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Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry May 2024Puerarin (Pue) has significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This work was designed to clarify and investigate the potential mechanisms of Pue in...
Puerarin (Pue) has significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This work was designed to clarify and investigate the potential mechanisms of Pue in atherosclerosis (AS) progression. In vivo, acrolein (Acr) was inhaled through drinking water to construct AS model. In vitro, CCK-8 assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay kit were used to detect cell viability. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined by commercial kit, the level of inflammatory factors was detected by ELISA, and proteins were determined by western blot. Pue administration could effectively reduce blood lipid level in Acr-fed mice. Pue suppressed oxidative stress, the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, and the process of aortic histological changes. Pue pretreatment decreased MDA in HUVECs and maintained the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Pue upregulated SIRT1/Nrf2 cascade in HUVECs. Pue increased MYH9 and inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome-related proteins, and the inhibition of MYH9 significantly impaired Pue-induced Nrf2 activation. Moreover, HUVEC cytotoxicity and apoptosis are alleviated by Pue, in addition to NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis in HUVECs induced by Acr. MYH9 inhibitors effectively suppressed the pyroptosis induced by Acr and prevented injury to HUVECs. In addition, Pue promoted SIRT1/Nrf2 cascade activation in HUVECs. Pue may alleviate Acr-induced AS by activating the MYH9-mediated SIRT1/Nrf2 cascade to inhibit inflammasome activation.
PubMed: 38783542
DOI: 10.1002/bab.2603 -
Journal of Food Science Jul 2024Scallops are rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid but perishable due to their microbial growth and lipid oxidation. In this study,...
Scallops are rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid but perishable due to their microbial growth and lipid oxidation. In this study, gelatin/dextran films containing cinnamaldehyde and α-tocopherol (0% + 0%, 0.3% + 0.3%, 0.6% + 0.6%, 0.9% + 0.9%, and 1.2% + 1.2%, w/w) as active fillers were developed by solution casting method, and their preservation effects on scallop adductor muscle refrigerated at 4°C for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days were evaluated. Inclusion of the two active fillers did not influence the thermal stability of the films but created heterogenous and discontinuous film microstructure and increased the film hydrophobicity. Increase in the concentrations of active fillers lowered the mechanical properties and water vapor permeability of the films but increased their crystallinity, thickness, water contact angle, opacity, antibacterial property, and antioxidant property. The longest release times for both cinnamaldehyde and α-tocopherol were found in 95% (v/v) ethanol solution. The gelatin/dextran films containing 1.2% (w/w) of active fillers (Gelatin [Ge]/Dextran [Dx]/1.2 film) improved the chemical stability of refrigerated scallop adductor muscle. The total viable count (TVC) of the unpackaged scallop adductor muscle exceeded the recommended limit of 7 lg CFU/g on day 6 (7.07 ± 0.50 lg CFU/g), whereas the TVC of the Ge/Dx/1.2 film-packaged scallop adductor muscle was still below the limit on day 9 (5.60 ± 0.50 lg CFU/g). Thus, the Ge/Dx/1.2 film can extend the shelf life of refrigerated scallop adductor muscle by at least 3 days. Overall, the developed gelatin/dextran active packaging films are promising for the preservation of aquatic food products.
Topics: Gelatin; Pectinidae; Animals; Acrolein; Dextrans; alpha-Tocopherol; Food Preservation; Food Packaging; Antioxidants; Permeability; Shellfish; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
PubMed: 38778558
DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17120 -
Food & Function Jun 2024Cinnamaldehyde (CA) is the main bioactive component extracted from the internal bark of cinnamon trees with many health benefits. In this paper, the bioavailability and... (Review)
Review
Cinnamaldehyde (CA) is the main bioactive component extracted from the internal bark of cinnamon trees with many health benefits. In this paper, the bioavailability and biological activities of cinnamaldehyde, and the underlying molecular mechanism are reviewed and discussed, including antioxidant, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anticancer, and antibacterial properties. Common delivery systems that could improve the stability and bioavailability of CA are also summarized and evaluated, such as micelles, microcapsules, liposomes, nanoparticles, and nanoemulsions. This work provides a comprehensive understanding of the beneficial functions and delivery strategies of CA, which is useful for the future application of CA in the functional food industry.
Topics: Acrolein; Humans; Drug Delivery Systems; Animals; Administration, Oral; Biological Availability; Nanoparticles; Antioxidants; Cinnamomum zeylanicum
PubMed: 38767618
DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00614c -
Analytical Methods : Advancing Methods... May 2024The concentration in urine of -acetyl-hydroxy-propyl-cisteine (3HPMA), an acrolein metabolite, has been employed as a marker of the risk of illness of smokers and the...
The concentration in urine of -acetyl-hydroxy-propyl-cisteine (3HPMA), an acrolein metabolite, has been employed as a marker of the risk of illness of smokers and the relative concentration of creatinine has been evaluated to verify the effect of moving from the practice of burning tobacco to nicotine vaping. From the results concerning the urine samples of 38 subjects, collected from 2021 to 2023 and analyzed by LC-MS/MS, corresponding to 5 active smokers, 13 previously heavy smokers who replaced traditional tobacco by vaping, and 20 non-smokers, a dramatic reduction was found in 3HPMA/creatinine in urine. 3HPMA varied from values of 2150-3100 μg g to levels of 225-625 μg g found for non-smokers, with the time decay described by the equation = 0.3661 - 94.359 + 6246.4 (: 0.757), providing a time of approximately 10 years for tobacco memory after the cessation of the consumption of burned tobacco.
Topics: Humans; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Nicotiana; Creatinine; Chromatography, Liquid; Male; Adult; Smoking; Biomarkers; Tobacco Smoking; Female; Vaping; Smokers; Acetylcysteine
PubMed: 38766840
DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00444b -
Photochemical & Photobiological... Jun 2024Bacterial infections are a global health concern, particularly due to the increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) is a considerable...
Bacterial infections are a global health concern, particularly due to the increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) is a considerable challenge, and novel approaches are needed to treat bacterial infections. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of microorganisms is increasingly recognized as an effective method to inactivate a broad spectrum of bacteria and overcome resistance mechanisms. This study presents the synthesis of a new cationic 5,15-di-imidazolyl porphyrin derivative and the impact of n-octanol/water partition coefficient (logP) values of this class of photosensitizers on PDI efficacy of Escherichia coli. The derivative with logP = -0.5, IP-H-OH, achieved a remarkable 3 log CFU reduction of E. coli at 100 nM with only 1.36 J/cm light dose at 415 nm, twice as effective as the second-best porphyrin IP-H-Me, of logP = -1.35. We relate the rapid uptake of IP-H-OH by E. coli to improved PDI and the very low uptake of a fluorinated derivative, IP-H-CF, logP ≈ 1, to its poor performance. Combination of PDI with cinnamaldehyde, a major component of the cinnamon plant known to alter bacteria cell membranes, offered synergic inactivation of E. coli (7 log CFU reduction), using 50 nM of IP-H-OH and just 1.36 J/cm light dose. The success of combining PDI with this natural compound broadens the scope of therapies for MDR infections that do not add drug resistance. In vivo studies on a mouse model of wound infection showed the potential of cationic 5,15-di-imidazolyl porphyrins to treat clinically relevant infected wounds.
Topics: Escherichia coli; Photosensitizing Agents; Porphyrins; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Acrolein; Imidazoles; Cations; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Animals; Mice; Drug Synergism; Photochemotherapy
PubMed: 38734995
DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00581-y -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2024(), a Gram-negative oral pathogen, promotes and accelerates periodontitis-associated gut disorders. Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction is crucial in the...
(), a Gram-negative oral pathogen, promotes and accelerates periodontitis-associated gut disorders. Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction is crucial in the pathogenesis of intestinal and systemic diseases. In this study, we sought to elucidate the protective role of cinnamaldehyde (CNM, an activator of Nrf2) against (W83) and -derived lipopolysaccharide (-LPS) induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction via antioxidative mechanisms in IEC-6 cells. IEC-6 (ATCC, CRL-1592) cells were pretreated with or without CNM (100 µM), in the presence or absence of (strain W83, 10 MOI) or -LPS (1, 10, and 100 µg/mL), respectively, between 0-72 h time points by adopting a co-culture method. Intestinal barrier function, cytokine secretion, and intestinal oxidative stress protein markers were analyzed. or -LPS significantly ( < 0.05) increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels expressing oxidative stress damage. -LPS, as well as alone, induces inflammatory cytokines via TLR-4 signaling. Furthermore, infection reduced Nrf2 and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1). Interestingly, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression significantly ( < 0.05) increased with -LPS or infection, with elevated levels of nitric oxide (NO). CNM treatment suppressed both - and -LPS-induced intestinal oxidative stress damage by reducing ROS, MDA, and NO production. Furthermore, CNM treatment significantly upregulated the expression of tight junction proteins via increasing the phosphorylation levels of PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 suppressing inflammatory cytokines. CNM protected against infection-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction by activating the PI3K/Akt-mediated Nrf2 signaling pathway in IEC-6 cells.
Topics: NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Acrolein; Animals; Signal Transduction; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Rats; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Intestinal Mucosa; Nitric Oxide; Cell Line; Lipopolysaccharides; Oxidative Stress; Epithelial Cells; Toll-Like Receptor 4; Reactive Oxygen Species; Cytokines
PubMed: 38731952
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094734 -
Scientific Reports May 2024Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a worldwide public health issue. In the globe, Egypt has the ninth-highest incidence of diabetes. Due to its crucial role in preserving...
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a worldwide public health issue. In the globe, Egypt has the ninth-highest incidence of diabetes. Due to its crucial role in preserving cellular homeostasis, the autophagy process has drawn a lot of attention in recent years, Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the traditional medication metformin with the novel therapeutic effects of cinnamondehyde on adipocyte and hepatic autophagy in a model of high-fat diet/streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The study was conducted on 40 male albino rats, classified into 2 main groups, the control group and the diabetic group, which was subdivided into 4 subgroups (8 rats each): untreated diabetic rats, diabetic rats received oral cinnamaldehyde 40 mg/kg/day, diabetic rats received oral metformin 200 mg/kg/day and diabetic rats received a combination of both cinnamaldehyde and metformin daily for 4 weeks. The outcomes demonstrated that cinnamaldehyde enhanced the lipid profile and glucose homeostasis. Moreover, Cinnamaldehyde had the opposite effects on autophagy in both tissues; by altering the expression of genes that control autophagy, such as miRNA 30a and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), it reduced autophagy in adipocytes and stimulated it in hepatic tissues. It may be inferred that by increasing the treatment efficacy of metformin and lowering its side effects, cinnamaldehyde could be utilized as an adjuvant therapy with metformin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Topics: Animals; Acrolein; Autophagy; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Liver; Male; Rats; Adipocytes; Metformin; Diet, High-Fat; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; MicroRNAs; Hypoglycemic Agents; Streptozocin; Blood Glucose; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
PubMed: 38698047
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60150-2 -
Annals of Medicine and Surgery (2012) May 2024While vaping has increased significantly among young individuals, the effects of vape aerosol constituents on cardiac electrophysiological dynamics remain unknown.
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE
While vaping has increased significantly among young individuals, the effects of vape aerosol constituents on cardiac electrophysiological dynamics remain unknown.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 22-year-old female with a history of energy vaping presented with cardiac arrest. Found to have no pulse, CPR was started and an initial rhythm of ventricular tachycardia was obtained. Shock was administered with a follow-up rhythm of ventricular fibrillation. She was emergently defibrillated and entered atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response. Toxicology and troponins were all negative. Left heart catheterization and cardiac MRI were unremarkable. She was discharged with an external defibrillation vest and a tentative plan for outpatient electrophysiology study in the setting of negative work-up for cardiopulmonary arrest.
CLINICAL DISCUSSION
Vaping-induced sudden cardiac arrest may be attributed to a reduction in cardiac repolarization reserve. Exposure to vegetable glycerin and propylene glycol, substances present in nearly all vape products, have been found to incite arrhythmias and disrupt cardiac conduction in animals. Acrolein, an aldehyde byproduct of glycerin, has also been found to induce arrhythmias due to autonomic dysfunction. Increased intracellular calcium concentration and free radical damage, which occur as a result of inhaling particulate matter generated from e-cigarettes, further propagates the risk of arrhythmia.
CONCLUSION
The effects of inhaling vape aerosols remain not fully understood. While there is a perceived notion that nicotine-free aerosols may be harmless, that remains unclear. Further studies are needed to evaluate proarrhythmogenic effects and autonomic dysfunction from the various chemical substances present in vape aerosols.
PubMed: 38694286
DOI: 10.1097/MS9.0000000000001907 -
Phytomedicine : International Journal... Jul 2024Cinnamomum cassia Presl, a traditional Chinese medicine recorded in "Shennong's Herbal Classic," has been historically used to treat respiratory diseases and is employed...
Essential oil from Cinnamomum cassia Presl bark regulates macrophage polarization and ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury through TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway.
BACKGROUND
Cinnamomum cassia Presl, a traditional Chinese medicine recorded in "Shennong's Herbal Classic," has been historically used to treat respiratory diseases and is employed to address inflammation. The essential oil derived from Cinnamomum cassia bark is a primary anti-inflammatory agent. However, there remains ambiguity regarding the chemical composition of cinnamon bark essential oil (BCEO), its principal anti-inflammatory components, and their potential efficacy in typical inflammatory respiratory conditions, such as acute lung injury (ALI).
PURPOSE
This study aimed to unveil the chemical composition of BCEO. In addition, the mechanism of action of BCEO in ameliorating ALI and regulating macrophage polarization through the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway was elucidated.
METHODS
BCEO was extracted using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and characterized through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Acute oral toxicity was observed in C57BL/6 J mice. The pharmacological effects and underlying mechanisms of BCEO were evaluated in a mouse model of ALI, which was induced by administering 5 mg/kg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) through intratracheal instillation.
RESULTS
GC-MS analysis revealed 99.08% of the constituents of BCEO. The primary components of BCEO were trans-cinnamaldehyde, o-methoxycinnamaldehyde, (+)-α-muurolene, δ-cadinene, and copaene. Oral acute toxicity tests indicated that the maximum tolerated dose of BCEO was 12 g/kg/day. BCEO treatment significantly reduced lung W/D ratio, total protein concentration in BALF, levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in BALF, WBC count and NEU% in peripheral blood, and lung histological damage. Pulmonary function, IL-10 levels, and LYM% in peripheral blood also showed improvement. BCEO effectively decreased the proportion of M1 phenotype macrophages in BALF, M1/M2 ratio, and apoptotic cells in the lung tissue while increasing the proportion of M2 phenotype macrophages in BALF. Furthermore, BCEO treatment led to reduced protein and mRNA levels of TLR4, MyD88, and p-p65, alongside increased p65 expression, suggesting its potential to impede the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.
CONCLUSION
SFE-extracted BCEO or its major constituents could serve as a viable treatment for ALI by reducing lung inflammation, improving pulmonary function, and protecting against LPS-induced ALI in mice. This therapeutic effect is achieved by inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization, promoting M2 macrophage polarization, and suppressing the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.
Topics: Animals; Acute Lung Injury; Toll-Like Receptor 4; Cinnamomum aromaticum; Oils, Volatile; Lipopolysaccharides; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; NF-kappa B; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Plant Bark; Mice; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Macrophages; Male; Signal Transduction; Disease Models, Animal; Acrolein
PubMed: 38688144
DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155651 -
Planta Apr 2024The identification of a functional cinnamoyl-CoA reductase enzyme from Cinnamomum cassia involved in trans-cinnamaldehyde biosynthesis offers the potential for enhancing...
The identification of a functional cinnamoyl-CoA reductase enzyme from Cinnamomum cassia involved in trans-cinnamaldehyde biosynthesis offers the potential for enhancing trans-cinnamaldehyde production through genetic engineering. A significant accumulation of trans-cinnamaldehyde has been found in the bark tissues of C. cassia, used in traditional Chinese medicine. trans-Cinnamaldehyde exhibits various pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and protection of the stomach and the digestive tract. However, further elucidation and characterization of the biosynthetic pathway for trans-cinnamaldehyde is required. In this study, we conducted an integrated analysis of trans-cinnamaldehyde accumulation profiles and transcriptomic data from five different C. cassia tissues to identify the genes involved in its biosynthesis. The transcriptome data we obtained included nearly all genes associated with the trans-cinnamaldehyde pathway, with the majority demonstrating high abundance in branch barks and trunk barks. We successfully cloned four C. cassia cinnamoyl-CoA reductases (CcCCRs), a key gene in trans-cinnamaldehyde biosynthesis. We found that the recombinant CcCCR1 protein was the only one that more efficiently converted cinnamoyl-CoA into trans-cinnamaldehyde. CcCCR1 exhibited approximately 14.7-fold higher catalytic efficiency (k/K) compared to the Arabidopsis thaliana cinnamoyl-CoA reductase 1 (AtCCR1); therefore, it can be utilized for engineering higher trans-cinnamaldehyde production as previously reported. Molecular docking studies and mutagenesis experiments also validated the superior catalytic activity of CcCCR1 compared to AtCCR1. These findings provide valuable insights for the functional characterization of enzyme-coding genes and hold potential for future engineering of trans-cinnamaldehyde biosynthetic pathways.
Topics: Acrolein; Cinnamomum aromaticum; Aldehyde Oxidoreductases; Molecular Docking Simulation; Plant Proteins; Plant Bark; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
PubMed: 38687380
DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04419-w