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Veterinary Pathology May 2024A 1.5-year-old American quarter horse gelding (case 1) and an 11-month-old American quarter horse filly (case 2) were presented for acute onset pelvic lameness and...
A 1.5-year-old American quarter horse gelding (case 1) and an 11-month-old American quarter horse filly (case 2) were presented for acute onset pelvic lameness and lethargy. Case 1 had nasal discharge, while case 2 developed rapid muscle atrophy. Both horses had elevated serum creatine kinase activity. The horses showed similar polyphasic histiocytic and lymphoplasmacytic myositis with necrosis, mineralization, and regeneration. Additionally, case 1 had subsp. e-induced suppurative retropharyngeal lymphadenitis with renal purpura hemorrhagica and myoglobinuric nephropathy. A focal pulmonary abscess caused by was found in case 2. Genetic testing revealed case 1 as heterozygous and case 2 as homozygous for the E321G variant, supporting the diagnosis of myosin heavy-chain myopathy, with concomitant bacterial disease as potential triggers.
Topics: Animals; Horses; Horse Diseases; Myosin Heavy Chains; Male; Muscular Diseases; Female; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus equi; Muscle, Skeletal
PubMed: 37818977
DOI: 10.1177/03009858231204253 -
Veterinary Research Apr 2023Actinobacillus equuli is mostly associated with disease in horses and is most widely known as the causative agent of sleepy foal disease. Even though existing phenotypic...
Actinobacillus equuli is mostly associated with disease in horses and is most widely known as the causative agent of sleepy foal disease. Even though existing phenotypic tools such as biochemical tests, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) can be used to identify members of the Actinobacillus genus, these methods struggle to differentiate between certain species and do not allow strain, virulence, and antimicrobial susceptibility typing. Hence, we performed in-depth analysis of 24 equine Actinobacillus isolates using phenotypic identification and susceptibility testing on the one hand, and long-read nanopore whole genome sequencing on the other hand. This allowed to address strain divergence down to the whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) level. While lowest resolution was observed for 16S rRNA gene classification, a new multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) scheme allowed proper classification up to the species level. Nevertheless, a SNP-level analysis was required to distinguish A. equuli subspecies equuli and haemolyticus. Our data provided first WGS data on Actinobacillus genomospecies 1, Actinobacillus genomospecies 2, and A. arthritidis, which allowed the identification of a new Actinobacillus genomospecies 1 field isolate. Also, in-depth characterization of RTX virulence genes provided information on the distribution, completeness, and potential complementary nature of the RTX gene operons within the Actinobacillus genus. Even though overall low prevalence of acquired resistance was observed, two plasmids were identified conferring resistance to penicillin-ampicillin-amoxicillin and chloramphenicol in one A. equuli strain. In conclusion our data delivered new insights in the use of long-read WGS in high resolution identification, virulence gene typing, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of equine Actinobacillus species.
Topics: Animals; Horses; Actinobacillus; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Multilocus Sequence Typing; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Virulence; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 37020296
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01160-2 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2023subsp. is the etiological agent of sleepy foal disease, an acute form of fatal septicemia in newborn foals. is commonly found in the mucous membranes of healthy...
subsp. is the etiological agent of sleepy foal disease, an acute form of fatal septicemia in newborn foals. is commonly found in the mucous membranes of healthy horses' respiratory and alimentary tracts and rarely causes disease in adult horses. In this study, we report a case of a 22-year-old American Paint gelding presenting clinical signs associated with an atypical pattern of pleuropneumonia subjected to necropsy. The gross and histopathological examinations revealed a unilateral fibrinosuppurative and hemorrhagic pleuropneumonia with an infrequent parenchymal distribution and heavy isolation of . The whole genome sequence analysis indicated that the isolate shared 95.9% homology with the only other complete genome of subsp. available in GenBank. Seven virulence-associated genes specific to the isolate were identified and categorized as iron acquisition proteins, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and capsule polysaccharides. Moreover, four genes (, , , and ) shared higher amino acid similarity with the invasive spp. than the reference subsp. genome. Availability of the whole genome sequence will allow a better characterization of virulence determinants of subsp. , which remain largely elusive.
PubMed: 36839495
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020224 -
Klinicka Mikrobiologie a Infekcni... Jun 2022This is a case report of sepsis caused by the species Actinobacillus suis/equuli in a male agriculture worker that ended fatally. The article also contains information...
This is a case report of sepsis caused by the species Actinobacillus suis/equuli in a male agriculture worker that ended fatally. The article also contains information on identification and results of antibiotic susceptibility testing. This is a rare case of human infection and probably the first case of a human being infected by this species in the Czech Republic.
Topics: Humans; Adult; Male; Actinobacillus equuli; Actinobacillus; Actinobacillus Infections; Actinobacillus suis; Sepsis
PubMed: 36546469
DOI: No ID Found -
The Lancet. Infectious Diseases Dec 2022
Topics: Humans; Mitral Valve; Actinobacillus equuli; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Endocarditis
PubMed: 36435191
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00648-X -
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic... Jul 2022Pneumonia is a significant disease of horses. Although pneumonia has traditionally been studied in racehorses, little information is available for non-racing horses....
Pneumonia is a significant disease of horses. Although pneumonia has traditionally been studied in racehorses, little information is available for non-racing horses. Non-racing horses that died with pulmonary lesions ( = 156) were available from cases submitted for autopsy from January 2015 to June 2020. Bronchopneumonia (35%), interstitial pneumonia (29%), embolic pneumonia (21%), granulomatous pneumonia (13%), and pleuritis (2%) were observed in the examined horses. Seventy-four horses died or were euthanized because of pulmonary diseases, and 82 horses died or were euthanized because of non-pulmonary causes but had lung lesions. Of the horses that died from pulmonary causes, the most common finding was bronchopneumonia, with abscesses and/or necrosis in the cranioventral aspect of the lung. Bacteria isolated from cases of bronchopneumonia were subsp. (48.5%), (12.1%), and subsp. (9.1%). The most common extrapulmonary lesions responsible for death in horses that also had lesions in the lung were mainly in the gastrointestinal system (30%), multiple systems (septicemia and/or toxemia; 27%), and musculoskeletal system (12%). The main postmortem findings in cases of bronchopneumonia of non-racing horses were similar to those reported previously in racehorses. However, some non-racing horses also had interstitial and granulomatous pneumonia, patterns not described previously in racehorses in California, likely as a result of the inclusion of extended age categories for non-racing horses. We also found that the equine lung was frequently affected in cases of sepsis and gastrointestinal problems of infectious origin.
Topics: Actinobacillus; Animals; Bronchopneumonia; Horse Diseases; Horses; Pneumonia; Retrospective Studies; Streptococcus equi
PubMed: 35535386
DOI: 10.1177/10406387221094273 -
EFSA Journal. European Food Safety... Dec 2021In this opinion, the antimicrobial-resistant bacteria responsible for transmissible diseases that constitute a threat to the health of horses have been assessed. The...
In this opinion, the antimicrobial-resistant bacteria responsible for transmissible diseases that constitute a threat to the health of horses have been assessed. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collected via an extensive literature review and expert judgement. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. A global state of play of antimicrobial-resistant spp. spp. and subsp and subsp. and subsp. has been provided. Among those bacteria, EFSA identified , and with more than 66% certainty as the most relevant antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in the EU, given their importance as causative agents of clinical disease in horses and the significant levels of resistance to clinically relevant antimicrobials. The animal health impact of these 'most relevant' bacteria as well as their eligibility of being listed and categorised within the animal health law framework will be assessed in separate scientific opinions.
PubMed: 34987627
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.7112 -
Journal of Equine Veterinary Science Aug 2021Antimicrobial resistance is increasing in both human and veterinary medicine. Bacteria can be part of the etiology of respiratory disorders in horses. Bactericidal...
Antimicrobial resistance is increasing in both human and veterinary medicine. Bacteria can be part of the etiology of respiratory disorders in horses. Bactericidal activity of silver has been largely described and silver is currently used in veterinary therapeutic applications such as wound dressings. The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro bactericidal effects of nebulized silver nanoparticles (AgNP) on 2 common equine respiratory bacteria, Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus and Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli. Firstly, antimicrobial susceptibility of AgNP was determined over time by turbidity assessment in liquid broth. Secondly, bacterial growth inhibition was tested after instillation or after nebulization of low (100 ppm) and high (500, 1,000 and 2,000 ppm) concentrations of AgNP on agar plate. Both bacteria were susceptible to AgNP, even at dilution 1:4 for A. equuli and 1:8 for S. zooepidemicus after 8 hours of incubation, and 1:256 for both bacteria after 24 hours of incubation. The bacterial growth was partially inhibited at low concentration and completely inhibited at high concentrations of instilled AgNP. The bacterial growth was completely inhibited after nebulization of low concentrations of AgNP for A. equuli and high concentrations of AgNP for S. zooepidemicus. We concluded nebulized AgNP could be a candidate for innovative therapeutic way against bacterial respiratory disorders in horses. Nevertheless, further investigations are required to assess the in vivo potential and toxicity of nebulized AgNP.
Topics: Actinobacillus; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Horses; Metal Nanoparticles; Silver
PubMed: 34281634
DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103635 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Dec 2020Medical records of 20 horses with a confirmed diagnosis of valvular endocarditis at the Ontario Veterinary College between January 1, 1993 and February 3, 2020 were...
Medical records of 20 horses with a confirmed diagnosis of valvular endocarditis at the Ontario Veterinary College between January 1, 1993 and February 3, 2020 were reviewed. The diagnosis was based on physical examination findings, complete blood (cell) count (CBC), serum biochemistry, echocardiography, blood culture, and post-mortem findings. Common presenting signs included tachycardia, pyrexia, weight loss, lameness/joint distension, and a heart murmur. Clinicopathological findings included leukocytosis, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, and elevated inflammatory markers. Culture from 5 horses yielded in 2 cases and in 1 case. Of the 20 horses included in this study, 17 were euthanized and 3 were treated. Only 1 case had follow-up more than 1 year after discharge.
Topics: Animals; Echocardiography; Endocarditis; Euthanasia, Animal; Horse Diseases; Horses; Ontario
PubMed: 33299245
DOI: No ID Found -
Veterinary Sciences Apr 2020Infectious causes of myositis are reported relatively uncommonly in horses. Among them, bacterial causes include subsp. , , spp. spp, and . Infection can be spread to...
Infectious causes of myositis are reported relatively uncommonly in horses. Among them, bacterial causes include subsp. , , spp. spp, and . Infection can be spread to muscles via haematogenous or extension from skin lesions. Parasitic myositis has also been documented. In this report, a 12 year-old Italian Quarter Horse mare presented with diffuse subcutaneous nodules and masses ranging from 2 × 3 to 5 × 20 cm in size, and adherent to subcutis and muscles that were first macroscopically and cytologically diagnosed as pyogranulomas. Subsequently, histological, molecular, bacteriological, and biochemical investigations were performed. All the data obtained allowed to diagnose a severe and diffuse multibacterial granulomatous myositis caused by and . Following the therapy and an initial disappearance of most of the lesions together with a general improvement of the mare, the clinical condition deteriorated, and new nodules appeared. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) and PCR techniques revealed the presence of bacteria as and spp. To the authors' knowledge, this case report represents the first description of multibacterial granulomatous myositis due to , , , and spp. in a horse reared in Italy.
PubMed: 32326275
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020047