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Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical... Aug 2023Inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) are considered significant challenges for children with IEIs, their families, and their medical providers. Infections are the most...
BACKGROUND
Inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) are considered significant challenges for children with IEIs, their families, and their medical providers. Infections are the most common complication of IEIs and children can acquire coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) even when protective measures are taken.
OBJECTIVES
To estimate the incidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children with IEIs and analyse the demographic parameters, clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes in children with IEIs with COVID-19 illness.
METHODS
For this systematic review, we searched ProQuest, Medline, Embase, PubMed, CINAHL, Wiley online library, Scopus and Nature through the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) guideline for studies on the development of COVID-19 in children with IEIs, published from December 1, 2019 to February 28, 2023, with English language restriction.
RESULTS
Of the 1095 papers that were identified, 116 articles were included in the systematic review (73 case report, 38 cohort 4 case-series and 1 case-control studies). Studies involving 710 children with IEIs with confirmed COVID-19 were analyzed. Among all 710 IEIs pediatric cases who acquired SARS-CoV-2, some children were documented to be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) (n = 119, 16.8%), intubated and placed on mechanical ventilation (n = 87, 12.2%), suffered acute respiratory distress syndrome (n = 98, 13.8%) or died (n = 60, 8.4%). Overall, COVID-19 in children with different IEIs patents resulted in no or low severity of disease in more than 76% of all included cases (COVID-19 severity: asymptomatic = 105, mild = 351, or moderate = 88). The majority of children with IEIs received treatment for COVID-19 (n = 579, 81.5%). Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) due to COVID-19 in children with IEIs occurred in 103 (14.5%). Fatality in children with IEIs with COVID-19 was reported in any of the included IEIs categories for cellular and humoral immunodeficiencies (n = 19, 18.6%), immune dysregulatory diseases (n = 17, 17.9%), innate immunodeficiencies (n = 5, 10%), bone marrow failure (n = 1, 14.3%), complement deficiencies (n = 1, 9.1%), combined immunodeficiencies with associated or syndromic features (n = 7, 5.5%), phagocytic diseases (n = 3, 5.5%), autoinflammatory diseases (n = 2, 3%) and predominantly antibody deficiencies (n = 5, 2.5%). Mortality was COVID-19-related in a considerable number of children with IEIs (29/60, 48.3%). The highest ICU admission and fatality rates were observed in cases belonging to cellular and humoral immunodeficiencies (26.5% and 18.6%) and immune dysregulatory diseases (35.8% and 17.9%) groups, especially in children infected with SARS-CoV-2 who suffered severe combined immunodeficiency (28.6% and 23.8%), combined immunodeficiency (25% and 15%), familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (40% and 20%), X-linked lymphoproliferative diseases-1 (75% and 75%) and X-linked lymphoproliferative diseases-2 (50% and 50%) compared to the other IEIs cases.
CONCLUSION
Children with IEIs infected with SARS-CoV-2 may experience higher rates of ICU admission and mortality in comparison with the immunocompetent pediatric populations. Underlying immune defects does seem to be independent risk factors for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in children with IEIs, a number of children with SCID and CID were reported to have prolonged infections-though the number of patients is small-but especially immune dysregulation diseases (XLP1 and XLP2) and innate immunodeficiencies impairing type I interferon signalling (IFNAR1, IFNAR2 and TBK1).
PubMed: 37559153
DOI: 10.1186/s13223-023-00831-1 -
International Journal of Chronic... 2023Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by neutrophils airway infiltration. It is currently known that... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by neutrophils airway infiltration. It is currently known that Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is an important pro-inflammatory factor. It can promote the accumulation of neutrophils and participate in the chronic inflammatory process of COPD. However, the value of IL-17 levels in the diagnosis and assessment of COPD remains controversial. In view of this, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess its relevance.
METHODS
We searched databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Embase to extract original research.
RESULTS
A total of 10 studies with 2268 participants were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that the level of serum IL-17 in patients with stable COPD was significantly higher than that in healthy controls (standard mean difference SMD, 1.59, 95% CI 0.84-2.34; <0.001). Compared with the stable COPD group, the serum IL-17 level in acute exacerbation (AECOPD) was significantly higher (SMD, 1.78, 95% CI 1.22-2.33; <0.001). The level of IL-17 in sputum of COPD patients was also higher than that of healthy controls (SMD, 2.03, 95% CI 0.74-3.31; <0.001).
CONCLUSION
Our results showed that IL-17 levels were elevated in serum and sputum in COPD patients compared with healthy controls, and IL-17 levels increased with disease progression. IL-17 serves as a potential biomarker to indicate the persistence of neutrophilic inflammation and exacerbation of COPD.
Topics: Humans; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Interleukin-17; Neutrophils; Inflammation; Biomarkers
PubMed: 37551391
DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S412626 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Ageing research is establishing macrophages as key immune system regulators that undergo functional decline. Due to heterogeneity between species and tissue populations,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
INTRODUCTION
Ageing research is establishing macrophages as key immune system regulators that undergo functional decline. Due to heterogeneity between species and tissue populations, a plethora of data exist and the power of scientific conclusions can vary substantially. This meta-analysis by information content (MAIC) and systematic literature review (SLR) aims to determine overall changes in macrophage gene and protein expression, as well as function, with age.
METHODS
PubMed was utilized to collate peer-reviewed literature relating to macrophage ageing. Primary studies comparing macrophages in at least two age groups were included. Data pertaining to gene or protein expression alongside method used were extracted for MAIC analysis. For SLR analysis, data included all macrophage-specific changes with age, as well as species, ontogeny and age of groups assessed.
RESULTS
A total of 240 studies were included; 122 of which qualified for MAIC. The majority of papers focussed on changes in macrophage count/infiltration as a function of age, followed by gene and protein expression. The MAIC found iNOS and TNF to be the most commonly investigated entities, with 328 genes and 175 proteins showing consistent dysregulation with age across the literature. Overall findings indicate that cytokine secretion and phagocytosis are reduced and reactive oxygen species production is increased in the ageing macrophage.
DISCUSSION
Collectively, our analysis identifies critical regulators in macrophage ageing that are consistently dysregulated, highlighting a plethora of targets for further investigation. Consistent functional changes with age found here can be used to confirm an ageing macrophage phenotype in specific studies and experimental models.
Topics: Macrophages; Phagocytosis
PubMed: 37520567
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1222308 -
Scottish Medical Journal Aug 2023This review aimed to examine if the platelet-lymphocyte ratio and lymphocyte-monocyte ratio can be useful in determining disease activity in patients with inflammatory... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
This review aimed to examine if the platelet-lymphocyte ratio and lymphocyte-monocyte ratio can be useful in determining disease activity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
METHODS
PubMed, CENTRAL, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science were searched for studies published up to 9 January 2023. Platelet-lymphocyte ratio and lymphocyte-monocyte ratio values from active and remission inflammatory bowel disease cases were compared to generate a mean difference (MD).
RESULTS
Nine studies were included. Meta-analysis showed that inflammatory bowel disease patients with active disease had significantly higher values of platelet-lymphocyte ratio as compared to those in remission (MD: 63.46 95% CI: 35.74, 91.17, = 89%). The values of platelet-lymphocyte ratio were significantly higher in both active ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients. Meta-analysis also showed that lymphocyte-monocyte ratio values were significantly lower in active inflammatory bowel disease patients as compared to those under remission (MD: -1.28 95% CI: -1.42, -1.14, = 4%). Lymphocyte-monocyte ratio values were significantly lower in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients with active disease.
CONCLUSION
Platelet-lymphocyte ratio and lymphocyte-monocyte ratio can be useful blood-based markers in differentiating active disease in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Active cases of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease have high platelet-lymphocyte ratio and low lymphocyte-monocyte ratio as compared to those in remission. Further studies with a larger sample size are needed to strengthen conclusions.
Topics: Humans; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Monocytes; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Lymphocytes
PubMed: 37489108
DOI: 10.1177/00369330231188962 -
Clinical and Applied... 2023The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are emerging tools that can be used in the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT).... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are emerging tools that can be used in the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic value of NLR and PLR for patients with DVT. Our meta-analysis included 11 eligible studies and extracted relevant diagnostic indicators. Of these studies, 4 focused on the NLR, 1 on the PLR, while 6 evaluated both. For the 10 studies on NLR, the pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive-likelihood ratio, and negative-likelihood ratio were 74%, 66%, 2.16, and 0.4, respectively. The estimated diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) was 5.3, and the area under the curve (AUC) of the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curves was 0.74. For the 7 studies on the PLR, the pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive-likelihood ratio, and negative-likelihood ratio were 0.65, 0.77, 2.89, and 0.45, respectively. The estimated DOR was 6.64, and the SROC-AUC was 0.79. Our findings showed that the NLR and PLR exhibit moderate diagnostic accuracy and may be helpful biomarkers for the diagnosis of DVT. Future prospective, well-designed studies with large sample sizes will be required to provide additional evidence to establish cutoff values and clinical value of these indicators.
Topics: Humans; Neutrophils; Lymphocytes; Blood Platelets; Biomarkers; ROC Curve; Venous Thrombosis; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 37487186
DOI: 10.1177/10760296231187392 -
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders... 2024Several studies have identified CD163 as a potential mediator of diabetes mellitus through an immune-inflammation. Further study is necessary to identify its specific...
BACKGROUND
Several studies have identified CD163 as a potential mediator of diabetes mellitus through an immune-inflammation. Further study is necessary to identify its specific mechanism.
OBJECTIVES
In this study, we aimed to investigate CD163 as a potential biomarker associated with immune inflammation in diabetes mellitus through a systematic review and bioinformatics analysis.
METHODS
We searched PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and Embase databases with a time limit of September 2, 2022. Furthermore, we conducted a systematic search and review based on PRISMA guidelines. Additionally, diabetic gene expression microarray datasets GSE29221, GSE30528, GSE30529, and GSE20966 were downloaded from the GEO database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo) for bioinformatics analysis. The PROSPERO number for this study is CRD420222347160.
RESULTS
Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, seven articles included 1607 patients, comprising 912 diabetic patients and 695 non-diabetic patients. This systematic review found significantly higher levels of CD163 in diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic patients. People with diabetes had higher levels of CRP expression compared to the control group. Similarly, two of the three papers that used TNF- α as an outcome indicator showed higher expression levels in diabetic patients. Furthermore, IL-6 expression levels were higher in diabetic patients than in the control group. A total of 62 samples were analyzed by bioinformatics (33 case controls and 29 experimental groups), and 85 differential genes were identified containing CD163. According to the immune cell correlation analysis, CD163 was associated with macrophage M2, γδ T lymphocytes, macrophage M1, and other immune cells. Furthermore, to evaluate the diagnostic performance of CD163, we validated it using the GSE20966 dataset. In the validation set, CD163 showed high diagnostic accuracy.
CONCLUSION
This study suggests CD163 participates in the inflammatory immune response associated with diabetes mellitus and its complications by involving several immune cells. Furthermore, the results suggest CD163 may be a potential biomarker reflecting immune inflammation in diabetic mellitus.
Topics: Humans; Biomarkers; Computational Biology; Diabetes Mellitus; Inflammation; Macrophages
PubMed: 37455460
DOI: 10.2174/1871530323666230714162324 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2023Maresins are lipid mediators derived from omega-3 fatty acids with anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties, capable of promoting tissue regeneration and... (Review)
Review
Maresins are lipid mediators derived from omega-3 fatty acids with anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties, capable of promoting tissue regeneration and potentially serving as a therapeutic agent for chronic inflammatory diseases. The aim of this review was to systematically investigate preclinical and clinical studies on maresin to inform translational research. Two independent reviewers performed comprehensive searches with the term "Maresin (NOT) Review" on PubMed. A total of 137 studies were included and categorized into 11 human organ systems. Data pertinent to clinical translation were specifically extracted, including delivery methods, optimal dose response, and specific functional efficacy. Maresins generally exhibit efficacy in treating inflammatory diseases, attenuating inflammation, protecting organs, and promoting tissue regeneration, mostly in rodent preclinical models. The nervous system has the highest number of original studies ( = 25), followed by the cardiovascular system, digestive system, and respiratory system, each having the second highest number of studies ( = 18) in the field. Most studies considered systemic delivery with an optimal dose response for mouse animal models ranging from 4 to 25 μg/kg or 2 to 200 ng via intraperitoneal or intravenous injection respectively, whereas human in vitro studies ranged between 1 and 10 nM. Although there has been no human interventional clinical trial yet, the levels of MaR1 in human tissue fluid can potentially serve as biomarkers, including salivary samples for predicting the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases and periodontal diseases; plasma and synovial fluid levels of MaR1 can be associated with treatment response and defining pathotypes of rheumatoid arthritis. Maresins exhibit great potency in resolving disease inflammation and bridging tissue regeneration in preclinical models, and future translational development is warranted.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mice; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Chronic Disease; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Inflammation; Macrophages
PubMed: 37446190
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311012 -
BMC Oral Health Jul 2023The current literature suggests the significant role of foam cells in the initiation of atherosclerosis through the formation of a necrotic core in atherosclerotic...
BACKGROUND
The current literature suggests the significant role of foam cells in the initiation of atherosclerosis through the formation of a necrotic core in atherosclerotic plaques. Moreover, an important periodontal pathogen called Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is indicated to play a significant role in this regard. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to comprehensively study the pathways by which P. gingivalis as a prominent bacterial species in periodontal disease, can induce foam cells that would initiate the process of atherosclerosis formation.
METHODS
An electronic search was undertaken in three databases (Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science) to identify the studies published from January 2000 until March 2023. The risk of bias in each study was also assessed using the QUIN risk of bias assessment tool.
RESULTS
After the completion of the screening process, 11 in-vitro studies met the inclusion criteria and were included for further assessments. Nine of these studies represented a medium risk of bias, while the other two had a high risk of bias. All of the studies have reported that P. gingivalis can significantly induce foam cell formation by infecting the macrophages and induction of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) uptake. This process is activated through various mediators and pathways. The most important factors in this regard are the lipopolysaccharide of P. gingivalis and its outer membrane vesicles, as well as the changes in the expression rate of transmembrane lipid transportation channels, including transient receptor potential channel of the vanilloid subfamily 4 (TRPV4), lysosomal integral protein 2 (LIMP2), CD36, etc. The identified molecular pathways involved in this process include but are not limited to NF-κB, ERK1/2, p65.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that P. gingivalis can effectively promote foam cell formation through various pathogenic elements and this bacterial species can affect the expression rate of various genes and the function of specific receptors in the cellular and lysosomal membranes. However, due to the moderate to high level of risk of bias among the studies, further studies are required in this regard.
Topics: Humans; Foam Cells; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Macrophages; Atherosclerosis; Periodontitis
PubMed: 37442956
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03183-9 -
BMC Pediatrics Jun 2023To compare the performance of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) with that of Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) in diagnosing neonatal sepsis (NS). (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
PURPOSE
To compare the performance of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) with that of Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) in diagnosing neonatal sepsis (NS).
METHODS
PubMed and Embase were searched for relevant studies from the inception of the databases to May, 2022. The pooled sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPE), and area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) were measured.
RESULTS
Thirteen studies involving 2610 participants were included. The SEN, SPE, and AUC of NLR were 0.76 (95%CI: 0.61-0.87), 0.82 (95%CI: 0.68-0.91), and 0.86 (95%CI: 0.83-0.89), respectively, and those of PLR were 0.82 (95%CI: 0.63-0.92), 0.80 (95%CI: 0.24-0.98), and 0.87 (95%CI: 0.83-0.89), respectively. Significant heterogeneity was observed among the studies. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression showed that types of sepsis (p = 0.01 for SEN), gold standard (p = 0.03 for SPE), and pre-set threshold (p<0.05 for SPE) might be the sources of heterogeneity for NLR, whereas the pre-set threshold (p<0.05 for SPE) might be the source of heterogeneity for PLR.
CONCLUSIONS
NLR and PLR would be of great accuracy for the diagnosis of NS, and the two indicators have similar diagnostic performance. However, the overall risk of bias was high, and significant heterogeneity was identified among the included studies. The results of this study should be interpreted prudently, and the normal or cut-off values and the type of sepsis should be considered. More prospective studies are needed to further support the clinical application of these findings.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Humans; Neonatal Sepsis; Neutrophils; Sepsis; Blood Platelets; Lymphocytes
PubMed: 37391699
DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04094-y -
Strahlentherapie Und Onkologie : Organ... Dec 2023Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most represented cells of the immune system in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Besides its effects on cancer cells,... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most represented cells of the immune system in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Besides its effects on cancer cells, radiation therapy (RT) can alter TME composition. With this systematic review, we provide a better understanding on how RT can regulate macrophage characterization, namely the M1 antitumor and the M2 protumor polarization, with the aim of describing new effective RT models and exploration of the possibility of integrating radiation with other available therapies.
METHODS
A systematic search in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was carried out in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. Articles from January 2000 to April 2020 which focus on the role of M1 and M2 macrophages in the response to RT were identified.
RESULTS
Of the 304 selected articles, 29 qualitative summary papers were included in our analysis (16 focusing on administration of RT and concomitant systemic molecules, and 13 reporting on RT alone). Based on dose intensity, irradiation was classified into low (low-dose irradiation, LDI; corresponding to less than 1 Gy), moderate (moderate-dose irradiation, MDI; between 1 and 10 Gy), and high (high-dose irradiation, HDI; greater than 10 Gy). While HDI seems to be responsible for induced angiogenesis and accelerated tumor growth through early M2-polarized TAM infiltration, MDI stimulates phagocytosis and local LDI may represent a valid treatment option for possible combination with cancer immunotherapeutic agents.
CONCLUSION
TAMs seem to have an ambivalent role on the efficacy of cancer treatment. Radiation therapy, which exerts its main antitumor activity via cell killing, can in turn interfere with TAM characterization through different modalities. The plasticity of TAMs makes them an attractive target for anticancer therapies and more research should be conducted to explore this potential therapeutic strategy.
Topics: Humans; Tumor-Associated Macrophages; Neoplasms; Macrophages; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 37347290
DOI: 10.1007/s00066-023-02097-3