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Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and risk of childhood asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Microbial Pathogenesis Jun 2021The etiology of childhood asthma is multifactorial, atypical bacterial pathogens, including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, have been proposed as possible risk factors or... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The etiology of childhood asthma is multifactorial, atypical bacterial pathogens, including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, have been proposed as possible risk factors or contributors. This review aims to assess the possible association between M. pneumoniae infection and childhood asthma. We searched major international literature databases (up to January 10, 2021) to identify relevant studies. We used a random-effects meta-analysis (REM) model to generate the pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Several subgroups analyses were performed concerning the IgG, IgM, and DNA detection of M. pneumoniae infection. We included 22 eligible studies; these studies involved a total of 5064 children. We found that there was a statistically significant association between M. pneumoniae infection, as determined by IgM serology (OR, 3.13; 95% CI, 1.78-5.48), and DNA detection (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.25-1.97) with increased risk of any type of childhood asthma. Moreover, children with acute asthma had significantly higher seropositivity for anti- M. pneumoniae IgM antibodies (OR, 4.43; 95% CI, 2.80-7.02) than children with stable asthma. Although our findings indicate a positive association between M. pneumoniae infection and childhood asthma, well-designed and -controlled studies are need in the future to rigorously test this association and identify the underlying mechanisms.
Topics: Asthma; Child; Humans; Immunoglobulin M; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Risk Factors
PubMed: 33932544
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104893 -
Animal Biotechnology Dec 2022Avian mycoplasmosis mainly caused by and is an economically important disease of poultry industry. It causes huge economic losses in terms of decrease in weight gain,...
Avian mycoplasmosis mainly caused by and is an economically important disease of poultry industry. It causes huge economic losses in terms of decrease in weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, egg production, hatchability; increase in embryo mortality, carcass condemnation, prophylaxis and treatment cost in broiler, layer and breeder flocks. The disease is caused by four major pathogenic mycoplasmas ., (MG) (MS), (MM) and (MI). The MG and MS are World Organization for Animal Health listed respiratory pathogens. MG causes chronic respiratory disease in chicken and infectious sinusitis in turkey; however, MS causes synovitis and airsacculitis in birds. The infection is transmitted both horizontally and vertically. Prevention and control measures of avian mycoplasmosis mainly comprises of biosecurity, treatment and vaccination. For vaccination of birds, inactivated bacterins, live attenuated and/or recombinant live poxvirus vaccines are commercially available against MG and MS infection. The present systematic review summarizes the different epidemiological studies carried out on MG and MS infection in poultry in different geographical locations of India and abroad over the last decade (2010-2020), economic impact, diagnosis and prevention and control.
Topics: Animals; Poultry; Mycoplasma gallisepticum; Mycoplasma synoviae; Chickens; Poultry Diseases; Mycoplasma Infections
PubMed: 33840372
DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1908316 -
Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) 2022Mycoplasma pneumoniae atypical pneumonia is frequently associated with erythema multiforme. Occasionally, a mycoplasma infection does not trigger any cutaneous but...
BACKGROUND
Mycoplasma pneumoniae atypical pneumonia is frequently associated with erythema multiforme. Occasionally, a mycoplasma infection does not trigger any cutaneous but exclusively mucosal lesions. The term mucosal respiratory syndrome is employed to denote the latter condition. Available reviews do not address the possible association of mucosal respiratory syndrome with further atypical bacterial pathogens such as Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydophila psittaci, Coxiella burnetii, Francisella tularensis, or Legionella species. We therefore performed a systematic review of the literature addressing this issue in the National Library of Medicine, Excerpta Medica, and Web of Science databases.
SUMMARY
We found 63 patients (≤18 years, n = 36; >18 years, n = 27; 54 males and 9 females) affected by a mucosal respiratory syndrome. Fifty-three cases were temporally associated with a M. pneumoniae and 5 with a C. pneumoniae infection. No cases temporally associated with C. psittaci, C. burnetii, F. tularensis, or Legionella species infection were found. Two cases were temporally associated with Epstein-Barr virus or influenzavirus B, respectively.
Topics: Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Humans; Mucositis; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Respiratory Tract Infections; Syndrome
PubMed: 33774629
DOI: 10.1159/000514815 -
Medicine Mar 2021Refractory mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (RMPP) in children has been increasing worldwide. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis to generate large-scale evidence... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVES
Refractory mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (RMPP) in children has been increasing worldwide. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis to generate large-scale evidence on the risk factors of RMPP to provide suggestions on prevention and controlling for children.
METHODS
Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang (Chinese) were searched to identify relevant articles. All analyses were performed using Stata 14.0.
RESULTS
We conducted a meta-analysis of 15 separate studies. Fever for more than 10 days (odds ratio [OR] 3.965, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.109-7.456), pleural effusion (OR 6.922, 95% CI 2.058-23.282), extra-pulmonary complications (OR 17.762, 95% CI 11.146-28.305), pulmonary X-ray consolidation ≥2/3 (OR 8.245, 95% CI 1.990-34.153), CRP >40 mg/L (OR 4.975, 95% CI 2.116-11.697) were significantly related to the risk of RMPP. We did not find an association between male sex (OR 0.808, 95% CI 0.548-1.189), LDH >410IU/L (OR 1.033, 95% CI 0.979-1.091) and the risk of RMPP.
CONCLUSIONS
Fever for more than 10 days, pleural effusion, extra-pulmonary complications, pulmonary X-ray consolidation≥ 2/3 and CRP >40 mg/L are risk factors for early evaluation of RMPP.
Topics: C-Reactive Protein; Child; Child, Preschool; Community-Acquired Infections; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Fever; Humans; Lung; Male; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pleural Effusion; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Radiography; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors
PubMed: 33725960
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000024894 -
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases May 2021Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a highly contagious respiratory disease of small ruminants that is caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma capricolum subsp.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a highly contagious respiratory disease of small ruminants that is caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae. Sheep and goats are two of the species of small ruminants most at risk of CCPP. Outbreaks of CCPP cause significant economic and trade disturbances in several parts of the world. However, the extent and magnitude of CCPP in a particular geographical region is still not well known due to lack of comprehensive data on its occurrence. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of CCPP in sheep and goats raised in different geographical regions as well as the factors contributing to the spread of the disease. Searches were done in five online repositories: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CAB Direct and Google Scholar using pre-selected key terms. Data were retrieved from the 41 articles that met the study's inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalences were determined using a random effect meta-analysis model. Prevalence of CCPP was 23.19% (95% CI: 11.90-34.47%) in sheep and 24.91% (95% CI: 20.99-28.84%) in goats. Overall, the regional level pooled prevalence estimates ranged from 8.0% (95% CI: 6.91-9.09%) to 28.70% (22.02-35.38%), depending on species and world region. Substantial heterogeneity (I > 75%) was observed in most pooled prevalence estimates. The results indicate high prevalences of CCPP in sheep and goats across the regions, particularly in Africa and Asia, and highlights the need to institute appropriate control measures. Active surveillance and research on risk factors are recommended.
Topics: Animals; Goat Diseases; Goats; Mycoplasma; Pleuropneumonia, Contagious; Prevalence; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Sheep, Domestic
PubMed: 33448706
DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13794 -
American Journal of Reproductive... Jun 2021Recent studies show that lower genital tract infection with genital mycoplasma may be associated with the pathology of female infertility. However, this association... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
PROBLEM
Recent studies show that lower genital tract infection with genital mycoplasma may be associated with the pathology of female infertility. However, this association remains controversial due to the variable prevalence, sample sizes, and different methods used to diagnose genital mycoplasma infection. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to gain better understanding of the specific impact of genital mycoplasma on female infertility.
METHOD OF STUDY
A systematic review of literature on the association of genital mycoplasma (Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum, and Ureaplasma urealyticum) infection and female infertility was performed using three electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, and CINAHL, from January 2000 to January 2020. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals for genital mycoplasma infection and female infertility were derived from a fixed effects model.
RESULTS
This meta-analysis included eight studies conducted in six countries. Based on the results, women with infertility had a statistically higher odds of having any genital mycoplasma infection (p < .0001) compared to the control group. The pooled OR of all the included studies was 3.82 (95% CI: 2.55, 5.72). There was an unremarkable heterogeneity in all the studies included in this meta-analysis (I = 0%, p = .48). A subgroup analysis also showed that M. genitalium, M. hominis, and U. urealyticum infections are significantly associated with female infertility.
CONCLUSION
Our meta-analysis showed a significant association between M. genitalium, M. hominis, and U. urealyticum infections and female infertility. This evidence supports the development of guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of genital mycoplasma infections to prevent female infertility.
Topics: Female; Genitalia, Female; Humans; Infertility, Female; Mycoplasmataceae; Mycoplasmatales Infections
PubMed: 33417733
DOI: 10.1111/aji.13390 -
Reproductive Sciences (Thousand Oaks,... Nov 2021The roles of genital mycoplasmas including Mycoplasma genitalium (M. genitalium), Mycoplasma hominis (M. hominis), Ureaplasma urealyticum (U. urealyticum), and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The roles of genital mycoplasmas including Mycoplasma genitalium (M. genitalium), Mycoplasma hominis (M. hominis), Ureaplasma urealyticum (U. urealyticum), and Ureaplasma parvum (U. parvum) in reproductive diseases are equivocal. To investigate whether genital mycoplasmas are risk factors of female infertility and adverse pregnancy outcomes, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis. Electronic databases were searched for related studies. A random-effects model or fixed-effects model was employed to generate forest plots. Pooled odd ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were applied to measure the strength of associations. Meanwhile, heterogeneity was evaluated by H statistic and I statistic, and publication bias was explored by funnel plots based on Egger's test and Begg's test. The search yielded 2054 relevant records, and 35 articles were ultimately included for meta-analysis. M. genitalium was a significant risk factor for female infertility (OR, 13.03 [95% CI, 3.46-48.98]) and preterm birth (PTB) (OR, 1.81 [95% CI, 1.17-2.80]), but not for spontaneous abortion (SA) (OR, 0.58 [95% CI, 0.25-1.35]). M. hominis can significantly increase the potential risk of female infertility (OR, 1.56 [95% CI, 1.02-2.38]), SA (OR, 9.14 [95% CI, 4.14-20.18]), stillbirth (OR, 3.98 [95% CI, 1.39-11.36]), and premature rupture of membranes (PROM) (OR, 1.79 [95% CI, 1.26-2.55]), but was not associated with PTB (OR, 1.29 [95% CI, 0.78-2.15]). U. urealyticum had no significant risk effect on female infertility (OR, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.42-1.11]). Coinfections of M. hominis and Ureaplasma were significantly associated with female infertility, SA, and stillbirth, but not with PROM. On the basis of current evidences, this meta-analysis supports that M. genitalium is a risk factor for female infertility and PTB; M. hominis is a potential risk factor for female infertility, SA, stillbirth, and PROM; U. urealyticum has no significant association with female infertility; and the relationship of U. parvum with female infertility and adverse pregnancy outcomes needs to be paid more attention to and remains to be further revealed.
Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Infertility, Female; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Mycoplasma hominis; Observational Studies as Topic; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Premature Birth; Stillbirth; Ureaplasma; Ureaplasma Infections
PubMed: 33398853
DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00399-w -
The Journal of Antimicrobial... Mar 2021Resistance to tetracyclines, the first-line treatment for urogenital infections caused by Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma species, is increasing worldwide. The aim of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Resistance to tetracyclines, the first-line treatment for urogenital infections caused by Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma species, is increasing worldwide. The aim of the present study was to determine the global status of resistance to this class of antibiotics.
METHODS
Electronic databases were searched using keywords including 'Mycoplasma', 'Mycoplasma hominis', 'M. hominis', 'Ureaplasma', 'Ureaplasma urealyticum', 'Ureaplasma parvum', 'U. urealyticum', 'U. parvum', 'Ureaplasma species', 'resistance', 'antibiotic resistance', 'antibiotic susceptibility', 'antimicrobial resistance', 'antimicrobial susceptibility', 'tetracycline', 'doxycycline' and 'minocycline'. Finally, after some exclusions, 37 studies from different countries were included in the study and meta-analysis was performed on the data collected.
RESULTS
The midrange resistance rates for M. hominis and U. urealyticum/parvum to tetracycline, doxycycline and minocycline were 50.0%, 9.0% and 16.7% and 43.3%, 28.6% and 9.0%, respectively. A high level of heterogeneity was observed in all studies (I2 > 50%, P value < 0.05), except those representing doxycycline resistance in M. hominis isolates (I2 = 39.1%, P = 0.02). No evidence of publication bias was observed in the studies and neither Egger's test nor Begg's test showed significant publication bias.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of the present study show that the overall resistance to tetracyclines is relatively high and prevalent among M. hominis and Ureaplasma species throughout the world. This highlights the importance of and necessity for regional and local antibiotic susceptibility testing before treatment choice as well as development of newer generations of tetracyclines to prevent antibiotic misuse, emergence and spread of resistant strains and, finally, the failure of treatment.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma hominis; Ureaplasma; Ureaplasma Infections; Ureaplasma urealyticum
PubMed: 33367765
DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa538 -
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases Nov 2021Haemotropic mycoplasmas (haemoplasmas) have increasingly attracted the attention of wildlife disease researchers due to a combination of wide host range, high prevalence... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Haemotropic mycoplasmas (haemoplasmas) have increasingly attracted the attention of wildlife disease researchers due to a combination of wide host range, high prevalence and genetic diversity. A systematic review identified 75 articles that investigated haemoplasma infection in wildlife by molecular methods (chiefly targeting partial 16S rRNA gene sequences), which included 131 host genera across six orders. Studies were less common in the Eastern Hemisphere (especially Africa and Asia) and more frequent in the Artiodactyla and Carnivora. Meta-analysis showed that infection prevalence did not vary by geographic region nor host order, but wild hosts showed significantly higher prevalence than captive hosts. Using a taxonomically flexible machine learning algorithm, we also found vampire bats and cervids to have greater prevalence, whereas mink, a subclade of vesper bats, and true foxes all had lower prevalence compared to the remaining sampled mammal phylogeny. Haemoplasma genotype and nucleotide diversity varied little among wild mammals but were marginally lower in primates and bats. Coinfection with more than one haemoplasma species or genotype was always confirmed when assessed. Risk factors of infection identified were sociality, age, males and high trophic levels, and both prevalence and diversity were often higher in undisturbed environments. Haemoplasmas likely use different and concurrent transmission routes and typically display enzootic dynamics when wild populations are studied longitudinally. Haemoplasma pathology is poorly known in wildlife but appears subclinical. Candidatus Mycoplasma haematohominis, which causes disease in humans, probably has it natural host in bats. Haemoplasmas can serve as a model system in ecological and evolutionary studies, and future research on these pathogens in wildlife must focus on increasing the geographic range and taxa of studies and elucidating pathology, transmission and zoonotic potential. To facilitate such work, we recommend using universal PCR primers or NGS protocols to detect novel haemoplasmas and other genetic markers to differentiate among species and infer cross-species transmission.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Male; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 33210822
DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13932 -
The Lancet. Infectious Diseases Nov 2020Mycoplasma genitalium is now recognised as an important bacterial sexually transmitted infection. We summarised data from studies of mutations associated with macrolide... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Mycoplasma genitalium is now recognised as an important bacterial sexually transmitted infection. We summarised data from studies of mutations associated with macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance in M genitalium to establish the prevalence of resistance. We also investigated temporal trends in resistance and aimed to establish the association between resistance and geographical location.
METHODS
In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Embase, and MEDLINE for studies that included data for the prevalence of mutations associated with macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance in M genitalium published in any language up to Jan 7, 2019. We defined prevalence as the proportion of M genitalium samples positive for key mutations associated with azithromycin resistance (23S rRNA gene, position 2058 or 2059) or moxifloxacin resistance (S83R, S83I, D87N, or D87Y in parC), or both, among all M genitalium samples that were successfully characterised. We used random-effects meta-analyses to calculate summary estimates of prevalence. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses by WHO region and time period were done. This study was registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016050370.
RESULTS
Overall, 59 studies from 21 countries met the inclusion criteria for our study: 57 studies of macrolide resistance (8966 samples), 25 of fluoroquinolone resistance (4003 samples), and 22 of dual resistance to macrolides and fluoroquinolones (3280 samples). The summary prevalence of mutations associated with macrolide resistance among M genitalium samples was 35·5% (95% CI 28·8-42·5); prevalence increased from 10·0% (95% CI 2·6-20·1%) before 2010, to 51·4% (40·3-62·4%) in 2016-17 (p<0·0001). Prevalence of mutations associated with macrolide resistance was significantly greater in samples in the WHO Western Pacific and Americas regions than in those from the WHO European region. The overall prevalence of mutations associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in M genitalium samples was 7·7% (95% CI 4·5-11·4%). Prevalence did not change significantly over time, but was significantly higher in the Western Pacific region than in the European region. Overall, the prevalence of both mutations associated with macrolide resistance and those associated with fluoroquinolone resistance among M genitalium samples was 2·8% (1·3-4·7%). The prevalence of dual resistance did not change significantly over time, and did not vary significantly by geographical region.
INTERPRETATION
Global surveillance and measures to optimise the efficacy of treatments-including resistance-guided strategies, new antimicrobials, and antimicrobial combination approaches-are urgently needed to ensure cure in a high proportion of M genitalium infections and to prevent further spread of resistant strains.
FUNDING
Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Carrier Proteins; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Humans; Male; Moxifloxacin; Mutation; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Prevalence; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S; Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial; Transferases
PubMed: 32622378
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30154-7