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Archives of Oral Biology Apr 2019How the interactions between Candida albicans and Actinomyces viscosus contributed to the root caries was not clear. This study aimed to investigate their cross-kingdom...
OBJECTIVE
How the interactions between Candida albicans and Actinomyces viscosus contributed to the root caries was not clear. This study aimed to investigate their cross-kingdom interactions on the biomass and the cariogenic virulence in dual-species biofilms.
DESIGN
Suspensions of C. albicans and A. viscosus were formed the mono and polymicrobial biofilms in vitro. Crystal violet assay, viable plate count, scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence in situ hybridization were used to analyze the biomass and biofilm structure. Glycolytic pH drop and the spectrophotometric method were used to evaluate the acid production and hydroxyapatite dissolution, respectively. The exopolysaccharide production was measured by the anthrone-sulfuric acid method, while the adhesion force was measured by atomic force microscopy.
RESULTS
The biomass and colony-forming units of mixed-species were significantly increased compared to that of the mono-species at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h. The structure of dual-species biofilm had more microcolonies and was much denser. The dual-species biofilms significantly decreased the pH value and damaged the hydroxyapatite compared with the mono-species biofilms at various time points, indicating the strong cariogenic virulence. Moreover, the dual-species biofilms significantly enhanced the exopolysaccharide production and adhesion force suggesting the increase of biofilm adhesion.
CONCLUSIONS
Cross-kingdom interactions of C. albicans and A. viscosus significantly elevated the biomass and cariogenic virulence of dual-species biofilm.
Topics: Actinomyces viscosus; Biofilms; Candida albicans; Dental Caries; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Microbial Interactions; Virulence
PubMed: 30822704
DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.02.008 -
International Journal of Antimicrobial... Jun 2019Candida albicans and Actinomyces viscosus are prominent microbes associated with dental root caries. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of C. albicans...
Candida albicans and Actinomyces viscosus are prominent microbes associated with dental root caries. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of C. albicans on A. viscosus biofilms and to identify the mechanisms associated with this interaction. A. viscosus and C. albicans strains (wide-type and mutants) were used to form biofilms in vitro and in vivo, which were subsequently analysed by crystal violet assay and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate the effect of C. albicans on A. viscosus growth. A viable plate count and survival curve for C. albicans mutants and A. viscosus combinations were used to identify which C. albicans pathway was crucial for cross-kingdom interactions. Voriconazole was used to block their interactions both in vitro and in vivo. SEM, fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), quantitative PCR and survival curve analyses were performed to evaluate the activity of voriconazole on C. albicans and A. viscosus interactions. The biomass and virulence of mixed-species biofilms were significantly enhanced compared with the A. viscosus biofilm alone. However, this was not observed in the mixed-species biofilms with the C. albicans mutant erg11Δ/Δ in vitro and in vivo, indicating that azoles may work on the mixed-species biofilms. As expected, voriconazole can effectively reduce the biomass of mixed-species biofilms. A high concentration of voriconazole (1 µg/mL) reduced the abundance of C. albicans, whilst a low voriconazole concentration (0.25 µg/mL) blocked their interactions similar to the effect of the erg11Δ/Δ mutant. Voriconazole may be a candidate strategy to combat root caries pathogens.
Topics: Actinomyces viscosus; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Biofilms; Candida albicans; Ergosterol; Gentian Violet; Humans; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Microbial Interactions; Microbial Viability; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Provitamins; Staining and Labeling; Voriconazole
PubMed: 30818001
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.02.010 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology May 2019The purpose of this study was to conduct phytochemical analysis of sea buckthorn pulp oil and to evaluate the antimicrobial, anti-biofilm and antioxidant activities of...
AIM
The purpose of this study was to conduct phytochemical analysis of sea buckthorn pulp oil and to evaluate the antimicrobial, anti-biofilm and antioxidant activities of its mouthwash form.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Fatty acid composition of the sea buckthorn pulp oil was determined by GC-MS analysis, which revealed that, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, palmitoleic acid and saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid, were the major constituents. The antimicrobial and the anti-biofilm capacities of sea buckthorn pulp oil mouthwash form were evaluated against Streptococcus gordonii, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinomyces viscosus and Candida albicans, according to the European Norms, and the Biofilm Ring Test , respectively. These activities were then compared with those of chlorhexidine and herbal mouthwashes. The sea buckthorn-based mouthwash was bactericidal against S. gordonii and P. gingivalis, bacteriostatic against A. viscosus and showed no antifungal effect. Regardless of the strains used, complete inhibition of biofilm formation was achieved. The antioxidant activity of this experimental mouthwash was also assessed by DPPH and NBT assays.
CONCLUSION
Sea buckthorn mouthwash showed anti-biofilm activities against select single and multiple oral bacterial species.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
In this study, a mouthwash derived from sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) pulp oil has been experimented, for the first time, in order to overcome the problem of a large number of available synthetic mouthwashes which have side effects on teeth, gums and mucous membranes. This mouthwash seemed to be a suitable alternative for a preventive agent for periodontal inflammation.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Hippophae; Humans; Microbial Viability; Mouth; Mouthwashes; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 30674068
DOI: 10.1111/jam.14210 -
Polish Journal of Microbiology 2018This study compared the outcome of photosensitization on the viability of four different cariogens in planktonic form as well as biofilms in human dentine. Photodynamic... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
This study compared the outcome of photosensitization on the viability of four different cariogens in planktonic form as well as biofilms in human dentine. Photodynamic therapy was carried out with a gallium aluminium arsenide laser (670 nm wavelength) using Toluidine blue O (TBO) as the photosensitizer. Cariogenic bacteria ( Streptococcus mutans , Lactobacillus casei , Streptococcus salivarius and Actinomyces viscosus ) were exposed to TBO and then to the laser for 1 minute in planktonic suspension. Then, tooth slices previously incubated for 24 hours with broth cultures of broth culture of the four cariogenic organisms were exposed to antimicrobial photosensitization. The control samples consisted of planktonic and sessile cells that were exposed to TBO alone, laser alone and the bacterial cells that were not treated with TBO or laser. The results showed significant reductions in the viability of S. mutans , L. casei and A. viscosus in both planktonic form (to 13%, 30%, and 55%, respectively) and sessile form hosted in dentinal tubules (to 19%, 13% and 52%, respectively), relative to the controls. S. salivarius was the least affected in planktonic (94% viability) and sessile form (86% viability). In conclusion, sensitivity to photosensitization is species-dependent and sessile biofilm cells are affected to the same extent as their planktonic counterparts. This study compared the outcome of photosensitization on the viability of four different cariogens in planktonic form as well as biofilms in human dentine. Photodynamic therapy was carried out with a gallium aluminium arsenide laser (670 nm wavelength) using Toluidine blue O (TBO) as the photosensitizer. Cariogenic bacteria (, , and ) were exposed to TBO and then to the laser for 1 minute in planktonic suspension. Then, tooth slices previously incubated for 24 hours with broth cultures of broth culture of the four cariogenic organisms were exposed to antimicrobial photosensitization. The control samples consisted of planktonic and sessile cells that were exposed to TBO alone, laser alone and the bacterial cells that were not treated with TBO or laser. The results showed significant reductions in the viability of , and in both planktonic form (to 13%, 30%, and 55%, respectively) and sessile form hosted in dentinal tubules (to 19%, 13% and 52%, respectively), relative to the controls. was the least affected in planktonic (94% viability) and sessile form (86% viability). In conclusion, sensitivity to photosensitization is species-dependent and sessile biofilm cells are affected to the same extent as their planktonic counterparts.
Topics: Adult; Biofilms; Dental Caries; Humans; Lacticaseibacillus casei; Microbial Viability; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus salivarius; Tolonium Chloride; Tooth; Young Adult
PubMed: 30550231
DOI: 10.21307/pjm-2018-053 -
The American Journal of Case Reports Nov 2018BACKGROUND Actinomyces species are normal flora of the upper respiratory, female genital, and gastrointestinal tract. Actinomyces species are generally considered to... (Review)
Review
Preterm Labor Caused by Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, Low Platelet Count (HELLP) Syndrome and Postpartum Infection Complicated with Actinomyces Species: A Case Report.
BACKGROUND Actinomyces species are normal flora of the upper respiratory, female genital, and gastrointestinal tract. Actinomyces species are generally considered to have a low virulence potential. Here we report one case of Actinomyces viscosus isolated from a neonatal blood culture as a consequence of extreme prematurity in the presence of HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count) syndrome. CASE REPORT A 23-week gestational age female infant was born to a 32-year-old mother. The pregnancy was complicated by severe HELLP syndrome leading to cesarean section at 23-week gestation. The initial blood culture grew anaerobic gram-positive branching rods consistent with Actinomyces species. Due to patient instability, antibiotic was started and continued for a total of 13 days. On day of life 26, the reference laboratory identified the organism as A. viscosus by 16S ribosomal RNA. CONCLUSIONS In this case, Actinomyces species was a consequence of HELLP syndrome and consecutive extreme prematurity. Further research to look more closely at Actinomyces species isolated from neonatal blood culture will help to elucidate the true significance of these isolates.
Topics: Actinomyces; Actinomycosis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cesarean Section; Female; Gestational Age; HELLP Syndrome; Humans; Infant, Extremely Premature; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Pregnancy Trimester, Second
PubMed: 30420589
DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.911374 -
Journal of Materials Science. Materials... Nov 2018Peri-implantitis is an infectious disease that affects the supporting soft and hard tissues around dental implants and its prevalence is increasing considerably. The...
Peri-implantitis is an infectious disease that affects the supporting soft and hard tissues around dental implants and its prevalence is increasing considerably. The development of antibacterial strategies, such as titanium antibacterial-coated surfaces, may be a promising strategy to prevent the onset and progression of peri-implantitis. The aim of this study was to quantify the biofilm adhesion and bacterial cell viability over titanium disc with or without antibacterial surface treatment. Five bacterial strains were used to develop a multispecies oral biofilm. The selected species represent initial (Streptococcus oralis and Actinomyces viscosus), early (Veillonella parvula), secondary (Fusobacterium nucleatum) and late (Porphyromonas gingivalis) colonizers. Bacteria were sequentially inoculated over seven different types of titanium surfaces, combining different roughness level and antibacterial coatings: silver nanoparticles and TESPSA silanization. Biofilm formation, cellular viability and bacterial quantification over each surface were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, confocal microscopy and real time PCR. Biofilm formation over titanium surfaces with different bacterial morphologies could be observed. TESPSA was able to significantly reduce the cellular viability when compared to all the surfaces (p < 0.05). Silver deposition on titanium surface did not show improved results in terms of biofilm adhesion and cellular viability when compared to its corresponding non-coated surface. The total amount of bacterial biofilm did not significantly differ between groups (p > 0.05). TESPSA was able to reduce biofilm adhesion and cellular viability. However, silver deposition on titanium surface seemed not to confer these antibacterial properties.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Adhesion; Biofilms; Dental Implants; Humans; Surface Properties; Titanium
PubMed: 30392142
DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6168-8 -
Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative... 2020Dental caries is a biofilm-related infectious disease with a multifactorial etiology, over five billion inhabitants have affected worldwide due to this disease.
BACKGROUND
Dental caries is a biofilm-related infectious disease with a multifactorial etiology, over five billion inhabitants have affected worldwide due to this disease.
OBJECTIVE
Antimicrobial efficacy of a mixed herbal powder extract (MHPE) against cariogenic microorganisms was investigated.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
MIC, MBC, kinetics of killing, biofilm disruption and anticaries effect of MHPE were determined. For biofilm disruption, biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei, Actinomyces viscosus and Candida albicans were treated with MHPE for 30 min and attached cells were quantified after staining. For live/dead staining biofilm assay, S. mutans biofilm treated with MHPE for 1min, 5min and 1 h was examined with confocal laser scanning system after live/dead staining. Efficacy was experimented by structural quality using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Anticaries effect was determined by formation of caries-like lesion in continuous flow biofilm model.
RESULTS
MHPE exhibited inhibition zones ranging from 12.5 to 24.0 mm. The highest inhibition zone was recorded at concentration of 50 μg/ml. MIC for S. mutans was between 12.23 and 36.7 μg/ml, while the MBC values ranged from 36.7 to 110.65 μg/ml. Inhibitory concentration of MHPE was three fold higher than CHLX. Significant reduction of cell count (49-95%) was observed with increasing time and higher concentration. Percentage biofilm reduction compare with negative control was 96.9% (A. viscosus), 94% (C. albicans), 99.8% (L. casei) and 91.7% (S. mutans). For MHPE-treated biofilm, live/dead staining demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) higher in deceased red fluorescence areas in all kinetics points from 53.6% (1min) to 85% (1h). SEM confirmed the damage in the outer layers of S. mutans. MHPE has components with effective antibacterial activity against caries-inducing microorganisms.
CONCLUSION
The anti-adherence and anti-biofilm effect as well as the faster killing activity suggests that MHPE formula has effective antibacterial activity and could be a useful source of anti-cariogenic agents in near future.
PubMed: 30389224
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2018.01.005 -
Anaerobe Dec 2018Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has emerged as a reliable tool for bacterial identification. This study...
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has emerged as a reliable tool for bacterial identification. This study compared the Bruker MALDI-TOF BioTyper MS (MBT) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing for the identification of Actinomyces and Actinotignum spp. The MBT identified 68/77 (88.3%) of Actinomyces isolates to the genus-level and 44/77 (57.1%) of Actinomyces isolates to the species-level using the manufacturer's identification criteria. The MBT did not yield reliable identification for only 1/77 (1.3%) and generated no identification for 8/77 (10.4%) of the isolates. No misidentifications were found. Discordance at the species level was observed for eight isolates. Overall, the MBT demonstrated good concordance with the 16S rRNA gene sequencing with the exception of the closely related species A. naeslundii, A. viscosus and A. oris. A variety of Actinomyces spp. were isolated from orocervicofacial/dental specimens, but only a limited number of species were isolated from urine or intra-abdominal specimens. This study confirms the utility of MBT in the identification of Actinomyces spp. and describes the diversity and anatomic niche of species in human clinical specimens from various body sites.
Topics: Actinomyces; Actinomycosis; Bacterial Typing Techniques; DNA, Bacterial; Humans; Laboratories; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
PubMed: 30261272
DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.09.007 -
Journal of Oleo Science Oct 2018A microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) method was investigated for extraction of essential oils from lavender. The essential oil extracts at optimized MAHD...
A microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) method was investigated for extraction of essential oils from lavender. The essential oil extracts at optimized MAHD conditions was compared with hydrodistillation (HD). Response surface methodology coupled with Box-Behnken design was applied to optimize the parameters for MAHD. The optimized MAHD conditions were 500 W microwave power, 17 mL/g liquid-to-solid ratio and 40 min microwave time. The ANOVA results revealed that microwave time had the greatest impact on the essential oil yield followed by liquid-to-solid ratio and microwave power. Under the MAHD optimized conditions, the essential oil yield was 3.19%, approximating the predicted yield (3.20%). MAHD was superior in terms of saving energy and extraction time (40 min, compared to 120 min in HD). The essential oil analyzed by GC-MS, presented 39 compounds constituting 98.37% and 97.51% of the essential oils obtained through MAHD and HD, respectively. No obvious differences were found in composition between MAHD oil and HD oil. Antimicrobial study showed that the lavender essential oil exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and the MAHD oil showed a higher antimicrobial activity than the HD oil. This study revealed that MAHD could be a good method for extracting essential oil in lavender and other aromatic plants.
Topics: Actinomyces viscosus; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Aspergillus niger; Distillation; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Lavandula; Liquid-Liquid Extraction; Microwaves; Oils, Volatile; Penicillium; Plant Oils; Staphylococcus aureus; Time Factors
PubMed: 30210076
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess18019 -
Respiratory Medicine Case Reports 2018Actinomycosis is an uncommon infectious disease caused predominantly by Actinomyces israelii. Actinomycosis usually involves the cervicofacial, thoracic, abdominal, and...
Actinomycosis is an uncommon infectious disease caused predominantly by Actinomyces israelii. Actinomycosis usually involves the cervicofacial, thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic region, dissemination is uncommon. Actinomyces viscosus are commensal organisms that make up the normal flora of the oropharynx of humans and has rarely been reported to cause disease. Here, we report a unique case of disseminated actinomycosis with lung and brain lesions caused by Actinomyces viscosus resembling lung cancer with metastasis in a 74 year old male. Cultures from skin lesions confirmed A. viscosus. Although the patient was immunocompromised, antibiotic treatment with a penicillin-based regimen was effective.
PubMed: 30181949
DOI: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2018.08.009