-
Chemistry (Weinheim An Der Bergstrasse,... Jul 2024Organic halogen compounds are cornerstones of applied chemical sciences. Halogen substitution is a smart molecular design strategy adopted to influence reactivity,...
Organic halogen compounds are cornerstones of applied chemical sciences. Halogen substitution is a smart molecular design strategy adopted to influence reactivity, membrane permeability and receptor interaction. Chiral bioreceptors may restrict the stereochemical requirements in the halo-ligand design. Straightforward (but expensive) catalyzed stereospecific halogenation has been reported. Historically, PCl5 served access to uncatalyzed stereoselective chlorination although the stereochemical outcomes were influenced by steric parameters. Nonetheless, stereochemical investigation of PCl5 reaction mechanism with carbamoyl (RCONHX) compounds has never been addressed. Herein, we provide the first comprehensive stereochemical mechanistic explanation outlining halogenation of carbamoyl compounds with PCl5; the key regioselectivity-limiting nitrilimine intermediate (8-Z.HCl); how substitution pattern influences regioselectivity; why oxadiazole byproduct (P1) is encountered; stereo-electronic factors influencing the hydrazonoyl chloride (P2) production; and discovery of two stereoselectivity-limiting parallel mechanisms (stepwise and concerted) of elimination of HCl and POCl3. DFT calculations, synthetic methodology optimization, X-ray evidence and experimental reaction kinetics study evidence all supported the suggested mechanism proposal (Scheme 2). Finally, we provide mechanism-inspired future recommendations for directing the reaction stereoselectivity toward elusive and stereochemically inaccessible (E)-bis-hydrazonoyl chlorides along with potentially pivotal applications of both (E/Z)-stereoisomers especially in medicinal chemistry and protein modification.
PubMed: 38958609
DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400785 -
Alzheimer's & Dementia : the Journal of... Jul 2024The Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN) initially was funded by the National Institute on Aging (NIA) in 2008 and thus was able to adopt and incorporate the...
The Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN) initially was funded by the National Institute on Aging (NIA) in 2008 and thus was able to adopt and incorporate the protocols developed by the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) that had been established by the NIA in 2004. The use of ADNI protocols for DIAN neuroimaging studies and assays of biological fluids for Alzheimer disease (AD) biomarkers permitted examination of the hypothesis that autosomal dominant AD (ADAD), studied by DIAN, and "sporadic" late-onset AD (LOAD), studied by ADNI, shared the same pathobiological construct. In a collaborative effort, the longitudinal DIAN and ADNI databases were compared and the findings supported the conclusion that ADAD and LOAD share a similar pathophysiology. The importance of the DIAN study thus is amplified by its relevance to LOAD, as characterized by the "parent" ADNI program.
PubMed: 38958563
DOI: 10.1002/alz.14106 -
Journal of the American Geriatrics... Jul 2024Ageism is a major but oft-overlooked social determinant of health. In fact, it is widely accepted among scholars that ageism is one of the least acknowledged forms of...
BACKGROUND
Ageism is a major but oft-overlooked social determinant of health. In fact, it is widely accepted among scholars that ageism is one of the least acknowledged forms of inequality, although few empirical attempts have been made to substantiate this claim. This is the first study that quantifies the amount of discourse dedicated to ageism, sexism, and racism on Twitter. Specifically, we rely on the usage of hashtags as a proxy for the frequency of discussions surrounding each form of inequality over a 15-year period from 2007 to 2022. We also identify key events that triggered spikes in Twitter activity for each form of inequality.
METHODS
Hashtags related to racism and sexism were extracted from past scholarship. We also employed a snowball sampling method whereby we queried the hashtags using Twitter's search function to identify other hashtags. As limited research has been conducted on ageism-related hashtags, we queried hashtags utilized by advocacy groups and adopted a snowball sampling method to compile other relevant hashtags. Tweets collected (N = 154,353,047) spanned 15 years, from August 23, 2007 to December 31, 2022.
RESULTS
From 2007 to 2022, racism-related hashtags were used the most, followed by sexism-related hashtags and ageism-related hashtags. Racism-related hashtags (N = 99,250,348) were mentioned about 60 times more than ageism-related hashtags (N = 1,648,926). Sexism-related hashtags (N = 38,933,113) were mentioned 24 times more than ageism-related hashtags. The increasing linear trend of tweets associated with ageism (p < 0.001), sexism (p < 0.05), and racism (p < 0.05) reached significance. Incidents of racism and sexism often generated widespread public outrage. Conversely, instances of ageism rarely caused spikes in social media activity. Rather, these spikes were mainly observed during events such as the release of a report on ageism, a conference related to aging, or observances such as International Day of Older Persons.
CONCLUSION
There is a need to hasten moves to raise awareness of ageism. To ensure that discussions on ageism are not confined to academic and policy circles, advocacy campaigns could be held to educate the public on the issue and its negative concomitants.
PubMed: 38958541
DOI: 10.1111/jgs.19047 -
Advanced Science (Weinheim,... Jul 2024Early-stage disease detection, particularly in Point-Of-Care (POC) wearable formats, assumes pivotal role in advancing healthcare services and precision-medicine. Public... (Review)
Review
Early-stage disease detection, particularly in Point-Of-Care (POC) wearable formats, assumes pivotal role in advancing healthcare services and precision-medicine. Public benefits of early detection extend beyond cost-effectively promoting healthcare outcomes, to also include reducing the risk of comorbid diseases. Technological advancements enabling POC biomarker recognition empower discovery of new markers for various health conditions. Integration of POC wearables for biomarker detection with intelligent frameworks represents ground-breaking innovations enabling automation of operations, conducting advanced large-scale data analysis, generating predictive models, and facilitating remote and guided clinical decision-making. These advancements substantially alleviate socioeconomic burdens, creating a paradigm shift in diagnostics, and revolutionizing medical assessments and technology development. This review explores critical topics and recent progress in development of 1) POC systems and wearable solutions for early disease detection and physiological monitoring, as well as 2) discussing current trends in adoption of smart technologies within clinical settings and in developing biological assays, and ultimately 3) exploring utilities of POC systems and smart platforms for biomarker discovery. Additionally, the review explores technology translation from research labs to broader applications. It also addresses associated risks, biases, and challenges of widespread Artificial Intelligence (AI) integration in diagnostics systems, while systematically outlining potential prospects, current challenges, and opportunities.
PubMed: 38958517
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400595 -
ACS Applied Bio Materials Jul 2024Nanomaterial-mediated antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) emerges as a promising treatment against antibiotic-resistant bacterial biofilms. Specifically, titanium...
Nanomaterial-mediated antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) emerges as a promising treatment against antibiotic-resistant bacterial biofilms. Specifically, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO NPs) are being investigated as photosensitizers in aPDT to address biofilm related diseases. To enhance their photocatalytic performance in the visible spectral range for biomedical applications, various strategies have been adopted, including reduction of TiO NPs. However, despite improvements in visible-light photoactivity, reduced TiO NPs have yet to reach their expected performance primarily due to the instability of oxygen vacancies and their tendency to reoxidize easily. To address this, we present a two-step approach to fabricate highly visible-light active and stable TiO NP photocatalysts, involving nitrogen doping followed by a magnesium-assisted reductive annealing process. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the synthesized reduced nitrogen-doped TiO NPs (H:Mg-N-TiO NPs) reveals that the presence of nitrogen stabilizes oxygen vacancies and reduced Ti species, leading to increased production of reactive oxygen species under visible-light excitation. The improved aPDT efficiency translates to a 3-fold enhancement in the antibiofilm activity of nitrogen-doped compared to undoped reduced TiO NPs against both Gram-positive () and Gram-negative (, ) oral pathogens. These results underscore the potential of H:Mg-N-TiO NPs in aPDT for combating bacterial biofilms effectively.
PubMed: 38958462
DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00459 -
Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi Jun 2024and are enteric protozoa that can cause a variety of gastrointestinal diseases, especially in vulnerable people like children, the elderly, and those with impaired...
OBJECTIVE
and are enteric protozoa that can cause a variety of gastrointestinal diseases, especially in vulnerable people like children, the elderly, and those with impaired immune systems. In order to ascertain the microbiological quality of the recreational water from Araromi Beach in Ilaje Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria. This risk assessment is of great significance to human health protection against waterborne diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the microbial quality of recreational water from Araromi Beach in Ilaje Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria.
METHODS
Microscopic examination of and oocysts were done.
RESULTS
Results revealed maximum occurrence of (20 oocysts/100 mL) of water sample in the month of April and maximum occurrence of (300 cysts/100 mL) of water sample in the month of June. Additionally, according to Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests for normalcy Ho =0.05, and were not regularly distributed in the water samples collected from the beach throughout the study period. The average likelihood of contracting and infections after consuming 100 mL of beach water was 0.96 and 0.35, respectively. The risks of infection associated with was lower than those associated with in water from the beach, but were both above the acceptable risk limit of 10-4.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study indicate that and may represent serious health hazards to people who engage in aquatic activities. Adopting a comprehensive strategy that includes regular inspections, enhanced detection techniques, and the prevention of aquatic environment pollution may provide clean and safe recreational water for all, thereby safeguarding the public's health.
Topics: Cryptosporidium parvum; Giardia lamblia; Nigeria; Humans; Seawater; Risk Assessment; Water Microbiology; Giardiasis; Cryptosporidiosis; Recreation; Oocysts
PubMed: 38958402
DOI: 10.4274/tpd.galenos.2024.69733 -
Ciencia & Saude Coletiva Jul 2024This article aimed to know a Shelter for women in situations of intimate partner violence at imminent risk of death located in the state of Rio de Janeiro from the...
This article aimed to know a Shelter for women in situations of intimate partner violence at imminent risk of death located in the state of Rio de Janeiro from the perception of its professionals. To this end, this qualitative research adopted semi-structured interviews with seven professionals directly involved with the care and assistance to the Shelter's user population. The findings were interpreted through Bardin's thematic content analysis. Moreover, the profile of the women and children sheltered in 2021 was drawn based on the data provided by the institution. In conceptual terms, this work focused on intersectional feminist theoretical references. Among the results, we argue that the shelter is permeated by contradictions, from its normative idealizations to institutional practices: on the one hand, the shelter represents the possibility of salvation, that is, of interrupting the escalation of violence and, therefore, preventing femicide. However, on the other hand, it appears as an upside-down prison, which "incarcerates" the victims. We highlight the importance of thinking about new ways to ensure protection for women who need this shelter.
Topics: Humans; Female; Brazil; Prisons; Intimate Partner Violence; Qualitative Research; Interviews as Topic; Prisoners; Adult; Crime Victims; Feminism
PubMed: 38958325
DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232024297.03672024 -
Surgical Infections Jul 2024Hip fractures are the most common serious injury in the elderly, associated with disability, morbidity, and mortality. Surgical site infection (SSI) is a serious...
Hip fractures are the most common serious injury in the elderly, associated with disability, morbidity, and mortality. Surgical site infection (SSI) is a serious post-operative complication. This prospective cohort study outlines how our center made cumulative improvements in SSI incidence rates, reaching a 12-month average of 0.5%. All patients undergoing hip fracture operation between 2016 and 2021 were included. The primary outcome measure was confirmed SSI, according to the Public Health England definition. Results were compared with the baseline recordings by an independent SSI team in 2013. Demographic data were compared with National Hip Fracture Database records. Peri-operative infection control and wound management tactics introduced between 2014 and 2021 were collated to gain an overview care bundle. Baseline recordings identified a 9.0% SSI rate in a three-month observation period. In our study, 3,138 hip fracture operative cases were completed between October 2016 and December 2021. There were 9 superficial and 32 deep infections identified, yielding an overall infection rate of 1.3%. However, when analyzing the 12-month average, there was consistent decline in SSI from the baseline 9.0% in 2013 to 0.5% in 2021 (p < 0.05). A peri-operative care bundle included pre-operative bleeding risk assessment. Intra-operatively, double preparation and draping is used for arthroplasty. Broad-spectrum antibiotic agents and tranexamic acid are administered. Meticulous hemostasis and watertight wound closure are observed. Anti-coagulated patients received negative pressure dressings. Post-operatively, a dedicated senior lead team provided daily inpatient review of patients, with urgent consultant review of all wound healing concerns. Patients with a hip fracture have numerous risk factors for SSI. A dedicated multi-focal tactic, adopted by a multi-disciplinary department, can yield substantial risk reduction. Each intervention is evidence based and contributes to cumulative improvement. By prioritizing infection prevention, we have minimized the need for complex infection management interventions and achieved an annual saving of £860,000 for our trust.
PubMed: 38958043
DOI: 10.1089/sur.2024.019 -
Journal of Applied Animal Welfare... Jul 2024In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to describe differences between India and the United States in public perceptions of free-roaming dogs and cats, concerns related...
In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to describe differences between India and the United States in public perceptions of free-roaming dogs and cats, concerns related to free-roaming animals, and preferred strategies for veterinary medical interventions and population management. Between August 2021 and February 2022, 498 individuals completed an online survey including 210 Indian respondents and 288 American respondents. Free-roaming dogs and cats were largely perceived as community animals among Indian respondents, with significantly more respondents indicating they should be allowed to roam freely compared with American respondents. Respondents from both countries were concerned about animal welfare, although Americans were significantly more likely to list animal welfare, public health and wildlife risks as significant concerns related to free-roaming cats and dogs. American respondents were also more likely to support adoption for sociable animals and euthanasia for unsociable animals, whereas Indian respondents were more likely to support spay/neuter, vaccinate and release strategies for both dogs and cats. Our findings speak to the importance of implementing tailored strategies for free-roaming cat and dog management based on local cultures and community perceptions of free-roaming animals.
PubMed: 38958018
DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2024.2374078 -
Immunotherapy Jul 2024To assess the effectiveness and safety of a new protocol for adjusting doses during interrupted subcutaneous immunotherapy maintenance, exceeding an 8-week interval,...
To assess the effectiveness and safety of a new protocol for adjusting doses during interrupted subcutaneous immunotherapy maintenance, exceeding an 8-week interval, with mite allergen injections in children with allergic rhinitis. 194 children with allergic rhinitis who underwent subcutaneous immunotherapy and experienced interruptions lasting more than 8 weeks during maintenance were enrolled. Following the adoption of a novel dose-adjustment protocol, a real-world study was conducted. After 3 years of subcutaneous immunotherapy, the novel group exhibited a significant reduction in allergy symptoms compared with baseline. Systemic reactions related to the novel protocol did not significantly increase. The novel protocol was deemed safe and effective, offering advantages of time savings and reduced burdens.
PubMed: 38957931
DOI: 10.1080/1750743X.2024.2365619