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Journal Der Deutschen Dermatologischen... Jun 2024Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is a severe infectious disease, predominantly endemic in Central and South America and is characterized by granulomatous, destructive mucosal... (Review)
Review
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is a severe infectious disease, predominantly endemic in Central and South America and is characterized by granulomatous, destructive mucosal lesions in the oral, nasal, and pharyngeal cavities. It is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania spp. transmitted to humans by sandflies. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis occurs after untreated or inadequately treated cutaneous leishmaniasis and is more common in immunocompromised patients. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize all reported treatment options for mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. This review is based on all English, German, French, Spanish and Portuguese articles published in the databases "PubMed" and "Lilacs" from 1995 to 2020. Most of the medical literature is limited to case reports, small case series, retrospective studies, and a few randomized controlled trials. Various treatment options include pentavalent antimonates such as meglumine antimonate or sodium stibogluconate, amphotericin B (liposomal, deoxycholate, lipid complex, colloidal dispersion), miltefosine, and pentamidine. Other therapeutic options include itraconazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, aminosidine sulfate, and azithromycin. The choice of drug depends primarily on its availability in the endemic area and the patient's comorbidities.
Topics: Humans; Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous; Antiprotozoal Agents
PubMed: 38769082
DOI: 10.1111/ddg.15424 -
Radiotherapy and Oncology : Journal of... Dec 2023Given the central role that radiation has in the management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary origin, it is imperative to review how treatment...
PURPOSE
Given the central role that radiation has in the management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary origin, it is imperative to review how treatment paradigms have been refined and continue to evolve in the modern era.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
This study was designed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) statement. A literature search of peer-reviewed publications was undertaken to identify works pertaining to the use of radiation for squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary origin presenting as cervical lymph node metastases. Articles published from January 2002 to January 2023 with full text available on PubMed and restricted to the English language and human subjects were included. The full bibliographies of identified articles were reviewed and irrelevant studies were removed.
RESULTS
While such breakthroughs as intensity-modulated radiotherapy, positron emission tomography, biomarker testing with immune-histochemistry, and minimally invasive surgical techniques such as transoral robotic surgery have fundamentally changed the approach to this disease in recent decades, controversies still exist with respect to the manner in which radiation is delivered. Although the incidence of head and neck unknown primary cancer is relatively low, questions regarding the necessity of comprehensive radiation using the age-old standard method of targeting the bilateral necks and entire pharyngeal axis to encompass all putative sites of mucosal disease persist.
CONCLUSIONS
Prospective evidence is lacking, and the available studies have been complicated by such factors as the relatively limited sample sizes, as well as the variability in work-up, treatment, inclusion criteria, and follow-up. Regardless, advances in science and technology have ushered in more precise approaches with a high degree of customization, particularly given the increased proportion of patients presenting with human papillomavirus-related disease.
Topics: Humans; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Meta-Analysis as Topic; Neoplasms, Unknown Primary; Papillomavirus Infections; Systematic Reviews as Topic
PubMed: 37844736
DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2023.109952 -
Dentistry Journal Aug 2023The complex traditional treatment of inflammation diseases in oral cavity includes the prescription of antibiotic and antiseptic therapy. This systematic review aims to... (Review)
Review
The complex traditional treatment of inflammation diseases in oral cavity includes the prescription of antibiotic and antiseptic therapy. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effect of photodynamic therapy as a part of management of inflammatory diseases in oral cavity; Methods: The study is presented in accordance with the preferred reporting points for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). This systematic review was conducted using electronic databases such as Medline PubMed, Scopus and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. All the studies in this systematic review, were randomized, the risk of bias 2 (ROB 2) were assessed; Results: Considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we included 10 randomized clinical trials, published up to 2023 investigating the application of photodynamic therapy as a part of management of inflammatory diseases in oral cavity. The diode laser was used in the oral cavity in the zone of inflammatory process (gingivitis, mucositis, periimplantitis, marginal periodontitis, abscess, periostitis, osteomyelitis etc.) in nine studies or in the zone before surgical procedures in one study; Conclusion: Based on the results of clinical studies, it can be stated that photodynamic therapy shows good results for operations performed in the oral cavity and pharynx.
PubMed: 37623288
DOI: 10.3390/dj11080192 -
Sleep & Breathing = Schlaf & Atmung Mar 2023Recently, the use of barbed pharyngoplasty (BP) has become widespread in snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) palatal surgery, but there are no studies regarding... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Recently, the use of barbed pharyngoplasty (BP) has become widespread in snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) palatal surgery, but there are no studies regarding the short- and long-term complications resulting from these different techniques. This systematic review aimed to report the complications and side effects of different BP techniques.
METHODS
An electronic search was performed on PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Ovid databases. The PRISMA statement was followed. Databases were searched from inception through September 2, 2021.
RESULTS
We included 14 prospective clinical studies consisting of 769 patients aged 23 to 81 years. The associated intra-operative complications of BP were as follows: partial thread extrusion (2.9%), self-limited bleeding (2.9%), broken needle (1.0%), and suture rupture (1.0%). Short-term complications were as follows: thread/knot extrusion (12.4%), dysphagia (5.6%), bleeding (1.5%), velopharyngeal insufficiency (1.5%), anterior pharyngoplasty dehiscence (1.2%), tonsillar haemorrhage (1.0%), excessive postnasal discharge (1.0%), barbed suture failure (0.5%), acute infection (0.2%), mucosal granulomas (0.2%), chipped tooth caused by mouth gag displacement (0.2%), and fibrous scar (0.2%). Long-term complications were as follows: foreign body sensation (7.8%), sticky mucus in throat (5.9%), dysphagia (3.6%), rhinolalia (3.1%), throat phlegm (1.1%), nose regurgitation (0.8%), dry throat (0.6%), and throat lump (0.3%).
CONCLUSION
BP is a safe technique free of significant side effects and major complications. However, in this review, patients undergoing BP were very heterogeneous in terms of characteristics of patients chosen and severity of diseases, surgical technique used (myoresective vs non-myoresective), time of follow-up, and mono level vs multilevel surgery. More studies on a larger scale with long-term follow-up are needed to confirm these promising results.
Topics: Humans; Pharynx; Deglutition Disorders; Prospective Studies; Neck
PubMed: 35217931
DOI: 10.1007/s11325-022-02585-3 -
Otolaryngology--head and Neck Surgery :... Jan 2023Electronic cigarettes (E-cigs) are nicotine delivery systems with increasing popularity. The US Food and Drug Administration defines side effects as unwanted or... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Electronic cigarettes (E-cigs) are nicotine delivery systems with increasing popularity. The US Food and Drug Administration defines side effects as unwanted or unexpected events or reactions. Our objective was to examine the unintended otolaryngology-related side effects associated with E-cigs.
DATA SOURCES
Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and CENTRAL databases.
REVIEW METHODS
Study selection was independently performed by 2 authors in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR statement (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews); discrepancies were resolved by the senior author. English studies from database inception to May 1, 2020, with a sample size >5 were included. In vitro, animal, and lower respiratory tract studies were excluded. The main outcome was defined as otolaryngology-related side effects following E-cig use. Levels of evidence per the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine were used to determine study quality.
RESULTS
From 1788 articles, 32 studies were included. The most common unintended side effects were throat irritation (n = 16), cough (n = 16), mouth irritation (n = 11), and oral mucosal lesions (n = 8). A large proportion of participants also reported conventional tobacco use in addition to E-cigs. Eight studies investigated the effectiveness of vaping on smoking cessation. The quality of the literature was level 2 to 4. Given the significant heterogeneity in the studies, meta-analysis was not performed.
CONCLUSION
The most reported side effects were throat and mouth irritation, followed by cough. The long-term impact of E-cigs is not known given the recent emergence of this technology. Future studies are warranted.
Topics: United States; Animals; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Pharynx; Cough; Neck; Otolaryngology
PubMed: 34982602
DOI: 10.1177/01945998211069502 -
Digestive Diseases and Sciences Aug 2022Studies evaluating the role of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in the management of superficial pharyngeal cancers have reported promising results. This... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Studies evaluating the role of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in the management of superficial pharyngeal cancers have reported promising results. This meta-analysis evaluates the efficacy and safety of ESD in the management of superficial pharyngeal cancers.
METHODS
We reviewed several databases from inception to September 03, 2020, to identify studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of ESD in the management of superficial pharyngeal cancers. Our outcomes of interest were en bloc resection rate, complete resection rate, adverse events, and rates of local recurrence. Pooled rates with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all outcomes were calculated using random-effect model. Heterogeneity was assessed by I statistic. We assessed publication bias by using funnel plots and Egger's test. We conducted meta-regression analysis to explore heterogeneity in analyses.
RESULTS
Ten studies were included in analyses. All studies were from Asia. Pooled rates (95% CI) for en bloc resection and complete resection were 94% (87%, 97%) and 72% (62%, 80%), respectively. The pooled rates (95% CI) for adverse events and local recurrence were 10% (5%, 17%) and 1.9% (0.9%, 4%), respectively. Most of the analyses were limited by substantial heterogeneity. On meta-regression analysis, the heterogeneity was explained by size of tumor and histology. Funnel plots and Egger's test showed no evidence of publication bias.
CONCLUSIONS
This meta-analysis including studies from Asian countries demonstrated that ESD is an efficacious and safe option in the management of superficial pharyngeal cancers. More studies and studies from Western countries are needed to further validate these findings.
Topics: Asia; Endoscopic Mucosal Resection; Humans; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Pharyngeal Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 34505257
DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-07225-6 -
American Journal of Otolaryngology 2021The infrahyoid myocutaneous flap (IHMCF) is an often-overlooked flap of the anterior neck used for reconstruction of oral cavity and laryngopharyngeal defects. The...
INTRODUCTION
The infrahyoid myocutaneous flap (IHMCF) is an often-overlooked flap of the anterior neck used for reconstruction of oral cavity and laryngopharyngeal defects. The primary goal of this systematic review is to evaluate the postoperative outcomes and efficacy of this flap.
METHODS
A comprehensive search of PubMed, Biological Abstracts, CINAHL Plus, and Web of Science was conducted. Two researchers independently scrutinized the studies to determine inclusions based on relevance, sample size, and English language publications.
RESULTS
Twenty-eight studies containing 1027 IHMCF cases met the inclusion criteria. Primary outcomes included flap necrosis and postoperative functional outcomes. The rate of flap survival was 99%. Total skin necrosis and partial skin necrosis were minor complications that occurred in 2.5% and 5.8% of cases respectively. Poor speech and swallowing outcomes were reported in 6.4% and 6.5% of cases respectively. The included studies were predominantly retrospective. An average MINORS score of 9.6 suggests moderate bias among the studies.
CONCLUSIONS
The IHMCF is both safe and effective for repairing medium sized mucosal lesions of the head and neck region in carefully selected patients. IHMCF use in oral cavity reconstruction is particularly appealing although functional outcomes remain difficult to statistically assess. Complications of IHMCFs are rare and often minor. To ensure the best outcome, pre-surgical planning needs to be conducted and all contraindications should be respected. Further large prospective multi-centered trials are needed for more accurate analysis.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Humans; Larynx; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth; Myocutaneous Flap; Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures; Patient Care Planning; Pharynx; Postoperative Complications; Prospective Studies; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult
PubMed: 34252712
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2021.103133 -
Oral Oncology Dec 2018Although chemoradiotherapy (CRT) has improved disease outcomes in advanced head and neck cancer (aHNC), toxicity remains a major concern. Treatment interruptions and... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Although chemoradiotherapy (CRT) has improved disease outcomes in advanced head and neck cancer (aHNC), toxicity remains a major concern. Treatment interruptions and decreased quality of life (QOL) can occur due to malnutrition, secondary to mucositis, dysphagia and odynophagia. Gastrostomy tubes are used in many patients to improve nutrition during CRT. The optimal timing of PEG placement in patients with aHNC undergoing CRT remains controversial. Using the PubMed database, we performed a systematic review of published CRT series in aHNC to guide decision-making regarding optimal timing of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) placement. We aimed to compare outcomes when patients are treated with prophylactic PEG (pPEG) versus reactive PEG (rPEG). Twenty-two studies examining the role of PEG placement in CRT for aHNC were reviewed. pPEG reduces the number of malnourished patients (defined as >10% of body weight), but average weight loss at various time points following treatment appears similar to patients with rPEG. pPEG is also associated with improved QOL at 6 months, and greater long term PEG dependence. Clinical and dosimetric parameters that correlate with malnutrition in patients without pPEG include advanced age, percent weight loss preceding treatment, and radiation dose to the pharyngeal constrictor muscles. Based on this evidence, our institutional strategy is to encourage pPEG in those patients deemed at greatest risk of becoming malnourished during the course of treatment, and to approach the remainder of patients with rPEG.
Topics: Age Factors; Chemoradiotherapy; Clinical Trials as Topic; Enteral Nutrition; Gastrostomy; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Malnutrition; Prophylactic Surgical Procedures; Risk Factors; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30527247
DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.10.028 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Sep 2018Placing a small volume of colostrum directly onto the buccal mucosa of preterm infants during the early neonatal period may provide immunological and growth factors that... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Placing a small volume of colostrum directly onto the buccal mucosa of preterm infants during the early neonatal period may provide immunological and growth factors that stimulate the immune system and enhance intestinal growth. These benefits could potentially reduce the risk of infection and necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) and improve survival and long-term outcome.
OBJECTIVES
To determine if early (within the first 48 hours of life) oropharyngeal administration of mother's own fresh or frozen/thawed colostrum can reduce rates of NEC, late-onset invasive infection, and/or mortality in preterm infants compared with controls. To assess trials for evidence of safety and harm (e.g. aspiration pneumonia). To compare effects of early oropharyngeal colostrum (OPC) versus no OPC, placebo, late OPC, and nasogastric colostrum.
SEARCH METHODS
We used the standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group to search the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2017, Issue 8), MEDLINE via PubMed (1966 to August 2017), Embase (1980 to August 2017), and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL; 1982 to August 2017). We also searched clinical trials registries for ongoing and recently completed trials (clinicaltrials.gov; the World Health Organization International Trials Registry (www.whoint/ictrp/search/en/), and the ISRCTN Registry), conference proceedings, and the reference lists of retrieved articles for randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised trials. We performed the last search in August 2017. We contacted trial investigators regarding unpublished studies and data.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We searched for published and unpublished randomised controlled trials comparing early administration of oropharyngeal colostrum (OPC) versus sham administration of water, oral formula, or donor breast milk, or versus no intervention. We also searched for studies comparing early OPC versus early nasogastric or nasojejunal administration of colostrum. We considered only trials that included preterm infants at < 37 weeks' gestation. We did not limit the review to any particular region or language.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently screened retrieved articles for inclusion and independently conducted data extraction, data analysis, and assessments of 'Risk of bias' and quality of evidence. We graded evidence quality using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. We contacted study authors for additional information or clarification when necessary.
MAIN RESULTS
We included six studies that compared early oropharyngeal colostrum versus water, saline, placebo, or donor, or versus no intervention, enrolling 335 preterm infants with gestational ages ranging from 25 to 32 weeks' gestation and birth weights of 410 to 2500 grams. Researchers found no significant differences between OPC and control for primary outcomes - incidence of NEC (typical risk ratio (RR) 1.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.50 to 4.02; six studies, 335 infants; P = 0.51; I² = 0%; very low-quality evidence), incidence of late-onset infection (typical RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.33; six studies, 335 infants; P = 0.50; I² = 0%; very low-quality evidence), and death before hospital discharge (typical RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.34 to 1.71; six studies, 335 infants; P = 0.51; I² = 0%; very low-quality evidence). Similarly, meta-analysis showed no difference in length of hospital stay between OPC and control groups (mean difference (MD) 0.81, 95% CI -5.87 to 7.5; four studies, 293 infants; P = 0.65; I² = 49%). Days to full enteral feeds were reduced in the OPC group with MD of -2.58 days (95% CI -4.01 to -1.14; six studies, 335 infants; P = 0.0004; I² = 28%; very low-quality evidence).The effect of OPC was uncertain because of small sample sizes and imprecision in study results (very low-quality evidence).No adverse effects were associated with OPC; however, data on adverse effects were insufficient, and no numerical data were available from the included studies.Overall the quality of included studies was low to very low across all outcomes. We downgraded GRADE outcomes because of concerns about allocation concealment and blinding, reporting bias, small sample sizes with few events, and wide confidence intervals.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Large, well-designed trials would be required to evaluate more precisely and reliably the effects of oropharyngeal colostrum on important outcomes for preterm infants.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Colostrum; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing; Hospital Mortality; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Length of Stay; Mouth Mucosa; Oropharynx; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Sepsis
PubMed: 30191961
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011921.pub2 -
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Dec 2017Reconstruction of moderate-sized mucosal defects of the oral cavity or oropharynx represents a surgical challenge. Buccinator myomucosal flaps seem to provide "ideal...
BACKGROUND
Reconstruction of moderate-sized mucosal defects of the oral cavity or oropharynx represents a surgical challenge. Buccinator myomucosal flaps seem to provide "ideal reconstruction" of oral/oropharyngeal defects because they carry a thin, mobile, well-vascularized, and sensitive tissue, like that excised or lost. Nevertheless, these flaps are not immediately popular because of confusion surrounding the complex terminology used to name them.
METHODS
After a retrospective study on our experience and a literature review, the authors propose a new rational and simplified nomenclature for the classification of buccinator myomucosal flaps, which clarifies the source vessel, the composition of the flap, and the type of transfer.
RESULTS
According to this nomenclature, six types of buccinator myomucosal flaps are described.
CONCLUSIONS
This proposed nomenclature may bring a consensus on the classification of buccinator myomucosal flaps and can help their spread.
Topics: Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Oropharynx; Surgical Flaps; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 28936552
DOI: 10.1007/s10006-017-0655-9