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The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine Jul 2023Despite a high urinary tract infection (UTI) rate in spinal cord injured patents in China, there is limited evidence on the epidemiological character of that. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Epidemiology of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance of nosocomial urinary tract infections in patients with spinal cord injuries in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
CONTEXT
Despite a high urinary tract infection (UTI) rate in spinal cord injured patents in China, there is limited evidence on the epidemiological character of that.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of our article was to characterize the distribution of pathogens of UTI patients with spinal cord injuries (SCI) and the resistance profile of pathogens.
METHODS
A literature search of six electronic databases was carried out to identify the incidence, pathogen distribution, and drug resistance of UTI after SCI based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Meta-analysis was carried out using R 4.0.2 software; a subgroup analysis was performed by the year 2012.
RESULTS
We screened 1110 eligible studies, 33 were included in our final review. A total of 7271 bacterial species were included in our studies; 6092 were gram-negative (81.13% [76.83-85.11]) and 1003 were gram-positive (14.89% [11.70-18.38]). Before 2012, (45.43%) was the predominant isolated pathogen, followed by Klebsiella (7.49%) and Enterococcus (6.01%). After 2012, (50.23%) was the main pathogen, followed by Klebsiella (12.47%) and Proteus (6.88%). was more likely to be resistant to Levofloxacin, Amikacin, sulfonamides, 4th-generation cephalosporins and Nitrofurantoin before 2012 (81.8% vs. 62.9%, 32.0% vs. 7.6%, 81.3% vs. 61.6%, 81.8% vs. 24.1%, 33.5% vs. 5.1%), whereas was more frequently resistant to Inhibitor-resistant β-lactamas after 2012 (56.3% vs. 34.0%). was more likely to be resistant to Aztreonam, Amikacin before 2012 (80.0% vs. 39.8%, 48.1% vs. 19.0%). presented a high resistance to Levofloxacin, Inhibitor-resistant β-lactamas after 2012 (61.8% vs. 35.6%, 59.1% vs. 5.7%).
CONCLUSIONS
UTI in patients with SCI in China were mainly caused by gram-negative bacteria. We observed a remarkable modification in resistance profiles of pathogen distribution before 2012 and after 2012, which suggests reasonable control of the use of antibiotics has a positive effectiveness on resistance profiles.
Topics: Humans; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Amikacin; Levofloxacin; Cross Infection; Escherichia coli; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Spinal Cord Injuries; Urinary Tract Infections
PubMed: 36622339
DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2022.2129154 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2022Postmarketing safety analysis is an effective supplement for new drugs in clinical practice. Therefore, we aimed to systematically assess the safety of oral nemonoxacin...
Postmarketing safety analysis is an effective supplement for new drugs in clinical practice. Therefore, we aimed to systematically assess the safety of oral nemonoxacin malate, the first approved C-8-methoxy non-fluorinated quinolone, in clinical studies and postmarketing safety surveillance. We electronically and manually searched and screened safety data (including premarketing and postmarketing data) of oral nemonoxacin from clinical registries. We standardized and summarized the reported adverse events according to the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities System Organ Class and Preferred Terms. We summarized and reported the number and frequency (%) of the AEs and serious AEs in patients with community-acquired pneumonia and in specific patients. Three Phase II/III comparator studies ( = 670, nemonoxacin), one Phase IV study ( = 461), two special population pharmacokinetic studies ( = 40), four observational studies ( = 1,852), and one 5-year postmarketing surveillance project ( = 257,420) were included in this study. The Phase II/III studies showed that the commonly reported drug-related AEs were similar for oral 500 mg nemonoxacin and levofloxacin treatments, which mainly included increased alanine aminotransferase levels (4.4% vs. 2.5%), neutropenia (2.5% vs. 4.4%), nausea (2.5% vs. 1.6%), and leukopenia (2.3% vs. 3.2%). No drug-related deaths were reported. Postmarketing safety surveillance revealed that known adverse drug reaction characteristics were generally unchanged. Pharmacokinetic data suggested that dose adjustment was not necessary in elderly patients, which was confirmed by a Phase IV study in an elderly population, in patients with renal impairment with CLcr ≥50 ml/min, and in those with mild-to-moderate hepatic impairment. Clinical trial data of approximately 1,450 patients and postmarketing data of >257,420 patients suggest that nemonoxacin is generally well tolerated and can be a suitable alternative to fluoroquinolones for patients with CAP.
PubMed: 36569296
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1067686 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Nov 2022Inhaled antibiotics are commonly used to treat persistent airway infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa that contributes to lung damage in people with cystic fibrosis.... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Inhaled antibiotics are commonly used to treat persistent airway infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa that contributes to lung damage in people with cystic fibrosis. Current guidelines recommend inhaled tobramycin for individuals with cystic fibrosis and persistent Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection who are aged six years or older. The aim is to reduce bacterial load in the lungs so as to reduce inflammation and deterioration of lung function. This is an update of a previously published review.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the effects of long-term inhaled antibiotic therapy in people with cystic fibrosis on clinical outcomes (lung function, frequency of exacerbations and nutrition), quality of life and adverse events (including drug-sensitivity reactions and survival).
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis Trials Register, compiled from electronic database searches and handsearching of journals and conference abstract books. We also searched ongoing trials registries. Date of last search: 28 June 2022.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We selected trials where people with cystic fibrosis received inhaled anti-pseudomonal antibiotic treatment for at least three months, treatment allocation was randomised or quasi-randomised, and there was a control group (either placebo, no placebo or another inhaled antibiotic).
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two authors independently selected trials, judged the risk of bias, extracted data from these trials and judged the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE system.
MAIN RESULTS
The searches identified 410 citations to 125 trials; 18 trials (3042 participants aged between five and 45 years) met the inclusion criteria. Limited data were available for meta-analyses due to the variability of trial design and reporting of results. A total of 11 trials (1130 participants) compared an inhaled antibiotic to placebo or usual treatment for a duration between three and 33 months. Five trials (1255 participants) compared different antibiotics, two trials (585 participants) compared different regimens of tobramycin and one trial (90 participants) compared intermittent tobramycin with continuous tobramycin alternating with aztreonam. One trial (18 participants) compared an antibiotic to placebo and also to a different antibiotic and so fell into both groups. The most commonly studied antibiotic was tobramycin which was studied in 12 trials. Inhaled antibiotics compared to placebo We found that inhaled antibiotics may improve lung function measured in a variety of ways (4 trials, 814 participants). Compared to placebo, inhaled antibiotics may also reduce the frequency of exacerbations (risk ratio (RR) 0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.47 to 0.93; 3 trials, 946 participants; low-certainty evidence). Inhaled antibiotics may lead to fewer days off school or work (quality of life measure) (mean difference (MD) -5.30 days, 95% CI -8.59 to -2.01; 1 trial, 245 participants; low-certainty evidence). There were insufficient data for us to be able to report an effect on nutritional outcomes and there was no effect on survival. There was no effect on antibiotic resistance seen in the two trials that were included in meta-analyses. We are uncertain of the effect of the intervention on adverse events (very low-certainty evidence), but tinnitus and voice alteration were the only events occurring more often in the inhaled antibiotics group. The overall certainty of evidence was deemed to be low for most outcomes due to risk of bias within the trials and imprecision due to low event rates. Different antibiotics or regimens compared Of the eight trials comparing different inhaled antibiotics or different antibiotic regimens, there was only one trial for each unique comparison. We found no differences between groups for any outcomes except for the following. Aztreonam lysine for inhalation probably improved forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV) % predicted compared to tobramycin (MD -3.40%, 95% CI -6.63 to -0.17; 1 trial, 273 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). However, the method of defining the endpoint was different to the remaining trials and the participants were exposed to tobramycin for a long period making interpretation of the results problematic. We found no differences in any measure of lung function in the remaining comparisons. Trials measured pulmonary exacerbations in different ways and showed no differences between groups except for aztreonam lysine probably leading to fewer people needing treatment with additional antibiotics than with tobramycin (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.86; 1 trial, 273 participants; moderate-certainty evidence); and there were fewer hospitalisations due to respiratory exacerbations with levofloxacin compared to tobramycin (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.98; 1 trial, 282 participants; high-certainty evidence). Important treatment-related adverse events were not very common across comparisons, but were reported less often in the tobramycin group compared to both aztreonam lysine and colistimethate. We found the certainty of evidence for these comparisons to be directly related to the risk of bias within the individual trials and varied from low to high.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Long-term treatment with inhaled anti-pseudomonal antibiotics probably improves lung function and reduces exacerbation rates, but pooled estimates of the level of benefit were very limited. The best evidence available is for inhaled tobramycin. More evidence from trials measuring similar outcomes in the same way is needed to determine a better measure of benefit. Longer-term trials are needed to look at the effect of inhaled antibiotics on quality of life, survival and nutritional outcomes.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Middle Aged; Young Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Aztreonam; Cystic Fibrosis; Lysine; Quality of Life; Tobramycin; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 36373968
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001021.pub4 -
Journal of Clinical and Experimental... Oct 2022Patients with odontogenic infections are commonly prescribed antimicrobials on an experiential base without knowing the precise microorganisms implicated. The aim of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Patients with odontogenic infections are commonly prescribed antimicrobials on an experiential base without knowing the precise microorganisms implicated. The aim of this systematic scoping review is to evaluate the prevalence and proportions of antimicrobial-resistant species in patients with odontogenic infections.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A systematic scoping review of scientific evidence was accomplished involving different databases.
RESULTS
Eight randomized clinical trials and 13 prospective observational studies were included. These investigations analyzed 1506 patients. The species that showed higher levels of resistance included aerobic and facultative anaerobe such as , and . In obligate anaerobes sampled were Peptostreptococcos spp., Bacteroides spp., and Prevotella spp. Staphylococcus showed resistance to ampicillin, piperacillin, clindamycin, amoxicillin, metronidazole, and penicillin. Streptococcus had resistance to metronidazole, clindamycin, doxycycline, penicillin, and amoxicillin. Peptostreptococcus spp. presented resistance to penicillin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, and cefalexin. Gram-negative microorganisms had resistance to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, and penicillin. Bacteroides spp. exhibited resistance to penicillin, erythromycin, and gentamicin. Prevotella spp. showed resistance to penicillin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, levofloxacin, and imipenem. Finally, Klebsiella spp. displayed resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, moxifloxacin, and cefalexin. Interestingly, one clinical trial showed that after therapy there was a reduction in sensitivity of 18% for azithromycin and 26% for spiramycin.
CONCLUSIONS
Most of the microorganisms had resistance to diverse groups of antimicrobials. Suitable antimicrobials must be prescribed founded on the microbial samples, culture susceptibility, and clinical progression of the odontogenic infection. Furthermore, it was observed high levels of resistance to antimicrobials that have been used in local and systemic therapy of oral cavity infections. A preponderance of anaerobic microorganisms over aerobic ones was observed. Antibiotic resistance, odontogenic infections, efficacy, microorganisms, scoping review.
PubMed: 36320675
DOI: 10.4317/jced.59830 -
International Journal of Microbiology 2022Carbapenems are the last-line therapy for multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections caused by including those caused by species. However, the recent emergence of...
BACKGROUND
Carbapenems are the last-line therapy for multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections caused by including those caused by species. However, the recent emergence of carbapenem-resistant (CR) and extended-spectrum -lactamase (ESBL)-producing pathogens, which are resistant to nearly all antibiotics, has raised concerns among international healthcare organizations. Hence, because there is no comprehensive data in Iran, the current study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance among species, especially CR and ESBL-producing strains, in Iran.
METHODS
The literature search was performed up to June 21, 2021, in national and international databases using MeSH-extracted keywords, i.e., , antibiotic resistance, carbapenem, ESBL, and Iran. Study selection was done based on the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and data analysis was carried out using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software.
RESULTS
The pooled prevalence of species resistant to various antibiotics is as follows: imipenem 16.6%, meropenem 16.2%, aztreonam 40.9%, ciprofloxacin 35.3%, norfloxacin 31%, levofloxacin 48%, gentamicin 42.1%, amikacin 30.3%, tobramycin 37.2%, tetracycline 50.1%, chloramphenicol 25.7%, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 52%, nalidixic acid 49.1%, nitrofurantoin 43%, ceftriaxone 49.3%, cefixime 52.4%, cefotaxime 52.7%, ceftazidime 47.9%, cefepime 43.6%, and ceftizoxime 45.5%. The prevalence rates of MDR and ESBL-producing species in Iran were 63.1% and 32.8%, respectively.
CONCLUSION
In accordance with the warning of international organizations, our results revealed a high prevalence of ESBL-producing species in Iran, which is probably associated with the high prevalence of species resistant to most of the assessed antibiotics, especially MDR strains. However, the resistance rate to carbapenems was relatively low, and these drugs can still be considered as drugs of choice for the treatment of infections in Iran. Nevertheless, continuous monitoring of drug resistance along with antibiotic therapy based on the local data and evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of new antibiotics or combination therapeutic strategies, such as ceftazidime/avibactam, meropenem/vaborbactam, plazomicin, and eravacycline, is recommended.
PubMed: 36312785
DOI: 10.1155/2022/8367365 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Oct 2022Anthrax is endemic to many countries, including the United States. The causative agent, Bacillus anthracis, poses a global bioterrorism threat. Without effective... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Anthrax is endemic to many countries, including the United States. The causative agent, Bacillus anthracis, poses a global bioterrorism threat. Without effective antimicrobial postexposure prophylaxis (PEPAbx) and treatment, the mortality of systemic anthrax is high. To inform clinical guidelines for PEPAbx and treatment of B. anthracis infections in humans, we systematically evaluated animal anthrax treatment model studies.
METHODS
We searched for survival outcome data in 9 scientific search engines for articles describing antimicrobial PEPAbx or treatment of anthrax in animals in any language through February 2019. We performed meta-analyses of efficacy of antimicrobial PEPAbx and treatment for each drug or drug combination using random-effects models. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships were developed for 5 antimicrobials with available pharmacokinetic data. Monte Carlo simulations were used to predict unbound drug exposures in humans.
RESULTS
We synthesized data from 34 peer-reviewed studies with 3262 animals. For PEPAbx and treatment of infection by susceptible B. anthracis, effective monotherapy can be accomplished with fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, β-lactams (including penicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and imipenem-cilastatin), and lipopeptides or glycopeptides. For naturally occurring strains, unbound drug exposures in humans were predicted to adequately cover the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs; those required to inhibit the growth of 50% or 90% of organisms [MIC50 or MIC90]) for ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and doxycycline for both the PEPAbx and treatment targets. Dalbavancin covered its MIC50 for PEPAbx.
CONCLUSIONS
These animal studies show many reviewed antimicrobials are good choices for PEPAbx or treatment of susceptible B. anthracis strains, and some are also promising options for combating resistant strains. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that oral ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and doxycycline are particularly robust choices for PEPAbx or treatment.
Topics: Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Animals; Anthrax; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacillus anthracis; Cilastatin, Imipenem Drug Combination; Ciprofloxacin; Doxycycline; Glycopeptides; Humans; Levofloxacin; Lipopeptides; Models, Animal; Tetracyclines; United States; beta-Lactams
PubMed: 36251546
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac591 -
Emergency Medicine International 2022Levofloxacin has been widely used in clinical anti-infection treatment; however, its adverse reactions to levofloxacin were also obvious in patients. Herein we aimed to...
Clinical Efficacy and Safety Analysis of Levofloxacin for the Prevention of Infection after Traumatic Osteoarthrosis and Internal Fixation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
OBJECTIVE
Levofloxacin has been widely used in clinical anti-infection treatment; however, its adverse reactions to levofloxacin were also obvious in patients. Herein we aimed to systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of systemic administration of levofloxacin in the prevention of postoperative infection after traumatic osteoarthrosis and internal fixation.
METHODS
PubMed, Cochrane Library, OVID, EBSCO, CNKI, VIP database, and Wanfang Database were searched from December 1993 to December 2021. Meanwhile, China ADR Information Bulletin and WHO Pharmaceutical were searched manually. Newsletter and FDA Drug Safety Newsletter, also to retrieve the Websites of Chinese, Chinese, and drug regulatory authorities; To obtain data on adverse events in children with systemic administration of levofloxacin. The literature was screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The risk of bias was evaluated for the included RCT literature.
RESULTS
There was a statistical difference in the comparison of the incidence of fever between the experimental group and the control group (OR = 2.29, 95% CI (1.75,2.98), < 0.00001, I = 0%, = 6.11); elevated white blood cell count (OR = 1.82, 95% CI (1.31,2.52),=0.0003, I = 0%, = 3.60); incidence of wound infection (OR = 2.11, 95% CI (1.54,2.90), < 0.00001, I = 0%, = 4.64); adverse drug reaction (OR = 1.82, 95% CI (1.21,2.74),=0.004, I = 0%, = 2.86).
CONCLUSION
In the clinical use of levofloxacin, adverse drug reactions including fever, elevated white blood cell count, and wound infection should be concerned.
PubMed: 36213001
DOI: 10.1155/2022/8788365 -
Medicine Sep 2022Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the serious epidemics that highly threaten the global public health. To explore the treatment effect of Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The treatment effect of Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, and Gatifloxacin contained in the conventional therapy regimen for pulmonary tuberculosis: Systematic review and network meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the serious epidemics that highly threaten the global public health. To explore the treatment effect of Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, and Gatifloxacin contained in the conventional therapy regimen for pulmonary tuberculosis.
METHODS
Medline, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched with the keyword such as "Levofloxacin," "Moxifloxacin," "Gatifloxacin," and "tuberculosis", through June 1992 to 2017. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 2 researchers independently screened the literature, extracted the data, and evaluated the quality of the included studies. The Cochrane system was evaluated by RevMan5.2 and the network meta-analysis was performed by Stata 15.
RESULTS
A total of 891 studies were included, with a total of 6565 patients. The results of network meta-analysis showed that Moxifloxacin + conventional therapy (CT) regimen was superior to CT regimen only on the spectrum culture negative. Both Levofloxacin + CT and Moxifloxacin + CT were superior to the CT regimen in treatment success rate. For the adverse events, the Levofloxacin + CT showed much safer results than CT group, while Moxifloxacin + CT had more adverse events than CT group.
CONCLUSION
Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, and Gatifloxacin have different superiority, comparing to CT regimen in spectrum culture negative, treatment success rate, and adverse events. Hence, combined utilization of these quinolone is important on the clinical treatment for tuberculosis.
Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Fluoroquinolones; Gatifloxacin; Humans; Levofloxacin; Moxifloxacin; Network Meta-Analysis; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
PubMed: 36197231
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000030412 -
Helicobacter Dec 2022Antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is increasing worldwide, and bismuth quadruple therapy has been recommended as a first-line regimen in many... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND & AIMS
Antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is increasing worldwide, and bismuth quadruple therapy has been recommended as a first-line regimen in many areas. This study aimed to investigate whether bismuth would improve the eradication rate (ER) of clarithromycin-/metronidazole-/levofloxacin-resistant H. pylori strains and how much additional efficacy bismuth could achieve.
METHODS
PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central databases for randomized controlled trials were systematically searched by two independent reviewers until 15 January 2022. Pooled ERs of clarithromycin-/metronidazole-/levofloxacin-resistant H. pylori strains were compared between bismuth-containing and non-bismuth therapies. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model.
RESULTS
Eight studies enrolling 340 individuals were included. The RRs of pooled ERs compared between bismuth-containing and non-bismuth therapies were 1.83 for clarithromycin-resistant strains (95% CI 1.16-2.89, pooled ER: 76.9% vs. 36.6%, p = .009, I = 0%), 1.39 for metronidazole-resistant strains (95% CI 1.09-1.78, pooled ER: 86.8% vs. 60.9%, p = .008, I = 37%), 2.75 for dual clarithromycin/metronidazole-resistant strains (95% CI 1.01-7.52, pooled ER: 76.9% vs. 18.2%, p = .05, I = 0%), and 1.04 for levofloxacin-resistant strains (95% CI 0.56-1.93, pooled ER: 63.4% vs. 54.3%, p = .90; I = 60%). Bismuth significantly increased the ERs of clarithromycin-, metronidazole-, and dual-resistant strains by 40%, 26%, and 59%, respectively. Subgroup analysis of treatment duration showed that the significantly higher eradication rate for antibiotic-resistant strains in bismuth-containing therapy than non-bismuth therapy was only observed in 14-day treatment regimens and not in 7-day regimens (p = .02 and .17, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
Bismuth was most effective in improving the ERs of dual-resistant H. pylori strains, followed by clarithromycin- and metronidazole-resistant strains. Prolonged treatment duration might effectively improve the efficacy of bismuth in overcoming antibiotic resistance.
Topics: Humans; Helicobacter pylori; Bismuth; Clarithromycin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Metronidazole; Helicobacter Infections; Levofloxacin; Drug Therapy, Combination; Amoxicillin; Proton Pump Inhibitors
PubMed: 36156332
DOI: 10.1111/hel.12930 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2022is a genus comprising Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming, anaerobic bacteria that cause a variety of diseases. However, there is a shortage of information... (Review)
Review
is a genus comprising Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming, anaerobic bacteria that cause a variety of diseases. However, there is a shortage of information regarding antibiotic resistance in the genus in Saudi Arabia. This comprehensive analysis of research results published up until December 2021 intends to highlight the incidence of antibiotic resistance in species in Saudi Arabia. PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, SDL, and ScienceDirect databases were searched using specific keywords, and ten publications on antibiotic resistance in species in Saudi Arabia were identified. We found that the rates of resistance of to antibiotics were as follows: 42% for ciprofloxacin, 83% for gentamicin, 28% for clindamycin, 25% for penicillin, 100% for levofloxacin, 24% for tetracycline, 77% for nalidixic acid, 50% for erythromycin, 72% for ampicillin, and 28% for moxifloxacin; whereas those of were: 21% for metronidazole, 83% for ceftiofur, 39% for clindamycin, 59% for penicillin, 62% for erythromycin, 47% for oxytetracycline, and 47% for lincomycin. The current findings suggest that ceftiofur, erythromycin, lincomycin, and oxytetracycline should not be used in infection treatments in humans or animals in Saudi Arabia.
PubMed: 36139945
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11091165