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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2023The European conger, , is a benthic marine fish species with a geographical distribution extending through the northeastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Despite being...
The European conger, , is a benthic marine fish species with a geographical distribution extending through the northeastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Despite being extensively distributed and widely appreciated by Spanish consumers, studies regarding parasite presence in this fish are scarce. In the present work, a hundred and eight specimens from the Mediterranean coast of northeastern Spain (Catalan waters) were surveyed for the presence of nematode parasites. Several species were morphologically identified: third-stage larvae of type I (sensu Berland, 1961) ( = 131), third-stage larvae of type II (sensu Berland, 1961) ( = 18), third- and fourth-stage larvae and adults of spp. ( = 48), adults of sp. ( = 391), and adults of ( = 69). Moreover, some fish and decapode species were also observed as part of the host's diet, with the most detected preys being , , sp., and . This represents the first survey of nematode parasites infecting from the northeastern Spanish Mediterranean waters. Among the parasite species detected, the presence of species should be highlighted as the ingestion of parasitized with these larvae could potentially lead to anisakiasis in consumers.
PubMed: 38003791
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111326 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Dec 2023Fish products in Slovakia have been heavily infected with Anisakis spp. larvae, which causes human anisakiasis. We found larvae in all tested samples of frozen Atlantic...
Fish products in Slovakia have been heavily infected with Anisakis spp. larvae, which causes human anisakiasis. We found larvae in all tested samples of frozen Atlantic herring. Anisakid allergen t-Ani s7 testing revealed 2 positive cases in humans, signaling need for health authorities to closely monitor zoonotic marine parasites, even in inland areas.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Slovakia; Zoonoses; Nematoda; Anisakis; Anisakiasis; Fishes; Larva; Fish Products; Fish Diseases
PubMed: 37987607
DOI: 10.3201/eid2912.230674 -
Arerugi = [Allergy] 2023Reactivity to an anisakis allergen component was examined in three patients with a history of an anisakiasis anaphylaxis. Case 1, a 38-year-old man, allergic symptoms...
Reactivity to an anisakis allergen component was examined in three patients with a history of an anisakiasis anaphylaxis. Case 1, a 38-year-old man, allergic symptoms appeared 0.5 hours after ingestion, and the component Ani s 1 and 3 were positive. Case 2, a 44-year-old woman, allergic symptoms appeared 4 hours after ingestion, and components Ani s 3 and 12 were positive. Case 3, a 36-year-old woman, developed allergic symptoms 7 hours after ingestion of fish and shellfish, and tested positive for Ani s 1, 4, and 12. Case 3 reacted strongly to both heated and unheated Anisakis extract, while cases 1 and 2 reacted weakly to heated Anisakis extract. The most common allergen was Ani s 12, followed by Ani s 1, when analyzed in conjunction with existing reports on 10 cases. Anisakis IgE was class 3 or higher in all cases. Analysis of 13 cases showed 2 cases sensitized to Ani s 4 and moderate or higher anaphylaxis, while Ani s 4-sensitized patients were reported to be more likely to develop severe disease. It is possible that the patients sensitized to Ani s 4 need to be careful about the severity of their allergic symptoms.
Topics: Male; Animals; Female; Humans; Adult; Anisakiasis; Anaphylaxis; Helminth Proteins; Anisakis; Allergens; Antigens, Helminth
PubMed: 37967962
DOI: 10.15036/arerugi.72.1154 -
Insights Into Imaging Nov 2023To assess the frequency of appearance of various signs (isolated and grouped) in emergency imaging tests in patients with anisakiasis, according to the location of...
BACKGROUND
To assess the frequency of appearance of various signs (isolated and grouped) in emergency imaging tests in patients with anisakiasis, according to the location of gastrointestinal tract involvement.
METHODS
Retrospective review by two experienced radiologists of emergency ultrasounds and CTs performed on patients admitted in the Emergency Department of our hospital with later confirmed anisakiasis (2010-2021), assessing the presence of signs suggesting anisakiasis. Calculation of the frequency of appearance according to the gastric or intestinal location, as well as the most common grouped signs.
RESULTS
Out of 231 total patients with anisakiasis, imaging studies were performed in 144: abdominopelvic ultrasound in 43 cases and CT in 111 (both techniques in 31). In cases with gastric occurrence (34), in CT the wall stratification (100%), wall thickening (97%), fat stranding (91%) and ascitic fluid (82%) were predominant. In the intestinal cases (105), in CT (95) the wall thickening (100%), fat stranding (92%) and mesenteric vessel engorgement (83%) were usual; in ultrasound (40), ascitic fluid and wall thickening (70% in both cases) were frequently observed. The frequency of grouped appearance of the mentioned signs was 82% in gastric cases, 80% in intestinal cases and 50% in ultrasounds. Multisegment involvement in CT reached 28% (gastric + intestinal) and 11% (only intestinal) of cases.
CONCLUSIONS
The most frequent CT findings in patients with gastric anisakiasis are wall stratification and thickening, fat stranding and ascitic fluid. In the intestinal cases, wall thickening, fat oedema and vessel engorgement are the most often observed findings.
CRITICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT
The presence of different radiological signs makes it advisable to include anisakiasis in the differential diagnosis of acute abdomen. Intestinal and multifocal involvement rates are greater than previously reported.
KEY POINTS
• In gastric anisakiasis, CT frequently shows wall stratification and thickening, fat stranding and ascitic fluid. • In intestinal anisakiasis, CT often presents wall thickening, fat stranding and vessel engorgement. • In intestinal anisakiasis, ultrasounds most frequently show ascitic fluid and wall thickening.
PubMed: 37953399
DOI: 10.1186/s13244-023-01511-9 -
Case Reports in Gastroenterology 2023Anisakiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the ingestion of raw or uncooked seafood infected with third-stage larvae of anisakid nematodes. Generally, the larvae...
Anisakiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the ingestion of raw or uncooked seafood infected with third-stage larvae of anisakid nematodes. Generally, the larvae parasites live at the surface of the mucosa, but in this case, the larva deeply invaded its head into the gastric mucosa and was not removable with conventional biopsy forceps. In our case, we demonstrated the usefulness of jumbo forceps to remove the larva in such a situation.
PubMed: 37946744
DOI: 10.1159/000533808 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Oct 2023Anisakiasis is caused by consuming raw fish contaminated with sp. larvae and is extremely rare, especially when originating in the esophagus. We present a case of...
Anisakiasis is caused by consuming raw fish contaminated with sp. larvae and is extremely rare, especially when originating in the esophagus. We present a case of esophageal anisakiasis in a 61-year-old male who experienced severe precordial pain and radiating discomfort to the neck after consuming raw fish sashimi. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed the presence of a larva in the upper esophagus. On the basis of anatomo-morphological features, the worm was provisionally identified as sp. and was easily extracted with forceps, which led to a prompt improvement in the patient's symptoms. This case highlights the importance of considering anisakiasis as a differential diagnosis in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms and a history of consuming raw fish.
Topics: Male; Animals; Humans; Middle Aged; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Esophagus; Fishes; Larva
PubMed: 37893605
DOI: 10.3390/medicina59101888 -
Veterinary Parasitology Nov 2023The in vitro life cycle of zoonotic helminths is an essential tool for -omic translational studies focused on disease control and treatment. Anisakiosis is an emerging...
The in vitro life cycle of zoonotic helminths is an essential tool for -omic translational studies focused on disease control and treatment. Anisakiosis is an emerging zoonosis contracted by the ingestion of raw or undercooked fish infected with the third stage larvae (L3) of two sibling species Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.) and Anisakis pegreffii, the latter being the predominant species in the Mediterranean basin. Recently, in vitro culture of A. pegreffii has been developed to enable fast and large-scale production of fertile adults. However, the conditions for larval development from hatching to infective L3 were not fulfilled to complete the cycle. Herein, we used a Drosophila medium supplemented with chicken serum and adjusted different osmolarities to maintain the culture of L3 hatched from eggs for up to 17 weeks. The highest survival rate was observed in the medium with the highest osmolarities, which also allowed the highest larval exsheathment rate. Key morphological features of embryogenesis and postembryogenesis studied by transmission electron microscopy revealed that the excretory gland cell is differentiated already up to 48 h post-hatching. Extracellular vesicles and cell-free mitochondria are discharged between the two cuticle sheets of the second stage larvae (L2). Contemporarly cultivated, two populations of adult A. simplex s.s. and A. pegreffii reached an average production of 29,914.05 (± 27,629.36) and 24,370.96 (± 12,564.86) eggs/day/female, respectively. The chromosome spreads of A. pegreffii obtained from mature gonads suggests a diploid karyotype formula of 2n = 18. The development of a reliable protocol for the in vitro culture of a polyxenous nematode such as Anisakis spp. will serve to screen for much needed novel drug targets, but also to study the intricated and unknown ecological and physiological traits of these trophically transmitted marine nematodes.
Topics: Animals; Anisakis; Larva; Fertility; Female; Anisakiasis
PubMed: 37837730
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110050 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023Nematodes of the genus (Rhabditida, Anisakidae) are zoonotic fish-borne parasites and cause anisakiasis, a disease with mild to severe acute or chronic gastrointestinal...
Nematodes of the genus (Rhabditida, Anisakidae) are zoonotic fish-borne parasites and cause anisakiasis, a disease with mild to severe acute or chronic gastrointestinal and allergic symptoms and signs. Anisakiasis can potentially lead to misdiagnosis or delay in diagnosis, and it has been suggested as a risk factor for gastrointestinal tumors. Here, we describe a case report of a 25-year-old woman who presented with gastrointestinal (abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea) and allergic (diffuse skin rash) symptoms and reported ingestion of raw fish contaminated by worms. Gastro and colon endoscopy allowed the visualization and removal of nematodes and collection of bioptic tissue from ulcers and polyps. The removed nematodes were molecularly identified as . The patient was treated with chlorphenamine maleate, betamethasone, omeprazole, paracetamol, albendazole. We conclude that an upper endoscopy matched with a colonoscopy and molecular characterization of the pathogen yields the most reliable diagnosis and treatment for human anisakiasis, enabling the complete removal of the larvae and preventing chronic inflammation and damage.
PubMed: 37764980
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091172 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Sep 2023Fish is one of the "big nine" foods triggering allergic reactions. For this reason, fish allergens must be accurately specified on food labels. Fish allergy affects less... (Review)
Review
IgE-Mediated and Non-IgE-Mediated Fish Allergy in Pediatric Age: A Holistic Approach-A Consensus by Diagnostic Commission of the Italian Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.
Fish is one of the "big nine" foods triggering allergic reactions. For this reason, fish allergens must be accurately specified on food labels. Fish allergy affects less than 1% of the world population, but a higher prevalence is observed in pediatric cohorts, up to 7%. Parvalbumin is the main fish allergen found in the muscles. In childhood, sensitization to fish allergens occurs most frequently through the ingestion of fish, rarely transcutaneously or by inhalation. Fish allergy symptoms usually appear within two hours of the allergen contact. The diagnosis begins with the collection of the history. If it is suggestive of fish allergy, prick tests or the measurement of serum-specific IgE should be performed to confirm the suspicion. The oral food challenge is the gold standard for the diagnosis. It is not recommended in case of a severe allergic reaction. It is important to make a differential diagnosis with anisakiasis or scombroid poisoning, which have overlapping clinical features but differ in pathogenesis. Traditionally, managing fish allergy involves avoiding the triggering species (sometimes all bony fish species) and requires an action plan for accidental exposures. The present review will analyze IgE- and non-IgE-mediated fish allergy in children from epidemiology, pathogenesis to clinical features. Moreover, clinical management will be addressed with a particular focus on potential nutritional deficiencies.
Topics: Animals; Child; Humans; Consensus; Hypersensitivity; Affect; Allergens; Immunoglobulin E
PubMed: 37763770
DOI: 10.3390/medicina59091651 -
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases Aug 2023Extra-gastrointestinal anisakidosis is rare. We herein report an Anisakis pegreffii infection in a patient with hepatic anisakidosis diagnosed based on its molecular...
Extra-gastrointestinal anisakidosis is rare. We herein report an Anisakis pegreffii infection in a patient with hepatic anisakidosis diagnosed based on its molecular identification. A 71-year-old male patient had a hepatic tumor presenting as a low-density area of 20 mm in diameter in segment 6 of the liver on abdominal ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The surgically resected pathological specimen revealed a necrotizing eosinophilic granuloma containing nematode larvae, possibly an Anisakis larva. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated Anisakis larvae belonging to A. pegreffii. The present results will help identify and characterize unknown Anisakis species in histological sections.
Topics: Male; Animals; Humans; Aged; Anisakis; Phylogeny; Liver Neoplasms; Anisakiasis; Larva
PubMed: 37648234
DOI: 10.3347/PHD.23055