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Genes Jun 2024Inherited cone disorders (ICDs) are a heterogeneous sub-group of inherited retinal disorders (IRDs), the leading cause of sight loss in children and working-age adults.... (Review)
Review
Inherited cone disorders (ICDs) are a heterogeneous sub-group of inherited retinal disorders (IRDs), the leading cause of sight loss in children and working-age adults. ICDs result from the dysfunction of the cone photoreceptors in the macula and manifest as the loss of colour vision and reduced visual acuity. Currently, 37 genes are associated with varying forms of ICD; however, almost half of all patients receive no molecular diagnosis. This review will discuss the known ICD genes, their molecular function, and the diseases they cause, with a focus on the most common forms of ICDs, including achromatopsia, progressive cone dystrophies (CODs), and cone-rod dystrophies (CORDs). It will discuss the gene-specific therapies that have emerged in recent years in order to treat patients with some of the more common ICDs.
Topics: Humans; Color Vision Defects; Cone-Rod Dystrophies; Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells; Cone Dystrophy; Blindness; Animals; Genetic Therapy
PubMed: 38927662
DOI: 10.3390/genes15060727 -
Journal of Imaging Jun 2024Thanks to the line-scanning camera, the measurement method based on line-scanning stereo vision has high optical accuracy, data transmission efficiency, and a wide field...
Thanks to the line-scanning camera, the measurement method based on line-scanning stereo vision has high optical accuracy, data transmission efficiency, and a wide field of vision. It is more suitable for continuous operation and high-speed transmission of industrial product detection sites. However, the one-dimensional imaging characteristics of the line-scanning camera cause motion distortion during image data acquisition, which directly affects the accuracy of detection. Effectively reducing the influence of motion distortion is the primary problem to ensure detection accuracy. To obtain the two-dimensional color image and three-dimensional contour data of the heavy rail surface at the same time, a binocular color line-scanning stereo vision system is designed to collect the heavy rail surface data combined with the bright field illumination of the symmetrical linear light source. Aiming at the image motion distortion caused by system installation error and collaborative acquisition frame rate mismatch, this paper uses the checkerboard target and two-step cubature Kalman filter algorithm to solve the nonlinear parameters in the motion distortion model, estimate the real motion, and correct the image information. The experiments show that the accuracy of the data contained in the image is improved by 57.3% after correction.
PubMed: 38921621
DOI: 10.3390/jimaging10060144 -
International Ophthalmology Jun 2024To evaluate mesopic and photopic contrast sensitivity in patients with congenital red-green color vision deficiency regarding with and without glare conditions and to... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
PURPOSE
To evaluate mesopic and photopic contrast sensitivity in patients with congenital red-green color vision deficiency regarding with and without glare conditions and to compare these findings with age- and gender-matched healthy controls with normal color vision.
METHODS
Patients with congenital red-green color vision deficiency and age- and gender-matched healthy controls were included in this cross-sectional comparative study. Contrast sensitivity measurements were taken from all subjects in 4 different conditions; binocular mesopic-without glare, mesopic-with glare, photopic-without glare, photopic-with glare, and the results were compared.
RESULTS
Twenty one patients with color vision deficiency (13 deuteranopic, 8 protanopic) and 22 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were included in the study. The mean age was 35.2 ± 13.5 years in the protan group, 30.6 ± 7.7 years in the deutan group, 32.0 ± 8.8 years in the control group, and there was no significant difference in age between the groups (P > 0.05). The mean mesopic and photopic contrast sensitivity values of the groups at all spatial frequencies (1.5, 3, 6, 12, 18 cpd) were not statistically significant when evaluated by the multifactor repeated measures test of ANOVA to evaluate the effect of light conditions (with and without glare) (P > .05).
CONCLUSION
Mesopic and photopic contrast sensitivity values of patients with congenital red-green color vision deficiency were similar to healthy controls regarding with and without glare conditions.
Topics: Humans; Contrast Sensitivity; Color Vision Defects; Female; Male; Cross-Sectional Studies; Adult; Color Vision; Young Adult; Middle Aged; Mesopic Vision; Glare; Visual Acuity; Adolescent
PubMed: 38916772
DOI: 10.1007/s10792-024-03160-3 -
Optometry and Vision Science : Official... Jun 2024We report on photoaversion and patient-reported quality of life in Danish patients with achromatopsia and evaluate the best optical rehabilitation. Our results...
SIGNIFICANCE
We report on photoaversion and patient-reported quality of life in Danish patients with achromatopsia and evaluate the best optical rehabilitation. Our results contribute to the evaluation of outcome measures in therapy trials and aid in providing the best optical rehabilitation for patients with this and clinically similar conditions.
PURPOSE
This study aimed to investigate the vision-related quality of life, the impact of photoaversion on daily living, and the best optical rehabilitation in a cohort of achromatopsia patients, including testing the hypothesis that red light-attenuating filters are generally preferred.
METHODS
Patients with genetically verified achromatopsia were recruited. Investigations included the 25-item Visual Function Questionnaire and supplementary questions regarding photoaversion and visual aids. Patients were evaluated by a low vision optometrist and given the choice between different light-attenuating filters. First, two specially designed red and gray filters both transmitting 6% light, and then a pre-defined broader selection of filters. Best-corrected visual acuity and contrast sensitivity were measured without filters and with the two trial filters.
RESULTS
Twenty-seven patients participated. Median 25-item Visual Function Questionnaire composite score was 73, with the lowest median score in the subscale near vision (58) and the highest in ocular pain (100). The majority of patients (88%) reported that light caused them discomfort, and 92% used aid(s) to reduce light. Ninety-six percent (26 of 27) preferred the gray filter to the red indoors; 74% (20 of 27) preferred the gray filter. Contrast sensitivity was significantly better with the gray filter compared with no filter (p=0.003) and the red filter (p=0.002).
CONCLUSIONS
Our cohort has a relatively high vision-related quality of life compared with other inherited retinal diseases, but photoaversion has a large impact on visual function. Despite what could be expected from a theoretical point of view, red filters are not generally preferred.
PubMed: 38913502
DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000002143 -
International Ophthalmology Jun 2024Congenital color vision deficiency (CCVD) is an eye disease characterized by abnormalities in the cone cells in the photoreceptor layer. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs)...
BACKGROUND/AIM
Congenital color vision deficiency (CCVD) is an eye disease characterized by abnormalities in the cone cells in the photoreceptor layer. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) are electrophysiological tests that physiologically examine the optic nerve, other visual pathways, and the visual cortex. The aim of this research was to determine whether there are VEP abnormalities in CCVD patients.
METHODS
Patients with CCVD and healthy individuals were included in this prospective case-control study. Participants with eye disease or neurodegenerative disease were excluded from the study. Pattern reversal VEP (PVEP), flash VEP (FVEP), and optical coherence tomography were performed on all participants.
RESULTS
Twenty healthy individuals (15 male) and 21 patients with CCVD (18 male) were included in the study. The mean ages of healthy individuals and patients with CCVD were 29.8 ± 9.6 and 31.1 ± 10.9 years (p = 0.804). Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and central macular thickness values did not differ between the two groups. In PVEP, Right P100, Left N75, P100, N135 values were delayed in CCVD patients compared to healthy individuals (p = 0.001, p = 0.032, p = 0.003, p = 0.032). At least one PVEP and FVEP abnormality was present in nine (42.9%) and six (28.6%) of the patients, respectively. PVEP or FVEP abnormalities were found in 13 (61.9%) of the patients.
CONCLUSION
This study indicated that there may be PVEP and FVEP abnormalities in patients with CCVD.
Topics: Humans; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Male; Female; Color Vision Defects; Prospective Studies; Adult; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Case-Control Studies; Young Adult; Middle Aged; Adolescent; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 38913194
DOI: 10.1007/s10792-024-03229-z -
Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in... Jun 2024The aim of this exploratory study is to investigate the role of S-cones in oscillatory potentials (OPs) generation by individuals with blue-cone monochromacy (BCM),...
PURPOSE
The aim of this exploratory study is to investigate the role of S-cones in oscillatory potentials (OPs) generation by individuals with blue-cone monochromacy (BCM), retaining S-cones, and achromatopsia (ACHM), lacking cone functions.
METHODS
This retrospective study analyzed data from 39 ACHM patients, 20 BCM patients, and 26 controls. Central foveal thickness was obtained using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, while amplitude and implicit time (IT) of a- and b-waves were extracted from the ISCEV Standard dark-adapted 3 cd.s.m full-field ERG (ffERG). Time-frequency analysis of the same measurement enabled the extraction of OPs, providing insights into the dynamic characteristics of the recorded signal.
RESULTS
Both ACHM and BCM groups showed a significant reduction (p < .00001) of a- and b-wave amplitudes and ITs as well as the power of the OPs compared to the control groups. The comparison between ACHM and BCM didn't show any statistically significant differences in the electrophysiological parameters. The analysis of covariance revealed significantly reduced central foveal thickness in the BCM group compared to ACHM and controls (p < .00001), and in ACHM compared to controls (p < .00001), after age correction and Tukey post-hoc analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
S-cones do not significantly influence OPs, and the decline in OPs' power is not solely due to a reduced a-wave. This suggests a complex non-linear network influenced by photoreceptor inputs. Morphological changes don't correlate directly with functional alterations, prompting further exploration of OPs' function and physiological role.
PubMed: 38871951
DOI: 10.1007/s10633-024-09981-y -
PloS One 2024During the machine vision inspection of the inner section of bottle caps within pharmaceutical packaging, the unique conca bottom and convex side walls often create...
During the machine vision inspection of the inner section of bottle caps within pharmaceutical packaging, the unique conca bottom and convex side walls often create obstructions to the illumination. Consequently, this results in challenges such as irregular background and diminished feature contrast in the image, ultimately leading to the misidentification of defects. As a solution, a vision system characterized by a Low-Angle and Large Divergence Angle (LALDA) is presented in this paper. Using the large divergence angle of LED, combined with low-angle illumination, a uniform image of the side wall region with bright-field characteristics and a uniform image of inner circle region at the bottom with dark-field characteristics are obtained, thus solving the problems of light being obscured and brightness overexposure of the background. Based on the imaging characteristics of LALDA, a multi-channel segmentation (MCS) algorithm is designed. The HSV color space has been transformed, and the image is automatically segmented into multiple sub-regions by mutual calculation of different channels. Further, image homogenization and enhancement are used to eliminate fluctuations in the background and to enhance the contrast of defects. In addition, a variety of defect extraction methods are designed based on the imaging characteristics of different sub-regions, which can avoid the problem of over-segmentation in detection. In this paper, the LALDA is applied to the defect detection inside the cap of capsule medicine bottle, the detection speed is better than 400 pcs/min and the detection accuracy is better than 95%, which can meet the actual production line capacity and detection requirements.
Topics: Algorithms; Drug Packaging; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Lighting
PubMed: 38820479
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303744 -
Progress in Retinal and Eye Research Jul 2024Objective assessment of the visual system can be performed electrophysiologically using the visual evoked potential (VEP). In many clinical circumstances, this is... (Review)
Review
Objective assessment of the visual system can be performed electrophysiologically using the visual evoked potential (VEP). In many clinical circumstances, this is performed using high contrast achromatic patterns or diffuse flash stimuli. These methods are clinically valuable but they may only assess a subset of possible physiological circuitries within the visual system, particularly those involved in achromatic (luminance) processing. The use of chromatic VEPs (cVEPs) in addition to standard VEPs can inform us of the function or dysfunction of chromatic pathways. The chromatic VEP has been well studied in human health and disease. Yet, to date our knowledge of their underlying mechanisms and applications remains limited. This likely reflects a heterogeneity in the methodology, analysis and conclusions of different works, which leads to ambiguity in their clinical use. This review sought to identify the primary methodologies employed for recording cVEPs. Furthermore cVEP maturation and application in understanding the function of the chromatic system under healthy and diseased conditions are reviewed. We first briefly describe the physiology of normal colour vision, before describing the methodologies and historical developments which have led to our understanding of cVEPs. We thereafter describe the expected maturation of the cVEP, followed by reviewing their application in several disorders: congenital colour vision deficiencies, retinal disease, glaucoma, optic nerve and neurological disorders, diabetes, amblyopia and dyslexia. We finalise the review with recommendations for testing and future directions.
Topics: Humans; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Color Vision Defects; Color Vision; Color Perception
PubMed: 38761874
DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101272 -
Translational Vision Science &... Jun 2023Non-human primates (NHPs) are useful models for human retinal disease. Chromatic pupillometry has been proposed as a noninvasive method of identifying inherited retinal...
PURPOSE
Non-human primates (NHPs) are useful models for human retinal disease. Chromatic pupillometry has been proposed as a noninvasive method of identifying inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) in humans; however, standard protocols employ time-consuming dark adaptation. We utilized shortened and standard dark-adaptation protocols to compare pupillary light reflex characteristics following chromatic stimulation in rhesus macaques with achromatopsia to wild-type (WT) controls with normal retinal function.
METHODS
Nine rhesus macaques homozygous for the p.R656Q mutation (PDE6C HOMs) and nine WT controls were evaluated using chromatic pupillometry following 1-minute versus standard 20-minute dark adaptations. The following outcomes were measured and compared between groups: pupil constriction latency, peak constriction, pupil constriction time, and constriction velocity.
RESULTS
Pupil constriction latency was significantly longer in PDE6C HOMs with red-light (P = 0.0002) and blue-light (P = 0.04) stimulation versus WT controls. Peak constriction was significantly less in PDE6C HOMs with all light stimulation compared to WT controls (P < 0.0001). Pupil constriction time was significantly shorter in PDE6C HOMs versus WT controls with red-light (P = 0.04) and white-light (P = 0.003) stimulation. Pupil constriction velocity was significantly slower in PDE6C HOMs versus WT controls with red-light (P < 0.0001), blue-light (P < 0.0001), and white-light (P = 0.0002) stimulation. Dark adaptation time only significantly affected peak (P = 0.008) and time of pupil constriction (P = 0.02) following blue-light stimulation.
CONCLUSIONS
Chromatic pupillometry following 1- and 20-minute dark adaptation is an effective tool for screening NHPs for achromatopsia.
TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE
Rapid identification of NHPs with IRDs will provide animal research models to advance research and treatment of achromatopia in humans.
Topics: Animals; Macaca mulatta; Reflex, Pupillary; Dark Adaptation; Disease Models, Animal; Color Vision Defects; Pupil; Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 6; Male; Photic Stimulation; Female
PubMed: 38752621
DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.6.13 -
Polymers Apr 2024Roll-to-roll (R2R) manufacturing depends on a system's capability to deposit high-quality coatings with precise thickness, width, and uniformity. Therefore, consistent...
Roll-to-roll (R2R) manufacturing depends on a system's capability to deposit high-quality coatings with precise thickness, width, and uniformity. Therefore, consistent maintenance requires the immediate and accurate detection of coating defects. This study proposes a primary color selection (PCS) method to detect edge defects in R2R systems. This method addresses challenges associated with training data demands, complexity, and defect adaptability through a vision data-centric approach, ensuring precise edge coating defect detection. Using color information, high accuracy was achieved while minimizing data capacity requirements and processing time. Precise edge detection was facilitated by accurately distinguishing coated and noncoated regions by selecting the primary color channel based on color variability. The PCS method achieved superior accuracy (95.8%), outperforming the traditional weighted sum method (78.3%). This method is suitable for real-time detection in manufacturing systems and mitigates edge coating defects, thus facilitating quality control and production optimization.
PubMed: 38675075
DOI: 10.3390/polym16081156