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Prevalence of in Milk and Dairy Product Supply Chains: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Foodborne Pathogens and Disease Jun 2024, one of the main foodborne pathogens, is commonly found in milk and dairy products. This study aimed to estimate the presence of in milk and dairy product supply... (Review)
Review
, one of the main foodborne pathogens, is commonly found in milk and dairy products. This study aimed to estimate the presence of in milk and dairy product supply chains using a meta-analysis based on PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. A total of 173 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence in the supply chain environment was 8.69% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.30%-12.78%), which was higher than that in dairy products (4.60%, 95% CI: 1.72%-8.60%) and milk products (2.93%, 95% CI: 2.14%-3.82%). Subgroup analysis showed that prevalence in raw milk (3.44%, 95% CI: 2.61%-4.28%) was significantly higher than in pasteurized milk (0.60%, 95% CI: 0.00%-2.06%). The highest prevalence of in milk and dairy products was observed in North America (5.27%, 95% CI: 2.19%-8.35%) and South America (13.54%, 95% CI: 3.71%-23.37%). In addition, studies using culture and molecular methods (5.17%, 95% CI: 2.29%-8.06%) had higher prevalence than other detection methods. Serogroup 1/2a and 3a (45.34%, 95% CI: 28.74%-62.37%), serogroup 1/2b and 3b (14.23%, 95% CI: 6.05%-24.24%), and serogroup 4b/4e (13.71%, 95% CI: 6.18%-22.83%) were dominant in these studies. The results of this study provide a better understanding of the prevalence of in milk and dairy product supply chains and suggest a potential foodborne pathogen burden.
PubMed: 38904302
DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2024.0029 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... Jul 2024Biopreservation strategies such as the use of Mediterranean plant extracts to ensure food safety are promising to deal with the emergence of antimicrobial resistances... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Biopreservation strategies such as the use of Mediterranean plant extracts to ensure food safety are promising to deal with the emergence of antimicrobial resistances and the overreliance on food chemical additives. In the last few decades, antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) for evaluating the in vitro antibacterial potential of plant extracts against the most relevant foodborne pathogens has been widely reported in the literature. The current meta-analysis aimed to summarise and analyse the extensive evidence available in the literature regarding the in vitro antimicrobial capability of Allium, Ocimum and Thymus spp. extracts against foodborne pathogens. A systematic review was carried out to gather data on AST results of these extracts against Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus, including inhibition diameters (ID) and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). A total of 742 records were gathered from a raw collection of 2,065 articles. Weighted mixed-effect linear models were adjusted to data to obtain pooled ID, pooled MIC and the relationship between both model estimations and observations. The pooled results revealed B. cereus as the most susceptible bacteria to Allium sativum (pooled ID = 20.64 ± 0.61 mm) by diffusion methods and S. aureus (pooled MIC = 0.146 mg/mL) by dilution methods. Diffusion methods did not yield conclusive results for Ocimum spp. extracts; however, the lowest pooled MIC was obtained for S. aureus (0.263 mg/mL). Among the foodborne pathogens evaluated, B. cereus showed the highest sensitivity to Thymus spp. extracts by both diffusion and dilution methods (pooled ID = 28.90 ± 2.34 mm and MIC = 0.075 mg/mL). The methodology used for plant extraction was found to not significantly affect MIC values (p > 0.05). Overall, the antimicrobial effectiveness of the studied extracts against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was demonstrated. Finally, the robustness of the meta-regression model was confirmed, also revealing an inversely proportional correlation between the ID and MIC measurements (p < 0.0001). These results provide a robust scientific basis on the factors affecting the in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of extracts from Mediterranean plants. They also provide valuable information for stakeholders involved in their industrial application in food, including producers, regulatory agencies and consumers which demand green-labelled foods.
Topics: Thymus Plant; Plant Extracts; Ocimum; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Allium; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Food Microbiology; Food Safety; Bacillus cereus; Listeria monocytogenes
PubMed: 38823853
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114408 -
International Journal of Food... Apr 2024Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that can cause deadly severe listeriosis. While systematic review and meta-analysis are powerful tools for comprehensive... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that can cause deadly severe listeriosis. While systematic review and meta-analysis are powerful tools for comprehensive analysis by pooling every related study, these approaches to L.monocytogenes contamination food have yet to be studied in South Korea. We aimed to identify high-risk L.monocytogenes foods in South Korea through a prevalence survey of retail food products for the first time. A total of 13,684 samples of 59 articles were used for meta-analysis through the systematic review, and the results were synthesized using a random-effects model considering the heterogeneity. The overall pooled prevalence was 2.26 % (95 % CI: 1.44-3.52 %). Among nine food categories, meat exhibited the highest prevalence at 8.32 % (95 % CI: 4.42-12.14 %) after sample size restriction. Specifically, a post-hoc sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify the prevalence difference among subgroups and the source of heterogeneity. Intriguingly, the analysis revealed chicken as the primary contributor to the elevated prevalence of L.monocytogenes, a key factor deriving the observed heterogeneity. This study carries significant implications for public health and food safety in Korea. Furthermore, knowledge of differences in prevalence levels in various foods will be able to be used as a predictive guideline for foodborne outbreaks.
Topics: Humans; Listeria monocytogenes; Food Microbiology; Prevalence; Listeriosis; Food Contamination; Republic of Korea
PubMed: 38430686
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110655 -
Biofilm Jun 2024This study investigates the potential of using bacteriophages to control foodborne pathogen biofilms on stainless steel surfaces in the food industry. Biofilm-forming...
This study investigates the potential of using bacteriophages to control foodborne pathogen biofilms on stainless steel surfaces in the food industry. Biofilm-forming bacteria can attach to stainless steel surfaces, rendering them difficult to eradicate even after a thorough cleaning and sanitizing procedures. Bacteriophages have been proposed as a possible solution, as they can penetrate biofilms and destroy bacterial cells within, reducing the number of viable bacteria and preventing the growth and spread of biofilms. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the potential of bacteriophages against different biofilm-forming foodborne bacteria, including , , , , and . Bacteriophage treatment generally causes a significant average reduction of 38 % in biofilm formation of foodborne pathogens on stainless steel. Subgroup analyses revealed that phages are more efficient in long-duration treatment. Also, applying a cocktail of phages is 1.26-fold more effective than applying individual phages. Phages at concentrations exceeding 10 PFU/ml are significantly more efficacious in eradicating bacteria within a biofilm. The antibacterial phage activity decreases substantially by 3.54-fold when applied at 4 °C compared to temperatures above 25 °C. This analysis suggests that bacteriophages can be a promising solution for controlling biofilms in the food industry.
PubMed: 38234712
DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100170 -
Le Infezioni in Medicina 2023Listeriosis is a known cause of community acquired bacterial meningitis/meningoencephalitis. It occurs more frequently in neonates, older people and immunocompromised...
BACKGROUND
Listeriosis is a known cause of community acquired bacterial meningitis/meningoencephalitis. It occurs more frequently in neonates, older people and immunocompromised hosts. Rarely, brain abscesses can complicate the course of infection, which poses a difficulty in the management and elevates morbidity and mortality. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease that often requires immunosuppressive treatment, which increases the risk for invasive infections.
CASE DESCRIPTION
A 75-year-old myasthenic patient, treated with prednisone and pyridostigmine, was diagnosed with invasive listeriosis. He presented with muscle weakness, dyspnea, hemiparesis and altered mental status. Brain imaging revealed multiple abscesses and blood cultures were positive for . Despite combination antibiotic therapy, he died 6 weeks after admission.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Ninety-six cases of brain abscesses from 1968 to 2023 were reviewed; the majority of the patients were men, 54 years-old on average, and had at least one risk factor for invasive listeriosis. The mortality exceeded 22%. Blood cultures and CSF/abscess cultures were positive in only 79.2% and 54.6%, respectively. The most common therapeutic approach was a combination regimen that included amoxicillin or ampicillin. Only 8 patients underwent surgery, of which one died.
CONCLUSION
This case highlights the importance of as a cause of brain abscesses in populations at risk, including myasthenic patients. The challenge of diagnosing and treating this condition is aggravated by the paucity of literature and the high mortality rate.
PubMed: 38075415
DOI: 10.53854/liim-3104-16 -
Systematic Reviews Oct 2023Food-borne diseases are a global public health issue with 1 in 10 people falling ill after eating contaminated food every year. In response, the food industry has... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Food-borne diseases are a global public health issue with 1 in 10 people falling ill after eating contaminated food every year. In response, the food industry has implemented several new pathogen control strategies, such as biotechnological tools using the direct application of bacteriophages for biological control. We have undertaken a systematic review and meta-analysis that evaluated the efficiency of patented phages as a biological control for food-borne pathogens and determined the physical-chemical characteristics of the antimicrobial effect. Included and excluded criteria was developed. Included criteria: Phage patent files with an application in biological control on food and scientific articles and book chapters that used phages patented for food biological control. Excluded criteria: Patent documents, scientific articles, and book chapters that included phage therapy in humans, animals, and biological control on plants but did not have an application on food were not considered in our study. The systematic analysis identified 77 documents, 46 scientific articles, and 31 documents of patents and 23 articles was included in the meta-analysis. Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella sp. comprised most of the targets identified in the screening, so that we focused on these strains to do the meta-analysis. There are a total of 383 and 192 experiments for Listeria and Salmonella phages for quantitative data analysis.Indexing databases for the bibliographic search (Scopus, Web of Science (WoS) and PubMed (Medline) were addressed by an automated script written in Python 3 Python Core Team (2015) and deposited on GitHub ( https://github.com/glenjasper ).A random-effects meta-analysis revealed (i) significant antimicrobial effect of Listeria phages in apple, apple juice, pear, and pear juice, (ii) significant antimicrobial effect of Salmonella phages in eggs, apple, and ready-to-eat chicken, (iii) no heterogeneity was identified in either meta-analysis, (iv) publication bias was detected for Listeria phages but not for Salmonella phages. (v) ListShield and Felix01 phages showed the best result for Listeria and Salmonella biological control, respectively, (vi) concentration of phage and bacteria, time and food had significant effect in the biological control of Listeria, (vii) temperature and time had a significant effect on the antimicrobial activity of Salmonella phages. The systematic review and meta-analyses to determine the efficiency of bacteriophages previously patented against pathogenic bacteria on dairy products, meat, fruits and vegetables. Besides, the discovering of key factors for efficacy, so that future applications of phage biotechnology in foods can be optimally deployed.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Bacteriophages; Foodborne Diseases; Listeria monocytogenes; Meat
PubMed: 37898821
DOI: 10.1186/s13643-023-02352-9 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2023The sale of ready-to-eat (RTE) street food represents an important source of income in many developing countries. However, these foods are frequently implicated in... (Review)
Review
The sale of ready-to-eat (RTE) street food represents an important source of income in many developing countries. However, these foods are frequently implicated in outbreaks of gastrointestinal diseases. Street food vendors face several constraints that hamper improvement in the microbiological quality of their products. The aim of this review was to update knowledge about the main causes of foodborne illnesses in developing countries, including the growing concern with the microbial transmission of antibiotic resistance. Following PRISMA guidelines, this systematic review was conducted on original articles published from January 2010 to July 2023. The search was carried out using Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Food Science and Technology Abstracts (FSTA), the International Information System for Agricultural Sciences and Technology (AGRIS), as well as isolated searches of relevant articles from Google Scholar. The initial search identified 915 articles, 50 of which were included in this systematic review. The results indicate that, in the majority of the 15 countries examined, women constitute the predominant segment of street food vendors, representing more than 55% of the total number of these vendors. In 11 countries, street food vendors under the age of 18 were identified. Most vendors had a low level of education and, consequently, were unaware of good hygiene practices when handling food. The combination of factors such as poor hygiene practices on the part of food handlers and the lack of facilities, namely, the absence of available potable water, were frequently listed as the main causes of food contamination. Enterobacteriaceae such as (61.9%), (30.1%), and spp. (9.5%), as well as (30.1%) and (14.3%), were the most common pathogens found in RTE street foods. In 22 studies from 13 developing countries, 59% (13/22) reported high multidrug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae (40% to 86.4% in , 16.7 to 70% in , and 31 to 76.4% in . To address the challenges faced by street vendors and improve their economic activities, it is necessary for government entities, consumers, and vendors to work together collaboratively.
PubMed: 37893667
DOI: 10.3390/foods12203774 -
The Science of the Total Environment Jan 2024Fish and seafood products are one of the most common causes of listeriosis in humans. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted using scientific literature to... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Fish and seafood products are one of the most common causes of listeriosis in humans. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted using scientific literature to summarize available data on the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria sp. in fish, fish products and fish processing environment. Meta-analysis models were used to estimate the mean prevalence of the pathogen and to compare prevalence among the most popular fishes. Data from a total of 14,496 samples were analysed. Pooled prevalence of L. monocytogenes and Listeria sp. in raw fish was 5.8 % (95 % CI: 4.7-6.9) and 12.2 % (95 % CI: 8.9-15.5) respectively. Significantly higher results were observed for ready-to-eat products, occurrence of L. monocytogenes and Listeria sp. was 14.5 % (95 % CI: 11.1-18.0) and 21.7 % (95 % CI: 11.8-31.6) respectively. Moreover, meta-regression was performed to investigate changes in L. monocytogenes and Listeria sp. occurrence over the years and it shows a downward trend for both raw fish and RTE products. The results of the present study provide useful epidemiological information about the contamination level and distribution of Listeria sp. and L. monocytogenes among raw fish, fish products and fish processing environment.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Listeria monocytogenes; Listeria; Food Microbiology; Food Contamination; Prevalence; Fish Products; Fishes
PubMed: 37866612
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167912 -
Nutrition Reviews Oct 2023The safety of enteral formulas is important to restore and maintain the health of patients.
CONTEXT
The safety of enteral formulas is important to restore and maintain the health of patients.
OBJECTIVE
A systematic review of the literature was conducted to assess the microbiological contamination present in enteral tube feeding prepared in hospitals and/or at home.
DATA SOURCES
A systematic search was conducted of the Medline, Scopus, BVS, CAPES/MEC, Embase, Science Direct, and SciELO databases and gray literature.
DATA EXTRACTION
Eligible studies that analyzed the contamination of enteral formulas manipulated in hospitals and/or at home were selected; a quality assessment tool was used.
DATA ANALYSIS
Twenty-three studies evaluated 1099 enteral formulations. Of these, 44.67% of enteral formulas (n = 491) exceeded the acceptable bacterial count. Samples of homemade enteral formulation preparations (86.03%; n = 191) had the highest bacterial counts, followed by mixed preparations (79.72%; n = 59), and commercial formulas (30.01%; n = 241). The number of samples of enteral formulations that exceeded the bacterial count at home was 70.79% (n = 160 at the hospital was 37.91% (n = 331). Total coliforms (82.68%; n = 406) and mesophilic aerobes (79.22%; n = 389) were the most common microorganisms. Samples with bacterial pathogens were also identified, with Bacillus cereus (4.07%; n = 20) and Listeria monocytogenes (3.66%; n = 18) being the most prevalent.
CONCLUSIONS
A high number of samples of enteral formulations exceeded the bacterial count, but the risk to patient's health when consuming enteral tube feeding prepared in hospitals or at home may be low. This is because the bacteria present in the samples are not considered potential causes of disease but rather indicators of hygiene conditions.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022367573.
PubMed: 37824326
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad123 -
The Lancet. Neurology Aug 2023Although meningitis is largely preventable, it still causes hundreds of thousands of deaths globally each year. WHO set ambitious goals to reduce meningitis cases by...
BACKGROUND
Although meningitis is largely preventable, it still causes hundreds of thousands of deaths globally each year. WHO set ambitious goals to reduce meningitis cases by 2030, and assessing trends in the global meningitis burden can help track progress and identify gaps in achieving these goals. Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we aimed to assess incident cases and deaths due to acute infectious meningitis by aetiology and age from 1990 to 2019, for 204 countries and territories.
METHODS
We modelled meningitis mortality using vital registration, verbal autopsy, sample-based vital registration, and mortality surveillance data. Meningitis morbidity was modelled with a Bayesian compartmental model, using data from the published literature identified by a systematic review, as well as surveillance data, inpatient hospital admissions, health insurance claims, and cause-specific meningitis mortality estimates. For aetiology estimation, data from multiple causes of death, vital registration, hospital discharge, microbial laboratory, and literature studies were analysed by use of a network analysis model to estimate the proportion of meningitis deaths and cases attributable to the following aetiologies: Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, group B Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, viruses, and a residual other pathogen category.
FINDINGS
In 2019, there were an estimated 236 000 deaths (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 204 000-277 000) and 2·51 million (2·11-2·99) incident cases due to meningitis globally. The burden was greatest in children younger than 5 years, with 112 000 deaths (87 400-145 000) and 1·28 million incident cases (0·947-1·71) in 2019. Age-standardised mortality rates decreased from 7·5 (6·6-8·4) per 100 000 population in 1990 to 3·3 (2·8-3·9) per 100 000 population in 2019. The highest proportion of total all-age meningitis deaths in 2019 was attributable to S pneumoniae (18·1% [17·1-19·2]), followed by N meningitidis (13·6% [12·7-14·4]) and K pneumoniae (12·2% [10·2-14·3]). Between 1990 and 2019, H influenzae showed the largest reduction in the number of deaths among children younger than 5 years (76·5% [69·5-81·8]), followed by N meningitidis (72·3% [64·4-78·5]) and viruses (58·2% [47·1-67·3]).
INTERPRETATION
Substantial progress has been made in reducing meningitis mortality over the past three decades. However, more meningitis-related deaths might be prevented by quickly scaling up immunisation and expanding access to health services. Further reduction in the global meningitis burden should be possible through low-cost multivalent vaccines, increased access to accurate and rapid diagnostic assays, enhanced surveillance, and early treatment.
FUNDING
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Topics: Child; Humans; Global Burden of Disease; Bayes Theorem; Meningitis; Risk Factors; Global Health
PubMed: 37479374
DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(23)00195-3