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Iranian Journal of Public Health Feb 2024Deviation of the foot from the normal posture affects the function of the foot and lower limb and causes lower limb injuries in normal people and athletes. Flat feet or... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Deviation of the foot from the normal posture affects the function of the foot and lower limb and causes lower limb injuries in normal people and athletes. Flat feet or flatfoot deformity are usually associated with pain in the foot area and a decrease in the normal function of the foot, which can negatively affect the sports ability of athletes. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the abnormality of flat feet from training, exercise to therapeutic interventions.
METHODS
Articles were identified by searching five databases: PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Gate & Pasteur from 2000 to 2022. The keywords were selected specifically and correctly and all the researches and articles related to the title of the article were searched and found. This research was also searched in Persian databases that this database, included: Irandoc, Mag Iran and Noormagz.
RESULTS
Finally, 30 studies met the criteria for entering this study, selected and used to conduct this study.
CONCLUSION
By using the results obtained in the research, which include corrective exercises and therapeutic interventions, especially the use of orthoses and various medical insoles, it is possible to help in the treatment and improvement of this anomaly.
PubMed: 38894830
DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v53i2.14915 -
Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official... Apr 2024This study evaluates the efficacy of the calcaneo-stop (C-Stop) procedure's effectiveness in treating symptomatic flexible flatfoot (FFF) in children. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
This study evaluates the efficacy of the calcaneo-stop (C-Stop) procedure's effectiveness in treating symptomatic flexible flatfoot (FFF) in children.
METHODS
A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases to identify studies until 2023 on the outcomes of the C-Stop procedure in children with FFF. The risk of bias was assessed using MINORS criteria.
RESULTS
Of 85 studies screened, 20 involving 2394 feet from 1415 patients (mean age 11.2 ± 1.3 years) were included. Post-procedure, significant improvements were noted in pain reduction (93.5%), heel alignment (95.21%), and radiological measures, including reductions in Kite (7.32º), Meary (11.65º), Costa-Bartani angles (17.11º), talar declination (12.63º) and increase in Calcaneal Pitch Angle (5.92º). AOFAS scores increased by 22.32 points on average, with 94.83% reporting high satisfaction. Complication rate was low (7.8%).
CONCLUSIONS
The C-Stop procedure is effective for treating FFF in children, offering significant clinical, radiological, and functional improvements with high patient satisfaction and a low complication rate.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level IV, Systematic review of Level-IV studies.
PubMed: 38714453
DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2024.04.011 -
Infectious Diseases and Therapy May 2024Heel puncture (HP) in neonates can result in osteomyelitis if done non-aseptically or with incorrect technique. This study summarizes clinical experience with heel... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Heel puncture (HP) in neonates can result in osteomyelitis if done non-aseptically or with incorrect technique. This study summarizes clinical experience with heel puncture-related osteomyelitis of the calcaneus (HP-CO) in newborns.
METHODS
We systematically reviewed studies that examined HP-CO in newborn patients using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Our search included the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases until December 31, 2023. We used the National Institutes of Health (NIH) assessment scale to evaluate the quality of our analyzed studies.
RESULTS
This study analyzed 15 neonatal calcaneal osteomyelitis (CO) cases due to HP conducted in six countries from 1976 to 2016. The average age of the cases was 8.87 ± 6.13 days, with an average birth weight of 2367.27 ± 947.59 g. The infants had undergone an average of 9.00 ± 8.90 HP, with 93.33% exhibiting swelling. Staphylococcus aureus was present in 80% of cases. Beta-lactam antibiotics were used, with satisfactory outcomes in 53.33% of cases. However, in seven cases, three patients had flatfoot due to calcaneal deformity, and other complications were observed in some patients after 7-8 years.
CONCLUSIONS
This study offers valuable insights into a rare condition, including its epidemiology, clinical and laboratory characteristics, and treatment options for infants with HP-CO. To prevent the risk of osteomyelitis in this vulnerable group of patients, increasing awareness and maintaining strict aseptic techniques is necessary. We recommend that infants presenting with tenderness, redness, purulent discharge, erythema, or fever and with a history of repeated HP and swollen ankles should be evaluated for suspicion of osteomyelitis. A graphical abstract is avilable for this article.
PubMed: 38589762
DOI: 10.1007/s40121-024-00957-8 -
Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma... May 2024Progressive collapsing foot deformity (PCFD), formally known as "adult-acquired flatfoot deformity" (AAFFD), is a complex foot deformity consisting of multiple...
INTRODUCTION
Progressive collapsing foot deformity (PCFD), formally known as "adult-acquired flatfoot deformity" (AAFFD), is a complex foot deformity consisting of multiple components. If surgery is required, joint-preserving procedures, such as a medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy (MDCO), are frequently performed. The aim of this systematic review is to provide a summary of the evidence on the impact of MDCO on foot biomechanics.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A systematic literature search across two major sources (PubMed and Scopus) without time limitation was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. Only original research studies reporting on biomechanical changes following a MDCO were included. Exclusion criteria consisted of review articles, case studies, and studies not written in English. 27 studies were included and the methodologic quality graded according to the QUACS scale and the modified Coleman score.
RESULTS
The 27 included studies consisted of 18 cadaveric, 7 studies based on biomechanical models, and 2 clinical studies. The impact of MDCO on the following five major parameters were assessed: plantar fascia (n = 6), medial longitudinal arch (n = 9), hind- and midfoot joint pressures (n = 10), Achilles tendon (n = 5), and gait pattern parameters (n = 3). The quality of the studies was moderate to good with a pooled mean QUACS score of 65% (range 46-92%) for in-vitro and a pooled mean Coleman score of 58 (range 56-65) points for clinical studies.
CONCLUSION
A thorough knowledge of how MDCO impacts foot function is key in properly understanding the postoperative effects of this commonly performed procedure. According to the evidence, MDCO impacts the function of the plantar fascia and Achilles tendon, the integrity of the medial longitudinal arch, hind- and midfoot joint pressures, and consequently specific gait pattern parameters.
Topics: Humans; Biomechanical Phenomena; Calcaneus; Flatfoot; Foot; Foot Deformities, Acquired; Gait; Osteotomy
PubMed: 38554203
DOI: 10.1007/s00402-024-05267-9 -
Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal... Feb 2024With lifestyle changes, the prevalence of flatfoot is increasing year by year, with a prevalence of 29%. Flatfoot will lead to an inevitable injury and reduce the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
With lifestyle changes, the prevalence of flatfoot is increasing year by year, with a prevalence of 29%. Flatfoot will lead to an inevitable injury and reduce the quality of life. Short foot exercises can enhance the strength of the intrinsic muscles of the foot and improve the symptoms of flatfoot. However, there is controversy regarding its specific efficacy.
OBJECTIVE
This meta-analysis quantitatively evaluates the effect of short foot training on patients with flatfeet and provides evidence to inform the clinical approach to short foot training in patients with flat feet.
METHODS
A total of eight databases were searched, including CNKI, WANFANG, VIP, and CBM in Chinese and PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Embase in English. The timeframe for searching the literature was March 2023 for each database build. English database search terms and search formulas were: (flat foot OR talipes valgus OR talipes calcaneovalgus) AND (short foot exercises OR physical therapy OR neurophysiotherapy).
RESULTS
The current pooled results show no significant difference in the improvement of the navicular drop test and foot posture index with short foot exercises compared to controls; only short foot exercises greater than 6 w showed a significant improvement in the navicular drop test, and sensitivity analysis showed a significant improvement in the foot posture index with short foot exercises.
CONCLUSION
This systematic review and meta-analysis showed that short foot exercises need a larger sample size to find their effect on improving flat feet; the duration of the intervention is a factor. As most studies are currently unclear whether the participants were patients with flat feet or asymptomatic individuals with flat feet the disease syndrome in patients with flatfoot may also be a factor.
PubMed: 38517769
DOI: 10.3233/BMR-230226 -
Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official... Mar 2024In progressive collapsing foot deformity (PCFD), the goal of surgery is to obtain a well-balanced plantigrade foot. It remains unclear if restoration of the alignment... (Review)
Review
Does foot shape really matter? Correlation of patient reported outcomes with radiographic assessment in progressive collapsing foot deformity reconstruction: A systematic review.
BACKGROUND
In progressive collapsing foot deformity (PCFD), the goal of surgery is to obtain a well-balanced plantigrade foot. It remains unclear if restoration of the alignment and subsequent improvement in radiological parameters is associated with improved patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). The aim of the current systematic review was to investigate whether there is a correlation between radiographic assessment and PROMs in patients treated surgically for flexible PCFD.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted in compliance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was performed in Pubmed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trails (CENTRAL), and KINAHL. We included all the studies reporting both PROMs and radiological outcomes in patients treated surgically for PCFD. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal tool.
RESULTS
Six retrospective studies were included. Radiological parameters related to forefoot plantarflexion were associated with statistically significant differences in postoperative PROMs. A neutral hindfoot and midfoot position was positively correlated with postoperative PROMs but a statistically significant difference could not be established in all studies. The medial arch height was positively correlated with PROMs, but in one study this was the case only in revision surgeries.
CONCLUSION
The literature so far suggests restoration of the alignment may be associated with improved PROMs. Future prospective studies that investigate possible radiological and clinical correlations in PCFD surgery are needed.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
III.
PubMed: 38514277
DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2024.03.004 -
PloS One 2024Individuals with flatfoot have impaired proprioception owing to ligament laxity and impaired tendons, which can result in poor balance. Foot orthoses (FOs) have been... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Individuals with flatfoot have impaired proprioception owing to ligament laxity and impaired tendons, which can result in poor balance. Foot orthoses (FOs) have been reported to stimulate plantar mechanical receptors and are used to manage foot overpronation in individuals with flatfoot. However, the results of the use of FOs to improve balance are inconsistent. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to identify and investigate the effects of FOs on balance in individuals with flatfoot. Electronic databases were searched for articles published before March 2023. Peer-reviewed journal studies that included adult participants with flexible flatfoot and reported the effects of FOs on balance were included and classified based on the study design: randomized control trials (RCT) and non-RCTs. Four RCT studies were retained, and their methodological quality was assessed (mean, 63.2%; range 47.3%-73.1%: high), as were three non-RCT studies (mean, 54.1%; range, 42.1%-68.4%: high). Meta-analysis was performed by calculating the effect size using the standardized mean differences between the control and FO conditions. Transverse-arch insoles immediately improved static balance after use. However, no immediate significant effect was found for medial archsupport FOs, cuboid-posting FOs, or University of California Berkeley Laboratory FOs during the study period (2-5 weeks) when compared with the controls. The transverse-arch insole is the most effective FO feature for improving static balance. However, the high heterogeneity between study protocols contributes to the lack of evidence for the effects of FO on balance in people with flatfoot.
Topics: Humans; Flatfoot; Foot; Foot Orthoses; Lower Extremity; Tarsal Bones; Postural Balance
PubMed: 38457399
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299446 -
Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma... Mar 2024Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in medial displacement calcaneus osteotomy (MDCO) has been proposed for surgical correction of adult-acquired flat foot deformity (AAFD)... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in medial displacement calcaneus osteotomy (MDCO) has been proposed for surgical correction of adult-acquired flat foot deformity (AAFD) to reduce complications of open approaches. The aim of our study is to systematically analyze complications and the clinical and radiological results of MIS- MDCO.
METHODS
A systematic review of the English literature was performed on 30th October 2023. Randomized controlled trials and non-randomized trials, cohort studies, case-control studies and case series concerning surgical correction of AAFD with MIS-MDCO and with at least 15 patients were included. Case reports, technical notes, animal or cadaveric studies were excluded. The quality and risk of bias of the studies included were evaluated using GRADE and MINORS systems. Complications rate, clinical and radiological results were inferred from the studies included.
RESULTS
Nine articles were included. A total of 501 cases treated with MIS-MDCO were analysed with a mean follow-up of 11.9 ± 5.1 months. The reported wound infection rate was about 3% and sural neuropathy was rated about 1%. Only 4% of the cases required removal of the screw for pain. In the comparative studies (MIS versus Open MDCO), comparable clinical results but with significant differences (P < 0.001) in infection rates (1% versus 14%) and sural neuropathy (2% versus 1%) were observed.
CONCLUSION
AAFD correction performed with MIS-MDCO, with the limitation of a poor quality and high risk of bias of the included studies, seems to provide good clinical results and high subjective satisfaction with a lower complication rate compared to open approach. Further high-quality long-term comparative studies could better clarify complications and clinical and radiological outcomes of the MIS technique in the treatment of AAFD.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level IV.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Flatfoot; Calcaneus; Retrospective Studies; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; Osteotomy; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 38212588
DOI: 10.1007/s00402-023-05188-z -
Frontiers in Bioengineering and... 2023This study provided a comprehensive updated review of the biological aspects of children foot morphology across different ages, sex, and weight, aiming to reveal the...
This study provided a comprehensive updated review of the biological aspects of children foot morphology across different ages, sex, and weight, aiming to reveal the patterns of normal and pathological changes in children feet during growth and development. This review article comprised 25 papers in total that satisfied the screening standards. The aim was to investigate how weight changes, age and sex affect foot type, and gain a deeper understanding of the prevalent foot deformities that occur during children growth. Three different foot morphological conditions were discussed, specifically including the effect of sex and age differences, the effect of weight changes, and abnormal foot morphologies commonly documented during growth. This review found that sex, age, and weight changes would affect foot size, bony structure, foot posture, and plantar pressures during child growth. As a result of this biological nature, the children's feet generally exhibit neutral and internally rotated foot postures, which frequently lead to abnormal foot morphologies (e.g., flat foot, pronated foot, etc.). In the future, attention shall be paid to the causal factors leading to specific foot morphologies during the growth and development of children. However, sufficient evidence could not be provided due to a relatively short period of investigation and non-uniformed research methodology in the current literature. A more comprehensive and in-depth exploration is recommended to provide scientific evidence for the discovery of children foot development and personalized growth pattern.
PubMed: 37539437
DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1192524 -
The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery :... 2023Estimates of pes planus ("flatfoot") prevalence vary considerably across studies. Moreover, there is uncertainty over which factors are associated with the pes planus... (Review)
Review
Estimates of pes planus ("flatfoot") prevalence vary considerably across studies. Moreover, there is uncertainty over which factors are associated with the pes planus prevalence. We aimed to systematically review the prevalence and clinical factors associated with flatfoot among children and adults. We searched Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases reporting population-based flatfoot prevalence. Two reviewers independently extracted the data and assessed the qualities of the studies. Subgroup analysis was conducted to analyze the associated factors on flatfoot prevalence. Frequencies, odds ratios (OR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were performed using descriptive analysis and chi-square test accounting for heterogeneity. Any conflict in the data analysis was discussed by all the reviewers. Twelve studies including 2509 flatfoot cases were analyzed (overall prevalence 15.6%, n = 16,000). The subgroup analysis indicated that male gender (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.15-1.37), age groups 3 to 5 years (OR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.78-2.30) and 11 to 17 years (OR = 1.91, 95% CI: 1.64-2.22), Asian race (OR = 2.34, 95% CI: 2.10-2.60), and obesity (OR = 2.62, 95% CI: 2.06-3.32) were more associated with flatfoot (p < .001). Conversely, female gender (OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.40-0.48) and White race (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.47-0.57) were less associated with flatfoot (p < .001). Our findings may be valuable for clinical/surgical settings, particularly, for those modifiable findings and targeted populations. However, we suggest that future studies estimating flatfoot should consider prospective/multicenter designs using a common screening methods in random samples populations.
Topics: Humans; Male; Child; Adult; Female; Child, Preschool; Flatfoot; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Obesity; Databases, Factual; Multicenter Studies as Topic
PubMed: 37286098
DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2023.05.007