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Metabolites Jun 2024Food deprivation can occur for different reasons. Fasting (<24 h duration) occurs to meet religious or well-being goals. Starvation (>1-day duration) occurs when there... (Review)
Review
Food deprivation can occur for different reasons. Fasting (<24 h duration) occurs to meet religious or well-being goals. Starvation (>1-day duration) occurs when there is intentional (hunger strike or treatment of a medical condition) or unintentional (anorexia nervosa, drought, epidemic famine, war, or natural disaster) food deprivation. A scoping review was undertaken using the PubMed database to explore 1805 abstracts and review 88 eligible full-text articles to explore the adaptive relationships that emerge between cortisol, insulin, glucagon, and thyroid hormones on the metabolic pathways of macronutrients in humans during fasting and starvation. The collected data indicate that fasting and starvation prime the human body to increase cortisol levels and decrease the insulin/glucagon ratio and triiodothyronine (T) levels. During fasting, increased levels of cortisol and a decreased insulin/glucagon ratio enhance glycogenolysis and reduce the peripheral uptake of glucose and glycogenesis, whereas decreased T levels potentially reduce glycogenolysis. During starvation, increased levels of cortisol and a decreased insulin/glucagon ratio enhance lipolysis, proteolysis, fatty acid and amino acid oxidation, ketogenesis, and ureagenesis, and decreased T levels reduce thermogenesis. We present a potential crosstalk between T and the above hormones, including between T and leptin, to extend their adaptive roles in the metabolism of endogenous macronutrients during food deprivation.
PubMed: 38921471
DOI: 10.3390/metabo14060336 -
Journal of Eating Disorders Jun 2024Eating disorders (EDs) pose a significant risk to health, especially when not diagnosed early. For several years EDs and oral health has been extensively studied, and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Eating disorders (EDs) pose a significant risk to health, especially when not diagnosed early. For several years EDs and oral health has been extensively studied, and now it is quite clear the existence of a correlation between specific oral manifestations and these disorders. While these oral signs could potentially aid early diagnosis of EDs, their identification and the eventual establishment of a correlation is currently heavily limited to the clinician's experience. The present systematic review critically examines existing literature, offering an updated overview of oro-dental manifestations associated with EDs.
METHOD
MEDLINE (via PubMed), Web of Science, Scopus, and grey literature were searched, and relevant epidemiological comparative studies were screened using the Rayyan software. No limitations have been imposed on the research regarding oro-dental outcomes, encompassing all medically diagnosed EDs. The quality of the studies was valuated using AXIS appraisal tool for cross-sectional studies.
RESULT
Out of 3990 studies, 32 fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in the synthesis. The identified eating disorders include Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and/or Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified, predominantly among female subjects, primarily originating from Europe. The evaluated oro-dental outcomes include dental erosion, caries, saliva assessment, hygiene-periodontal parameters, and mucosal tissue appearance. The association with erosion is confirmed while gingival recession, dentinal hypersensitivity, salivary flow thresholds and aspects relating to oral pathology are receiving increasing support from emerging evidence.
DISCUSSION
This trend emphasizes the critical role of the complete intraoral examination to detect significant oro-dental signs that may indicate the onset of an ED.
PubMed: 38915100
DOI: 10.1186/s40337-024-01050-8 -
Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology &... Jun 2024One of the most challenging and controversial issues in microbiome research is related to gut microbial metabolism and neuropsychological disorders. Psychobiotics affect... (Review)
Review
One of the most challenging and controversial issues in microbiome research is related to gut microbial metabolism and neuropsychological disorders. Psychobiotics affect human behavior and central nervous system processes via the gut-brain axis, involving neuronal, immune, and metabolic pathways. They have therapeutic potential in the treatment of several neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders such as depression, anxiety, autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, Huntington's disease, anorexia nervosa, and multiple sclerosis. However, the mechanisms underlying the interaction between psychobiotics and the abovementioned diseases need further exploration. This review focuses on the relationship between gut microbiota and its impact on neurological and neurodegenerative disorders, examining the potential of psychobiotics as a preventive and therapeutic approach, summarising recent research on the gut-brain axis and the potential beneficial effects of psychobiotics, highlighting the need for further research and investigation in this area.
PubMed: 38914414
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111073 -
Cureus May 2024Sinus bradycardia is defined as a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute and can occur as an adaptive response but can also be pathologic. Sinus bradycardia can be...
Sinus bradycardia is defined as a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute and can occur as an adaptive response but can also be pathologic. Sinus bradycardia can be a normal finding in children, individuals who exercise often, and as a physiologic response during sleep. Pathologic causes of sinus bradycardia include sinus node dysfunction, medications, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, obstructive sleep apnea, exaggerated vagal activity, increased intracranial hypertension, infection, hypothyroidism, hypothermia, anorexia nervosa, and prolonged hypoxia. When pathologic, addressing the underlying cause will lead to an improvement in heart rate. Here, we present a case of sinus bradycardia in a 61-year-old female with hypothermia. Evaluation for common causes of bradycardia including cardiac evaluation was unremarkable. Treatment of hypothermia led to the resolution of bradycardia. The importance of the case is to help clinicians recognize hypothermia as a cause of bradycardia.
PubMed: 38910683
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60991 -
Eating and Weight Disorders : EWD Jun 2024Although insecure attachment and interpersonal problems have been acknowledged as risk and maintaining factors of eating disorders (EDs), the mediating role of...
PURPOSE
Although insecure attachment and interpersonal problems have been acknowledged as risk and maintaining factors of eating disorders (EDs), the mediating role of interpersonal problems between attachment style and ED psychopathology has been poorly explored. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of interpersonal problems between insecure attachment and ED psychopathology.
METHODS
One-hundred-nine women with anorexia nervosa and 157 women with bulimia nervosa filled in the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2) and the Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR) revised scale to assess ED core symptoms and attachment styles, respectively. Interpersonal difficulties were evaluated by the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-32). A mediator's path model was conducted with anxious and avoidant attachment subscores as independent variables, ED core symptoms as dependent variables and interpersonal difficulties as mediators. The diagnosis was entered in the model as a confounding factor.
RESULTS
The socially inhibited/avoidant interpersonal dimension was a mediator between avoidant attachment and the drive to thinness as well as between avoidant attachment and body dissatisfaction. An indirect connection was found between attachment-related anxiety and bulimic symptoms through the mediation of intrusive/needy score.
CONCLUSIONS
Social avoidance and intrusiveness mediate the relationships between avoidant and anxious attachment styles and ED psychopathology. These interpersonal problems may represent specific targets for psychotherapeutic treatments in individuals with EDs and insecure attachment.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level III: Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case-control analytic studies.
Topics: Humans; Female; Adult; Object Attachment; Interpersonal Relations; Young Adult; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Adolescent; Anorexia Nervosa; Bulimia Nervosa; Anxiety
PubMed: 38904743
DOI: 10.1007/s40519-024-01673-5 -
Acta Medica Okayama Jun 2024A 24-year-old Japanese female with anorexia nervosa presented to our hospital for bilateral pneumothorax, and 12-Fr thoracostomy catheters were inserted into the...
A 24-year-old Japanese female with anorexia nervosa presented to our hospital for bilateral pneumothorax, and 12-Fr thoracostomy catheters were inserted into the bilateral pleural cavities. On hospital day 9, a thoracoscopic bullectomy was performed. However, air leakage relapsed on both sides on postoperative day 1. The air leakage on the right side was particularly persistent, and we switched the drainage to a Heimlich valve. Both lungs expanded gradually and the chest tube was removed on postoperative day 19. Passive pleural drainage might be an option for prolonged air leakage after a bullectomy in patients with anorexia nervosa.
Topics: Humans; Pneumothorax; Female; Anorexia Nervosa; Young Adult; Postoperative Complications; Drainage
PubMed: 38902216
DOI: 10.18926/AMO/67203 -
Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology &... Jun 2024Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and cognitive deficits. However, little is known about the rapid...
OBJECTIVE
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and cognitive deficits. However, little is known about the rapid non-genomic stress response involvement. This study investigates the molecular, structural and behavioral signatures of the anorexic phenotype induction in female rats on stress-related mechanisms in the hippocampus.
METHOD
Female adolescent rats, exposed to the combination of food restriction and wheel access, i.e., the activity-based anorexia (ABA) protocol, were sacrificed in the acute phase of the pathology (postnatal day [P]42) or following a 7-day recovery period (P49).
RESULTS
ABA rats, in addition to body weight loss and increased wheel activity, alter their pattern of activity over days, showing increased food anticipatory activity, a readout of their motivation to engage in intense physical activity. Corticosterone plasma levels were enhanced at P42 while reduced at P49 in ABA rats. In the membrane fraction of the hippocampus, we found reduced glucocorticoid receptor levels together with reduced expression of caldesmon, n-cadherin and neuroligin-1, molecular markers of cytoskeletal stability and glutamatergic homeostasis. Accordingly, structural analyses revealed reduced dendritic spine density, a reduced number of mushroom-shaped spines, together with an increased number of thin-shaped spines. These events are paralleled by impairment in spatial memory measured in the spatial order object recognition test. These effects persisted even when body weight of ABA rats was restored.
DISCUSSION
Our findings indicate that ABA induction orchestrates hippocampal maladaptive structural and functional plasticity, contributing to cognitive deficits, providing a putative mechanism that could be targeted in AN patients.
PubMed: 38901757
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111065 -
British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen... Jun 2024Although men and women both experience eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, there are differences in the way their eating disorder may present....
Although men and women both experience eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, there are differences in the way their eating disorder may present. Body dissatisfaction or body dysmorphia in men may be more related to a drive for muscularity as opposed to thinness. Muscle dysmorphic disorder (also known as muscle dysmorphia) is a form or subtype of body dysmorphia that is characterised by an extreme desire for muscularity and a preoccupation with the idea that one's physique is too small or not sufficiently muscular. It is more common in men than women and is associated with body image distortion, excessive exercise routines, muscularity-orientated disordered eating and the use of appearance- and performance-enhancing drugs such as anabolic androgenic steroids. Risk factors for muscle dysmorphic disorder include social pressure (including to conform to gender stereotypes) and low self-esteem. The condition has negative psychological, physical, relational and financial effects. Nurses can play a role in health promotion as well as in the assessment, care and referral of men with muscle dysmorphic disorder.
Topics: Humans; Male; Body Dysmorphic Disorders; Body Dissatisfaction; Body Image; Risk Factors; Self Concept
PubMed: 38900653
DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2023.0176 -
Brain and Behavior Jun 2024Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a debilitating and potentially chronic eating disorder, characterized by low hedonic drive toward food, which has been linked with perturbations...
INTRODUCTION
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a debilitating and potentially chronic eating disorder, characterized by low hedonic drive toward food, which has been linked with perturbations in both reward processing and dopaminergic activity. Neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an emerging method to index midbrain neuromelanin-a by-product of dopaminergic synthesis. The assessment of midbrain neuromelanin, and its association with AN psychopathology and reward-related processes, may provide critical insights into reward circuit function in AN.
METHODS
This study will incorporate neuromelanin-sensitive MRI into an existing study of appetitive conditioning in those with AN. Specifically, those with acute and underweight AN (N = 30), those with weight-restored AN (N = 30), and age-matched healthy controls (N = 30) will undergo clinical assessment of current and previous psychopathology, in addition to structural neuromelanin-sensitive MRI, diffusion MRI, and functional MRI (fMRI) during appetitive conditioning.
CONCLUSION
This study will be among the first to interrogate midbrain neuromelanin in AN-a disorder characterized by altered dopaminergic activity. Results will help establish whether abnormalities in the midbrain synthesis of dopamine are evident in those with AN and are associated with symptomatic behavior and reduced ability to experience pleasure and reward.
Topics: Humans; Reward; Melanins; Anorexia Nervosa; Mesencephalon; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Female; Adult; Young Adult; Adolescent; Male; Pre-Registration Publication
PubMed: 38898625
DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3573 -
Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 2024The therapeutic alliance is broadly linked with positive outcomes. However, nearly all research in this area involves in-person therapy, whereas teletherapy has grown... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
The therapeutic alliance is broadly linked with positive outcomes. However, nearly all research in this area involves in-person therapy, whereas teletherapy has grown increasing common since the COVID-19 pandemic. There is now a pressing need to establish whether the nature and importance of the therapeutic alliance is impacted by teletherapy. This study examined therapeutic alliance in families of youth with anorexia nervosa who were participating in a randomized controlled trial that transitioned from in-person to telehealth visits during the COVID-19 pandemic.
METHOD
We analysed data from 53 adolescents and their parents (20 began in-person, 33 began with telehealth). Both parents, youth and therapist completed the Working Alliance Inventory-Short Revised after 4 weeks of treatment.
RESULTS
We found no significant differences across telehealth and in-person treatment for paternal or therapist reported data. However, both adolescents and mothers reported higher bond and goal-related alliance for in-person sessions compared to telehealth.
CONCLUSIONS
Findings regarding alliance across telehealth and in-person sessions were mixed, with some preference among mothers and youth for in-person treatment. Future studies should determine whether possible adaptations can improve working alliance during family-based treatment for anorexia nervosa via telehealth.
Topics: Humans; Anorexia Nervosa; Female; Telemedicine; Family Therapy; Adolescent; Male; Therapeutic Alliance; Adult; COVID-19
PubMed: 38898591
DOI: 10.1002/cpp.3017