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Plant Physiology and Biochemistry : PPB May 2024Plant mineral nutrition has immense significance for crop productivity and human well-being. Soil acidity plays a major role in determining the nutrient availability...
Plant mineral nutrition has immense significance for crop productivity and human well-being. Soil acidity plays a major role in determining the nutrient availability that influences plant growth. The importance of calcium (Ca) in biological processes, such as signaling, metabolism, and cell growth, underlines its critical role in plant growth and development. This review focuses on soil acidification, a gradual process resulting from cation leaching, fertilizer utilization, and drainage issues. Soil acidification significantly hampers global crop production by modifying nutrient accessibility. In acidic soils, essential nutrients, such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and Ca become less accessible, establishing a correlation between soil pH and plant nutrition. Cutting-edge Ca nutrition technologies, including nanotechnology, genetic engineering, and genome sequencing, offer the potential to deliver Ca and reduce the reliance on conventional soluble fertilizers. These fertilizers not only contribute to environmental contamination but also impose economic burdens on farmers. Nanotechnology can enhance nutrient uptake, and Ca nanoparticles improve nutrient absorption and release. Genetic engineering enables the cultivation of acid-tolerant crop varieties by manipulating Ca-related genes. High-throughput technologies such as next-generation sequencing and microarrays aid in identifying the microbial structures, functions, and biosynthetic pathways involved in managing plant nutritional stress. The ultimate goal is to shed light on the importance of Ca, problems associated with soil acidity, and potential of emerging technologies to enhance crop production while minimizing the environmental impact and economic burden on farmers.
Topics: Calcium; Crops, Agricultural; Fertilizers; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Plant Physiological Phenomena; Soil
PubMed: 38608506
DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108602 -
Odontology Jan 2024Trace- and macro-chemical elements are crucial for cellular physiological functioning, and their alterations in biological fluids might be associated with an underlying... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Trace- and macro-chemical elements are crucial for cellular physiological functioning, and their alterations in biological fluids might be associated with an underlying pathological state. Hence, this study aimed to examine and summarize the published literature concerning the application of salivary ionomics for caries diagnosis. An extensive search of studies was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus, without any language and year restriction for answering the following PECO question: "In subjects (i.e., children, adolescents, or adults) with good systematic health, are there any variations in the salivary concentrations of trace- or macro-elements between caries-free (CF) individuals and caries-active (CA) subjects?" A modified version of the QUADOMICS tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies. The Review Manager Version 5.4.1. was used for data analyses. The analysis of salivary chemical elements that significantly differed between CF and CA subjects was also performed. Thirty-four studies were included, involving 2299 CA and 1669 CF subjects, having an age range from 3 to 64 years in over 16 countries. The meta-analysis revealed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the salivary levels of calcium, phosphorus, chloride, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and zinc between CA and CF subjects, suggesting higher levels of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium in CF subjects while higher levels of chloride, magnesium, and zinc in CA patients. Half of the included studies (17/34) were considered high quality, while the remaining half were considered medium quality. Only zinc and chloride ions were found to be higher significantly and consistent in CF and CA subjects, respectively. Conflicting outcomes were observed for all other salivary chemical elements including aluminum, bromine, calcium, copper, fluoride, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, phosphorus, lead, selenium, and sulfate ions.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Middle Aged; Young Adult; Calcium; Dental Caries; Ions; Magnesium; Magnesium Chloride; Phosphorus; Potassium; Sodium; Zinc; Saliva
PubMed: 37526792
DOI: 10.1007/s10266-023-00839-4 -
Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany) Jan 2024Iatrogenic hyponatremia is a common complication following intravenous maintenance fluid therapy (IV-MFT) in hospitalized children. Despite the American Academy of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Efficacy and safety of isotonic versus hypotonic intravenous maintenance fluids in hospitalized children: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
BACKGROUND
Iatrogenic hyponatremia is a common complication following intravenous maintenance fluid therapy (IV-MFT) in hospitalized children. Despite the American Academy of Pediatrics' 2018 recommendations, IV-MFT prescribing practices still vary considerably.
OBJECTIVES
This meta-analysis aimed to compare the safety and efficacy of isotonic versus hypotonic IV-MFT in hospitalized children.
DATA SOURCES
We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central from inception to October 1, 2022.
STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing isotonic versus hypotonic IV-MFT in hospitalized children, either with medical or surgical conditions. Our primary outcome was hyponatremia following IV-MFT. Secondary outcomes included hypernatremia, serum sodium, serum potassium, serum osmolarity, blood pH, blood sugar, serum creatinine, serum chloride, urinary sodium, length of hospital stay, and adverse outcomes.
STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS
Random-effects models were used to pool the extracted data. We performed our analysis based on the duration of fluid administration (i.e., ≤ 24 and > 24 h). The Grades of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE) scale was used to evaluate the strength and level of evidence for recommendations.
RESULTS
A total of 33 RCTs, comprising 5049 patients were included. Isotonic IV-MFT significantly reduced the risk of mild hyponatremia at both ≤ 24 h (RR = 0.38, 95% CI [0.30, 0.48], P < 0.00001; high quality of evidence) and > 24 h (RR = 0.47, 95% CI [0.37, 0.62], P < 0.00001; high quality of evidence). This protective effect of isotonic fluid was maintained in most examined subgroups. Isotonic IV-MFT significantly increased the risk of hypernatremia in neonates (RR = 3.74, 95% CI [1.42, 9.85], P = 0.008). In addition, it significantly increased serum creatinine at ≤ 24 h (MD = 0.89, 95% CI [0.84, 0.94], P < 0.00001) and decreased blood pH (MD = -0.05, 95% CI [-0.08 to -0.02], P = 0.0006). Mean serum sodium, serum osmolarity, and serum chloride were lower in the hypotonic group at ≤ 24 h. The two fluids were comparable in terms of serum potassium, length of hospital stay, blood sugar, and the risk of adverse outcomes.
LIMITATIONS
The main limitation of our study was the heterogeneity of the included studies.
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF KEY FINDINGS
Isotonic IV-MFT was superior to the hypotonic one in reducing the risk of iatrogenic hyponatremia in hospitalized children. However, it increases the risk of hypernatremia in neonates and may lead to renal dysfunction. Given that the risk of hypernatremia is not important even in the neonates, we propose to use balanced isotonic IV-MFT in hospitalized children as it is better tolerated by the kidneys than 0.9% saline.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER
CRD42022372359. Graphical abstract A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Child; Humans; Hyponatremia; Child, Hospitalized; Hypernatremia; Blood Glucose; Chlorides; Creatinine; Infusions, Intravenous; Isotonic Solutions; Hypotonic Solutions; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Fluid Therapy; Saline Solution; Sodium; Iatrogenic Disease; Potassium
PubMed: 37365423
DOI: 10.1007/s00467-023-06032-7 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... May 2023Although acute diarrhoea is a self-limiting disease, dehydration may occur in some children. Dehydration is the consequence of an increased loss of water and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Although acute diarrhoea is a self-limiting disease, dehydration may occur in some children. Dehydration is the consequence of an increased loss of water and electrolytes (sodium, chloride, potassium, and bicarbonate) in liquid stools. When these losses are high and not replaced adequately, severe dehydration appears. Severe dehydration is corrected with intravenous solutions. The most frequently used solution for this purpose is 0.9% saline. Balanced solutions (e.g. Ringer's lactate) are alternatives to 0.9% saline and have been associated with fewer days of hospitalization and better biochemical outcomes. Available guidelines provide conflicting recommendations. It is unclear whether 0.9% saline or balanced intravenous fluids are most effective for rehydrating children with severe dehydration due to diarrhoea.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the benefits and harms of balanced solutions for the rapid rehydration of children with severe dehydration due to acute diarrhoea, in terms of time in hospital and mortality compared to 0.9% saline.
SEARCH METHODS
We used standard, extensive Cochrane search methods. The latest search date was 4 May 2022.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included randomized controlled trials in children with severe dehydration due to acute diarrhoea comparing balanced solutions, such as Ringer's lactate or Plasma-Lyte with 0.9% saline solution, for rapid rehydration.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
We used standard Cochrane methods. Our primary outcomes were 1. time in hospital and 2.
MORTALITY
Our secondary outcomes were 3. need for additional fluids, 4. total amount of fluids received, 5. time to resolution of metabolic acidosis, 6. change in and the final values of biochemical measures (pH, bicarbonate, sodium, chloride, potassium, and creatinine), 7. incidence of acute kidney injury, and 8.
ADVERSE EVENTS
We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence.
MAIN RESULTS
Characteristics of the included studies We included five studies with 465 children. Data for meta-analysis were available from 441 children. Four studies were conducted in low- and middle-income countries and one study in two high-income countries. Four studies evaluated Ringer's lactate, and one study evaluated Plasma-Lyte. Two studies reported the time in hospital, and only one study reported mortality as an outcome. Four studies reported final pH and five studies reported bicarbonate levels. Adverse events reported were hyponatremia and hypokalaemia in two studies each. Risk of bias All studies had at least one domain at high or unclear risk of bias. The risk of bias assessment informed the GRADE assessments. Primary outcomes Compared to 0.9% saline, the balanced solutions likely result in a slight reduction of the time in hospital (mean difference (MD) -0.35 days, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.60 to -0.10; 2 studies; moderate-certainty evidence). However, the evidence is very uncertain about the effect of the balanced solutions on mortality during hospitalization in severely dehydrated children (risk ratio (RR) 0.33, 95% CI 0.02 to 7.39; 1 study, 22 children; very low-certainty evidence). Secondary outcomes Balanced solutions probably produce a higher increase in blood pH (MD 0.06, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.09; 4 studies, 366 children; low-certainty evidence) and bicarbonate levels (MD 2.44 mEq/L, 95% CI 0.92 to 3.97; 443 children, four studies; low-certainty evidence). Furthermore, balanced solutions likely reduces the risk of hypokalaemia after the intravenous correction (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.96; 2 studies, 147 children; moderate-certainty evidence). Nonetheless, the evidence suggests that balanced solutions may result in no difference in the need for additional intravenous fluids after the initial correction; in the amount of fluids administered; or in the mean change of sodium, chloride, potassium, and creatinine levels.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of balanced solutions on mortality during hospitalization in severely dehydrated children. However, balanced solutions likely result in a slight reduction of the time in the hospital compared to 0.9% saline. Also, balanced solutions likely reduce the risk of hypokalaemia after intravenous correction. Furthermore, the evidence suggests that balanced solutions compared to 0.9% saline probably produce no changes in the need for additional intravenous fluids or in other biochemical measures such as sodium, chloride, potassium, and creatinine levels. Last, there may be no difference between balanced solutions and 0.9% saline in the incidence of hyponatraemia.
Topics: Child; Humans; Bicarbonates; Creatinine; Dehydration; Diarrhea; Hypokalemia; Potassium; Potassium Chloride; Ringer's Lactate; Saline Solution; Sodium
PubMed: 37196992
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013640.pub2 -
Current Urology Reports Aug 2023We wanted to analyse the outcomes of surgical (SWL, URS, PCNL) and medical management of cystine stones in the paediatric population in terms of stone-free status and... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
We wanted to analyse the outcomes of surgical (SWL, URS, PCNL) and medical management of cystine stones in the paediatric population in terms of stone-free status and complication rates, based on all the available literature evidence.
RECENT FINDINGS
A systematic review of literature was performed for all studies with paediatric cystine stone management. Twelve studies met the eligibility criteria, of which 4 analysed outcomes of SWL, 2 of URS and 3 of PCNL and 3 focused on the effect of either alkalising agents (potassium citrate, citric acid) or cysteine-binding thiol (CBT) agents (tiopronin, penicillamine). The reported SFR in studies ranged from 50 to 83%, 59 to 100% and 63 to 80.6%, with a complication rate of 2.8-51%, 14-27% and 12.9-15.4% with SWL, URS and PCNL, respectively. Paediatric cystine stones treatment should aim at complete stone clearance, preservation of renal function and prevention of further recurrences. SWL achieves inferior results in case of cystine stones. URS and PCNL are safe and effective procedures in the paediatric population, with a low rate of major complications. Adherence to medical prevention therapies may prolong recurrence-free periods.
Topics: Humans; Child; Kidney Calculi; Cystine; Lithotripsy; Ureteroscopy; Ureteral Calculi; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 37079195
DOI: 10.1007/s11934-023-01162-9 -
Nutrients Feb 2023There has been an emerging concern that non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) can increase the risk of cardiometabolic disease. Much of the attention has focused on acute... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
There has been an emerging concern that non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) can increase the risk of cardiometabolic disease. Much of the attention has focused on acute metabolic and endocrine responses to NNS. To examine whether these mechanisms are operational under real-world scenarios, we conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis of acute trials comparing the effects of non-nutritive sweetened beverages (NNS beverages) with water and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in humans. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and The Cochrane Library were searched through to January 15, 2022. We included acute, single-exposure, randomized, and non-randomized, clinical trials in humans, regardless of health status. Three patterns of intake were examined: (1) uncoupling interventions, where NNS beverages were consumed alone without added energy or nutrients; (2) coupling interventions, where NNS beverages were consumed together with added energy and nutrients as carbohydrates; and (3) delayed coupling interventions, where NNS beverages were consumed as a preload prior to added energy and nutrients as carbohydrates. The primary outcome was a 2 h incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for blood glucose concentration. Secondary outcomes included 2 h iAUC for insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), peptide YY (PYY), ghrelin, leptin, and glucagon concentrations. Network meta-analysis and confidence in the network meta-analysis (CINeMA) were conducted in R-studio and CINeMA, respectively. Thirty-six trials involving 472 predominantly healthy participants were included. Trials examined a variety of single NNS (acesulfame potassium, aspartame, cyclamate, saccharin, stevia, and sucralose) and NNS blends (acesulfame potassium + aspartame, acesulfame potassium + sucralose, acesulfame potassium + aspartame + cyclamate, and acesulfame potassium + aspartame + sucralose), along with matched water/unsweetened controls and SSBs sweetened with various caloric sugars (glucose, sucrose, and fructose). In uncoupling interventions, NNS beverages (single or blends) had no effect on postprandial glucose, insulin, GLP-1, GIP, PYY, ghrelin, and glucagon responses similar to water controls (generally, low to moderate confidence), whereas SSBs sweetened with caloric sugars (glucose and sucrose) increased postprandial glucose, insulin, GLP-1, and GIP responses with no differences in postprandial ghrelin and glucagon responses (generally, low to moderate confidence). In coupling and delayed coupling interventions, NNS beverages had no postprandial glucose and endocrine effects similar to controls (generally, low to moderate confidence). The available evidence suggests that NNS beverages sweetened with single or blends of NNS have no acute metabolic and endocrine effects, similar to water. These findings provide support for NNS beverages as an alternative replacement strategy for SSBs in the acute postprandial setting.
Topics: Humans; Sugar-Sweetened Beverages; Aspartame; Ghrelin; Glucagon; Cyclamates; Network Meta-Analysis; Blood Glucose; Glucose; Non-Nutritive Sweeteners; Beverages; Sucrose; Insulin; Sugars; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Water
PubMed: 36839408
DOI: 10.3390/nu15041050 -
Journal of Dentistry Mar 2023This systematic review with network meta-analysis synthesises available randomised controlled trials evidence concerning efficacy of self-administered dentifrices for... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVES
This systematic review with network meta-analysis synthesises available randomised controlled trials evidence concerning efficacy of self-administered dentifrices for management of dentine hypersensitivity (DH) pain.
STUDY SELECTION
Following systematic review registration (CRD42019154064), three data bases (MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL) were searched to December 2022 for parallel randomised controlled trials conducted in adults diagnosed with DH, using at least two recognised stimuli, assessing the short-term efficacy of home-use dentifrice treatment in reducing pain. Thirty-two studies and 4,638 participants were included. A Network meta-analysis (NMA) approach was used to compare relative effectiveness between interventions.
CONCLUSIONS
Twice daily application of self-applied dentifrice containing formulations of stannous, potassium +/- stannous, or arginine can be recommended for the reduction of dentine hypersensitivity pain. There is a need for standardised methodology guideline development to improve the conduct, analysis and reporting of DH clinical studies.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
This is the first comprehensive NMA to be performed, that follows guidelines for conduct of DH trials to determine the efficacy of self-applied dentifrices for the management of dentine hypersensitivity. Indirect comparisons can be made between formulations that have not been compared to one another in randomised controlled trials.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Dentifrices; Dentin Desensitizing Agents; Dentin Sensitivity; Fluorides; Network Meta-Analysis; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 36753794
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104433 -
Operative Dentistry Jan 2023This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated whether the home use of mouthwashes containing potassium salts is effective in reducing and controlling dentin... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
AIM
This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated whether the home use of mouthwashes containing potassium salts is effective in reducing and controlling dentin hypersensitivity (DH).
METHODS AND MATERIALS
This study is reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) checklist and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021228410). Randomized clinical trials evaluating the use of mouthwashes containing potassium salt for daily household mouthwash for at least four weeks to reduce DH compared with a control mouthwash were selected, with no limitation on year of publication. Electronic research was carried out in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library by two independent researchers. One hundred thirty-three articles were obtained, and nine were selected according to the inclusion criteria.
RESULTS
The selected studies evaluated DH through tests of sensitivity to tactile and evaporative stimuli and showed that, for the tactile stimulus, there were no baseline differences between groups (p=0.12; mean difference: -0.33; confidence intervals [CI]: -0.73 to 0.08). However, there were significant differences after two weeks of use (p=0.00001; mean difference: 4.67; CI: 4.53 to 4.81), after four weeks (p=0.00001; mean difference: 13.29; CI: 13.03 to 13.55), and after eight weeks (p=0.00001; mean difference: 8.88; CI: 5.73 to 12.02) favoring the experimental group. The results of the evaporative test showed no differences in the baseline assessment between the two groups (p=0.50; mean difference: -0.02; CI: -0.09 to 0.04), but after four weeks (p=0.00001; mean difference: -0.32; CI: -0.44 to -0.20), and eight weeks of use (p=0.00001; mean difference: -0.42; CI: -0.57 to -0.27) there were differences favoring the experimental group. The incidence of side effects showed no differences between the two groups (p=0.89; mean difference: 1.03; CI: 0.67 to 1.58).
CONCLUSION
The daily use of mouthwashes containing potassium salt is effective in the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity, as a complementary step to brushing at least twice a day for two weeks, four weeks, and up to eight weeks, without presenting side effects.
Topics: Humans; Mouthwashes; Fluorides; Sodium Fluoride; Salts; Potassium; Dentin Sensitivity; Dentin Desensitizing Agents; Double-Blind Method; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 36445973
DOI: 10.2341/21-181-LIT -
Journal of Strength and Conditioning... Dec 2022Anderson, OK, Martinez-Ferran, M, Lorenzo-Calvo, J, Jiménez, SL, and Pareja-Galeano, H. Effects of nitrate supplementation on muscle strength and mass: a systematic...
Anderson, OK, Martinez-Ferran, M, Lorenzo-Calvo, J, Jiménez, SL, and Pareja-Galeano, H. Effects of nitrate supplementation on muscle strength and mass: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3562-3570, 2022-This systematic review examines the effect of dietary nitrate supplementation (SUP) on muscle strength and hypertrophy when combined with physical exercise. The databases PubMed, Web of Science, and MEDLINE were searched for full-text articles published between January 2000 and June 2020. For inclusion, studies had to report on the effects of SUP administered as acute or chronic doses together with a standardized exercise protocol on muscle strength and hypertrophy compared with placebo in healthy adults who were sedentary, physically active, or professional athletes. Twelve studies (1,571 subjects) were finally selected. In 5 studies, the SUP regime was acute, and in 7, it was chronic. SUP was nitrate-rich beetroot juice in 9 studies, a potassium nitrate capsule in 1, and increased dietary nitrate in 2. Ingested nitrate was 64-1,200 mg. Of the 12 studies, 6 observed an ergogenic effect of SUP compared with placebo. These findings indicate that muscle strength gains are possible provided the dose, format, frequency, period, and exercise test are appropriate. Best results were observed with a minimum acute dose of 400 mg of nitrate provided as beetroot juice/shot taken 2-2.5 hours before exercise involving low- and high-intensity muscle contractions. This SUP regime seems to improve muscle efficiency in terms of reduced phosphocreatine and energy costs (P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy) and improved time to exhaustion.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Nitrates; Muscle, Skeletal; Dietary Supplements; Muscle Strength; Hypertrophy
PubMed: 36417361
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004101 -
The Journal of Dermatological Treatment Dec 2023Seborrheic keratoses (SKs) are benign epidermal neoplasms presenting as waxy, brown to black papules and plaques. Patients often seek removal for cosmetic reasons or...
Seborrheic keratoses (SKs) are benign epidermal neoplasms presenting as waxy, brown to black papules and plaques. Patients often seek removal for cosmetic reasons or irritation. The objective of this systematic review is to assess the efficacy and safety of topical treatments for SKs. Studies involving any topical medication indicated for SK removal were retrieved from Embase, Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane. The final search was conducted on November 9, 2021, and 26 reports met inclusion criteria. A quality rating scheme was utilized to assess evidence quality. Heterogeneity of treatments and outcome measures precluded meta-analysis. Topical treatments that yielded a good-to-excellent response include hydrogen peroxide, Maxacalcitol 25 µg/g, BID Tazarotene 0.1% cream, 5% potassium dobesilate cream, 1% diclofenac sodium solution, urea-based solution, and 65% and 80% trichloroacetic acid. Local skin reactions were often mild and transient. Topical hydrogen peroxide showed the greatest evidence for clinical clearance of SKs, although there are no studies to our knowledge that directly compared hydrogen peroxide to current first-line treatments (e.g. cryotherapy or shave excision). The results of this review suggest viable and safe treatment of SK with topical therapies; however, there remains demand for topical treatments that reliably equate or exceed the efficacy of current first-line therapies.Key Points Are safe and efficacious topical treatments for seborrheic keratoses available? Topical treatments for seborrheic keratoses yield different responses and may be associated with local skin reactions. Topical hydrogen peroxide shows the greatest evidence for clinical clearance of seborrheic keratoses and may be a viable option for patients requesting noninvasive removal. No studies to our knowledge directly compare hydrogen peroxide to current first-line treatments. There remains demand for topical treatments that reliably equate or exceed the efficacy of current first-line therapies.
Topics: Humans; Administration, Topical; Cryotherapy; Hydrogen Peroxide; Keratosis, Seborrheic; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 36215682
DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2022.2133532