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Fujita Medical Journal May 2023Anisakiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked fish that is infected with third-stage larvae. In countries, such as Japan, Italy,...
BACKGROUND
Anisakiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked fish that is infected with third-stage larvae. In countries, such as Japan, Italy, and Spain, where people have a custom of eating raw or marinated fish, anisakiasis is a common infection. Although anisakiasis has been reported in the gastrointestinal tract in several countries, reports of anisakiasis accompanied by cancer are rare.
CASE PRESENTATION
We present the rare case of a 40-year-old male patient with anisakiasis coexisting with mucosal gastric cancer. Submucosal gastric cancer was suspected on gastric endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasonography. After laparoscopic distal gastrectomy, granulomatous inflammation with larvae in the submucosa was pathologically revealed beneath mucosal tubular adenocarcinoma. Histological and immunohistochemical investigation showed cancer cells as intestinal absorptive-type cells that did not produce mucin.
CONCLUSION
larvae could have invaded the cancer cells selectively because of the lack of mucin in the cancerous epithelium. Anisakiasis coexisting with cancer is considered reasonable rather than coincidental. In cancer with anisakiasis, preoperative diagnosis may be difficult because anisakiasis leads to morphological changes in the cancer.
PubMed: 37234391
DOI: 10.20407/fmj.2022-010 -
Parasitology Research Aug 2023A review was conducted to identify the most common causative agents of anisakidosis, the methods used for identification of the causative agents, and to summarize the... (Review)
Review
A review was conducted to identify the most common causative agents of anisakidosis, the methods used for identification of the causative agents, and to summarize the sources of infection, and patients' demographics. A total of 762 cases (409 articles, inclusive of all languages) were found between 1965 and 2022. The age range was 7 months to 85 years old. Out of the 34 countries, Japan, Spain, and South Korea stood out with the highest number of published human cases of anisakidosis, respectively. This raises the question: Why are there few to no reports of anisakidosis cases in other countries, such as Indonesia and Vietnam, where seafood consumption is notably high? Other than the gastrointestinal tract, parasites were frequently found in internal organs such as liver, spleen, pancreas, lung, hiatal and epigastric hernia, and tonsils. There are also reports of the worm being excreted through the nose, rectum, and mouth. Symptoms included sore throat, tumor, bleeding, gastric/epigastric/abdominal/substernal/lower back/testicular pain, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, intestinal obstruction, intussusception, blood in feces, hematochezia, anemia, and respiratory arrest. These appeared either immediately or up to 2 months after consuming raw/undercooked seafood and lasting up to 10 years. Anisakidosis commonly mimicked symptoms of cancer, pancreatitis, type I/II Kounis syndrome, intussusception, Crohn's disease, ovarian cysts, intestinal endometriosis, epigastralgia, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, hernia, intestinal obstruction, peritonitis, and appendicitis. In these cases, it was only after surgery that it was found these symptoms/conditions were caused by anisakids. A range of not only mainly marine but also freshwater fish/shellfish were reported as source of infection. There were several reports of infection with >1 nematode (up to >200), more than one species of anisakids in the same patient, and the presence of L4/adult nematodes. The severity of symptoms did not relate to the number of parasites. The number of anisakidosis cases is grossly underestimated globally. Using erroneous taxonomic terms, assumptions, and identifying the parasite as Anisakis (based solely on the Y-shaped lateral cord in crossed section of the parasite) are still common. The Y-shaped lateral cord is not unique to Anisakis spp. Acquiring a history of ingesting raw/undercooked fish/seafood can be a clue to the diagnosis of the condition. This review emphasizes the following key points: insufficient awareness of fish parasites among medical professionals, seafood handlers, and policy makers; limited availability of effective diagnostic methodologies; and inadequate clinical information for optimizing the management of anisakidosis in numerous regions worldwide.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Female; Humans; Infant; Anisakiasis; Intussusception; Anisakis; Gastritis; Fishes; Intestinal Obstruction
PubMed: 37233816
DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07881-9 -
Acta Tropica Aug 2023We report the first case of eosinophilic pleural effusion due to Anisakis spp. infection in a 39-years-old European subject hospitalized for worsening dyspnoea and...
We report the first case of eosinophilic pleural effusion due to Anisakis spp. infection in a 39-years-old European subject hospitalized for worsening dyspnoea and abdominal and thoracic pain. Lung CT scan showed bilateral pleural effusion; thoracentesis revealed significant eosinophilia (45%), with normal eosinophils in the blood. Microbiological tests on pleural effusion were negative for bacteria, SARS-CoV-2, tuberculosis, fungi and parasites. The patient used to eat raw fish; Western blot was positive for Anisakis spp. in blood and pleural effusion. In the era of globalization, unusual parasitic infections should be considered also in nonendemic countries, especially in patients with unexplained eosinophilia.
Topics: Animals; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Pleural Effusion; Eosinophilia; Lung; Anisakiasis
PubMed: 37169218
DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106941 -
Veterinary Parasitology, Regional... May 2023Human anisakiasis is a foodborne disease that has been increasingly reported worldwide and is caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood infected with...
Effects of temperature on Anisakis simplex sensu stricto L3 larvae experimentally challenged in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus).
Human anisakiasis is a foodborne disease that has been increasingly reported worldwide and is caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood infected with zoonotic nematodes of the genus Anisakis Dujardin, 1845. One of the most frequently reported species, both in fish paratenic hosts as well as in human patients, is Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.), which is distributed within some of the globe's main fishing grounds in the North Pacific and Atlantic oceans. In order to clarify the influence of temperature on this parasite in vivo, third-stage larvae of A. simplex s.s. were surgically challenged in the body cavities of rainbow trouts (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Mozambique tilapias (Oreochromis mossambicus). Larval survival and tissue migration were then analyzed after 6 and 12 weeks. The results showed that survival rates of larvae were lower at 27 and 33 °C than at 3, 9, 15 and 21 °C. Also, migration to the body muscle was observed to be highest at 9 °C. These results suggest that third-stage larvae of A. simplex s.s. are more adapted to lower temperatures in experimentally challenged fish, which may justify its distribution in cold northern waters.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Anisakis; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Tilapia; Temperature; Larva; Fish Diseases
PubMed: 37068855
DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100848 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023is a sibling species within the (s.l.) complex requiring marine homeothermic (mainly cetaceans) and heterothermic (crustaceans, fish, and cephalopods) organisms to...
INTRODUCTION
is a sibling species within the (s.l.) complex requiring marine homeothermic (mainly cetaceans) and heterothermic (crustaceans, fish, and cephalopods) organisms to complete its life cycle. It is also a zoonotic species, able to accidentally infect humans (anisakiasis). To investigate the molecular signals involved in this host-parasite interaction and pathogenesis, the proteomic composition of the extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by the third-stage larvae (L3) of , was characterized.
METHODS
Genetically identified L3 of were maintained for 24 h at 37°C and EVs were isolated by serial centrifugation and ultracentrifugation of culture media. Proteomic analysis was performed by Shotgun Analysis.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
EVs showed spherical shaped structure (size 65-295 nm). Proteomic results were blasted against the specific transcriptomic database, and 153 unique proteins were identified. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis predicted several proteins belonging to distinct metabolic pathways. The similarity search employing selected parasitic nematodes database revealed that proteins associated with EVs might be involved in parasite survival and adaptation, as well as in pathogenic processes. Further, a possible link between the EVs proteins those of human and cetaceans' hosts, were predicted by using HPIDB database. The results, herein described, expand knowledge concerning the proteins possibly implied in the host-parasite interactions between this parasite and its natural and accidental hosts.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Anisakis; Larva; Parasites; Proteomics; Anisakiasis; Fish Diseases
PubMed: 37009516
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1079991 -
International Journal of Food... Jun 2023The risk of contracting anisakiasis from consuming ready-to-eat (RTE) mackerel products in Japan was investigated by examining the prevalence and abundance of Anisakis...
The risk of contracting anisakiasis from consuming ready-to-eat (RTE) mackerel products in Japan was investigated by examining the prevalence and abundance of Anisakis simplex and its sibling species in these products. From 2019 to 2021, a total of 448 RTE mackerel products were purchased in Japan. Anisakis larvae were isolated from 244 of the 448 samples (54 %), and live larvae were isolated from 161 of the 448 samples (36 %). In total, 3170 Anisakis larvae, which included 919 live larvae, were isolated. The isolated Anisakis larvae consisted of 3118 A. simplex (s. s.), 27 A. pegreffii, and 25 hybrid genotype (A. simplex [s. s.] × A. pegreffii) larvae. No A. berlandi larvae were isolated. The prevalence of larvae in samples of mackerel caught in the Southern Japan region and Sea of Japan was much lower than that in mackerel caught in other areas. Both the prevalence of Anisakis larvae in all samples and their abundance in larvae-positive samples exhibited specific seasonal variations, being high in spring.
Topics: Animals; Anisakis; Larva; Prevalence; Japan; Anisakiasis; Perciformes; Fish Diseases; Fishes
PubMed: 37001481
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110181 -
Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za... Feb 2023To investigate the prevalence of infection in marine fishes in Eastern Fujian Fishing Ground of Fujian Province, so as to provide insights into the development of the...
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the prevalence of infection in marine fishes in Eastern Fujian Fishing Ground of Fujian Province, so as to provide insights into the development of the anisakiasis control strategy.
METHODS
Marine fish samples were randomly collected from Jiaocheng District, Fuding City and Xiapu County around Eastern Fujian Fishing Ground in Fujian Province from September to December, 2021. All fishes were dissected, and the abdominal contents were collected. Parasites were sampled under a stereomicroscope and the species were identified through morphology. The prevalence and intensity of infections were calculated.
RESULTS
A total of 177 marine fishes belonging to 24 species were dissected, and was detected in 73 marine fishes (41.2%) belonging to 16 species (66.7%), with a mean infection intensity of 14.3 parasites per fish. High prevalence of infection was found in (5/5), (3/3), (2/2), (12/13), (19/23), (6/11) and (14/27), with mean infection intensities of 9.2, 2.7, 4.5, 10.9, 39.2, 4.5 parasites per fish and 2.1 parasites per fish. The larvae were characterized as and
CONCLUSIONS
High prevalence of infection is detected in marine fishes in Eastern Fujian Fishing Ground of Fujian Province. The health education pertaining to food health is required to be reinforced to prevent the development of human anisakiasis.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Anisakiasis; Prevalence; Hunting; Fish Diseases; Anisakis; Larva; Fishes
PubMed: 36974019
DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2022119 -
Research in Veterinary Science Apr 2023The Anisakis larvae presence in fish for human consumption is a health risk that needs to be monitored. The anchovy is a fish that is highly appreciated by consumers and...
The Anisakis larvae presence in fish for human consumption is a health risk that needs to be monitored. The anchovy is a fish that is highly appreciated by consumers and that can harbour Anisakis. It is thus necessary to periodically evaluate the presence of anisakid larvae in them. So, anchovies from Iberian Peninsula coasts were analysed. Fish examination for macroscopic nematodes showed L3s of both Anisakis type I and Hysterothylacium aduncum. The Anisakis prevalence varies with the catching area and the fish size. The muscle prevalence was 7.45% (mean intensity 1.75; range 1-5). Molecular analysis showed 110 A. simplex s.s. (17 in muscle), 22 A. pegreffii (3) and 7 hybrid genotype individuals (1). Considering that most of the Iberian Peninsula coasts are a sympatry area between these two Anisakis species, it has been observed that A. simplex s.s./A. pegreffii ratio increases from south to north in a clockwise direction. Also, 19 larvae were detected on the fish surface from the Bay of Biscay, indicating the ability of these larvae to migrate after the fish death. The A. simplex s.s./A. pegreffii larvae proportion found on the anchovy surface is similar to the found in viscera and lower than in muscle, suggesting that most of the larvae migrating to the surface must have come from the visceral package. This confirms the importance of removing fish viscera immediately after capture, for those fish species where this is possible. As both species cause anisakiasis/anisakidosis, these data show a real risk to human health, especially in dishes highly prized in Mediterranean countries prepared with raw or semi-raw anchovies.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Europe; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Food Parasitology; Larva
PubMed: 36854200
DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.02.007 -
Case Reports in Gastrointestinal... 2023Anisakiasis of the gastrointestinal tract is caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood infected with larvae. Penetration of larvae into the...
Anisakiasis of the gastrointestinal tract is caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood infected with larvae. Penetration of larvae into the gastrointestinal mucosa leads to severe epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting, usually within hours of ingestion of the parasite. Suspicion for gastrointestinal Anisakiasis should be raised in patients with a compatible dietary history. Definitive diagnosis can be made by direct visualization of larvae via endoscopic examination. Although symptoms are self-limiting, the removal of larvae by gastroscopy can hasten relief of symptoms. There are a large number of cases of gastric anisakiasis reported from Japan, Korea, and Western Europe, where it is customary to consume raw fish. Cases reported from the United States are less common, and given the nonspecific symptoms of anisakiasis, the diagnosis can be missed. We report a patient who presented with gastroesophageal reflux disease like symptoms that started after ingesting raw fish. He was found by esophagogastroduodenoscopy to have white, filiform worms penetrating into the wall of his stomach, consistent with a diagnosis of gastric anisakiasis.
PubMed: 36818745
DOI: 10.1155/2023/8635340 -
Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. Cancer &... Dec 2022A 36-year-old woman visited a previous doctor with lower abdominal pain and nausea. Her former doctor's upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and CT scan showed giant folds...
A 36-year-old woman visited a previous doctor with lower abdominal pain and nausea. Her former doctor's upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and CT scan showed giant folds and wall thickening of the lower body of the stomach, and she was referred on suspicion of scirrhous gastric cancer. Similar findings were found on enhanced CT at our hospital. Endoscopic findings performed several days later showed red and thickened mucosa at the cardia, but no wall thickening and giant fold, and there were no findings suggestive of scirrhous gastric cancer. Biopsy showed no atypical cells, and a large number of eosinophils appeared in the lesion at the cardia. Eosinophilia and anisakis IgE antibody were positive and a diagnosis of gastric anisakiasis was made. She was eating grilled horse mackerel the day before her stomachache. At the same time, pruritus and edema around her right knee also appeared, and a dermatologist diagnosed her with anisakis-related eosinophil edema. One month later, CT scan and endoscopy were almost normal. A young woman referred on suspicion of scirrhous gastric cancer experienced a rare case diagnosed with gastric anisakiasis.
Topics: Female; Humans; Stomach Neoplasms; Anisakiasis; Gastroscopy; Abdominal Pain
PubMed: 36733109
DOI: No ID Found