to EDTA. Thus, as far as herbal based alternatives are concerned, there is no highest level of evidence to state its real benefit when used as a chelating root canal irrigant.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Chelating Agents; Edetic Acid; Ethylenes; Humans; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Root Canal Preparation; Smear Layer; Sodium Hypochlorite
PubMed: 35682452
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116870 -
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy Sep 2022Autofluorescence (AF) spectroscopy is a potent yet non-invasive technique with diagnostic and therapeutic applications. It identifies and characterizes changes occurring... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Autofluorescence (AF) spectroscopy is a potent yet non-invasive technique with diagnostic and therapeutic applications. It identifies and characterizes changes occurring in the human body based on the changes in the fluorescence signatures.
AIM
The primary purpose of this systematic review is to address the question "Is it feasible to detect dental plaque using light-induced auto-fluorescence in adult patients with invisible grade 1 plaque?"
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The literature search was conducted independently MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases for relevant studies from January 2000 and June 2021, using the following terms in various combinations: detection, dental biofilm, plaque, light, auto-fluorescence, caries, gingivitis, sensitivity and specificity. Studies describing various fluorescence techniques for the detection of plaque, including sensitivity and specificity, were included.
RESULTS
The majority of the studies indicated that AF spectroscopy allows fluorescence-based detection of various diseases, including early-stage dental plaque. While results of conventional plaque detection techniques are inconsistent, the data from the AF technique is reliable and reproducible, which can be used for patient documentation. However, a wide range of non-uniformity existed in these studies. AF spectroscopy, as a non-invasive technique, represents a viable and patient-friendly clinical tool for the early detection of dental biofilm plaque, and its meticulous removal has been directly responsible for the prevention of this disease.
CONCLUSION
Despite the heterogeneity and limitations of studies included in this review, the future for light-induced autofluorescence spectroscopy technologies in diagnostic dentistry certainly presents an accurate and potentially applicable option.
Topics: Adult; Biofilms; Dental Plaque; Gingivitis; Humans; Oral Hygiene; Photochemotherapy
PubMed: 35605925
DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102916 -
International Journal of Dental Hygiene Feb 2023To establish the efficacy of oscillating-rotating power toothbrush (OR-PTB) compared to high-frequency sonic power toothbrush (HFS-PTB) on improving parameters of plaque... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The efficacy of an oscillating-rotating power toothbrush compared to a high-frequency sonic power toothbrush on parameters of dental plaque and gingival inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
AIM
To establish the efficacy of oscillating-rotating power toothbrush (OR-PTB) compared to high-frequency sonic power toothbrush (HFS-PTB) on improving parameters of plaque and gingival inflammation. Safety and participants' preference were secondary interests.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
MEDLINE-PubMed and Cochrane-CENTRAL databases were searched, up to April 2021. Inclusion criteria were (randomized)controlled clinical trials that evaluated healthy humans brushing with an OR-PTB compared to a HFS-PTB. Evaluation for a minimum of 4 weeks, of one or more of the following parameters: plaque index scores (PI), bleeding scores (BS), number of bleeding sites (NoB) and gingival index scores (GI).
RESULTS
Thirty two publications involving 38 comparisons were included after the independent screening. The descriptive analysis showed that in 54% of the comparisons, a significant difference in favour of the OR-PTB was found for PI, BS and GI scores. The Quigley and Hein index showed a significant difference of means (DiffM) between the end scores (DiffM 0.13, 95% CI [0.05;0.21] p < 0.001), as well as for the Rustogi-modified Navy index (DiffM 0.01, 95% CI [0.01;0.03] p = 0.002). This is in line with the meta-analysis for BS (DiffM 0.09, 95% CI [0.03;0.14] p = 0.003), for which the results were in favour of the OR-PTB and considered potentially clinically relevant. NoB showed a significant difference in favour of the OR-PTB for the end scores (DiffM 3.61, 95% CI [2.63;4.58] p < 0.00001). No difference in safety was indicated, 78% of participants preferred the OR-PTB.
CONCLUSION
For patients to maintain good plaque control and improve gingival health, there is a small but significant difference based on longer-term studies between OR-PTB and HFS-PTB. This difference is potentially clinically relevant.
Topics: Humans; Dental Plaque; Equipment Design; Single-Blind Method; Toothbrushing; Gingivitis; Dental Plaque Index; Inflammation
PubMed: 35535635
DOI: 10.1111/idh.12597 -
Cureus Mar 2022Mouthwash is the effective chemical plaque control mechanism being practiced globally. Teeth and tongue discoloration, a temporary change in taste perception, an... (Review)
Review
Mouthwash is the effective chemical plaque control mechanism being practiced globally. Teeth and tongue discoloration, a temporary change in taste perception, an increase in calculus deposits, a burning sensation, and genotoxicity of buccal epithelial cells are all possible side effects. This review evaluates the efficacy of chitosan mouthwash in comparison to chlorhexidine mouthwash in combating plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation. Electronic databases such as Medline, Cochrane, LILACS, TRIP, Google scholar, and clinical trial registries (CTRI) for ongoing trials were searched with appropriate medical subheadings (MeSH) and search terms. Randomized clinical trials comparing the efficacy of chitosan mouthwash and chlorhexidine mouthwash on dental plaque accumulation and gingivitis were included. The outcome variables of interest were plaque index, gingival index, gingival bleeding index, and colony-forming unit (CFU/ml). All data from the included studies were extracted in a customized extraction sheet. The risk of bias across the studies was assessed using the Cochrane tool for intervention (ROB-2), which consisted of six domains. Of the included three studies, we found one study with an overall low risk of bias and two studies with an overall high risk of bias across the domains. Though there was a significant reduction in plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, and colony-forming units on the use of chitosan mouthwash and chlorhexidine mouthwash separately, all three included studies reported that a combination of both be more effective.
PubMed: 35464533
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23318