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Appetite Jun 2024Due to relationships between diet and health including obesity, there is a need to examine the explanatory power of factors that motivate people to (over or under) eat....
Due to relationships between diet and health including obesity, there is a need to examine the explanatory power of factors that motivate people to (over or under) eat. In a previous investigation, a four-factor subscale-based model of eating behaviour traits (EBTs) was developed which identified individual differences in psychological factors influencing motivations to eat and some residual uncertainties. The current study used a data-driven and theory-driven approach, including individual items to refine and extend previous EBT models. The aim was to examine and validate the domain structure of a framework for EBTs. The analysis used two samples including a representative sample of the UK population (n = 2010, 51% female, 49% male, 18 - 88 years), and members of a weight management program (n = 2317, 96.6% female, 2.8% male, 21 - 84 years), who completed 5 questionnaires including 10 EBTs. The results found some support for a 6-factor model, encompassing reactive eating, negative emotional eating, positive emotional eating, restricted eating, homeostatic eating, and body-food choice congruence (data-driven model) or eating for health (theory-driven model). There were differences between the data-driven model and the theory-driven model regarding the 6 factor. Additionally, the data-driven model did not distinguish between eating for pleasure and reactive eating. The models demonstrated that the eating behaviour factors were significantly associated with BMI category. Overall, this research contributes to a more structured understanding of the dimensions of motivation underlying EBTs, emphasising the utility of this framework for identifying at-risk individuals and tailoring interventions to meet specific individual needs.
PubMed: 38942149
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107543 -
Appetite Jun 2024Zero alcohol products (ZAPs) could reduce alcohol-related harms by acting as a substitute for alcoholic beverages. However, concerns have been raised regarding the...
INTRODUCTION
Zero alcohol products (ZAPs) could reduce alcohol-related harms by acting as a substitute for alcoholic beverages. However, concerns have been raised regarding the potential for these products to expose young people to additional alcohol-related stimuli, further normalising alcohol use and acting as a gateway to underage alcohol consumption. Scarce research has examined whether these concerns are warranted.
METHOD
This project comprised two parts involving Australian adolescents aged 15-17 years. Part 1 was a series of 5 online focus groups (n=44) that provided initial insights into perceptions of and experiences with ZAPs. Part 2 was a national online survey (n=679) that assessed the generalisability of the focus group findings and identified factors associated with ZAP-related attitudinal and behavioural outcomes.
RESULTS
ZAPs were found to be salient and attractive to Australian adolescents. Over a third of surveyed adolescents (37%) had tried ZAPs. The focus group participants and survey respondents generally perceived ZAPs in a positive light, seeing them as a useful alternative to alcohol for both adolescents and adults who want to circumvent social expectations to use alcohol. Some of the study participants acknowledged the potential for ZAPs to serve as a gateway to alcohol use and recommended reducing their visibility and accessibility.
CONCLUSION
ZAPs are likely exposing minors to additional alcohol-related stimuli potentially increasing their risk of underage alcohol consumption. Regulatory responses to ZAPS need to protect young people from the potential adverse consequences of ZAPs exposure while enabling the products to be used by adults as an alcohol substitute.
PubMed: 38942148
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107582 -
Hormones and Behavior Jun 2024A multitude of animal species undergo prolonged fasting events at regularly occurring life history stages. During such periods of food deprivation, individuals need to...
A multitude of animal species undergo prolonged fasting events at regularly occurring life history stages. During such periods of food deprivation, individuals need to suppress their appetite. The satiety signalling gut hormone ghrelin has received much attention in this context in studies looking at mammalian systems. In wild birds, however, knowledge on the ghrelin system and its role during extended fasts is still scarce. In this study, we collected plasma samples for measurements of circulating ghrelin concentrations from adult southern rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome) during the three to four week-long moult-fast that they repeat annually to replace their feathers. We further sampled chicks before and after feeding bouts and non-moulting adults. Circulating ghrelin levels did not differ significantly between fed and unfed chicks but chicks had significantly lower plasma ghrelin levels compared to adults. Furthermore, penguins in late moult (i.e. individuals at the end of the prolonged fasting bout) had higher ghrelin levels compared to non-moulting adults. Our results show elevated levels of circulating ghrelin during moult and generally lower levels of ghrelin in chicks than in adults regardless of feeding state. Given the scarcity or absence of knowledge on the function of ghrelin in seabirds and in fasting birds in general, our results add greatly to our understanding of the avian ghrelin system.
PubMed: 38941765
DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105592 -
Eating Behaviors Jun 2024Picky eating (PE) is common in early childhood, peaking between ages 1 and 5 years. However, PE may persist beyond this normative period and pose threats to health and...
BACKGROUND
Picky eating (PE) is common in early childhood, peaking between ages 1 and 5 years. However, PE may persist beyond this normative period and pose threats to health and psychosocial functioning. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) involves restrictive eating driven by appetite, preference/selectivity, and/or fear of eating, leading to significant medical and/or psychosocial impairment. This retrospective study examined the relation between early childhood PE onset/duration and ARFID eating restrictions and symptoms.
METHOD
Parents of children ages 6-17 (N = 437) completed a survey about their child's eating behavior, including the Nine-item ARFID Screen (NIAS) and questions about PE onset and impacts. Children were then categorized into groups based on PE onset (before or after age 5) and duration: never picky, normative picky, persistent picky, and late-onset picky.
RESULTS
The groups differed (all p < .05) in mean NIAS subscales (picky eating, NIAS-PE; appetite, NIAS-A; fear, NIAS-F) and total scores (NIAS-T). Tukey post-hoc tests found that persistent PEs had significantly higher NIAS-PE, NIAS-A, and NIAS-T scores than never or normative PEs (all p < .05). Chi-Square tests found that persistent PEs were significantly more likely than all other groups to endorse ARFID criteria.
CONCLUSION
Findings from this study suggest that PE that persists beyond or is identified after the normative period is associated with elevated ARFID symptoms compared to normative and never PEs. Persistent PE increases risk of impairment from PE and other ARFID eating restrictions. Given the health and psychosocial risks associated with ARFID, early identification and intervention for this group is warranted.
PubMed: 38941675
DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2024.101900 -
Reproduction (Cambridge, England) Jun 2024There has been remarkable progress in the conservation and reproduction of giant pandas. However, the physiology of the gestation period in pandas remains poorly...
There has been remarkable progress in the conservation and reproduction of giant pandas. However, the physiology of the gestation period in pandas remains poorly understood. The metabolic processes from estrus to pregnancy are dynamic and precisely regulated, playing a crucial role in pregnancy and related dysfunctions. In this study, we conducted a metabolomic analysis of 37 blood samples collected from pandas in estrus, acyclic, potential pregnant states, employing rigorous screening to minimize the influence of diet. Our findings suggest that a reduced appetite can serve as an indicator for evaluating implantation time, representing a characteristic response to pregnancy and aiding in the prediction of delivery time in pregnant pandas. Metabolomic results indicate great metabolism variation from estrus to pregnancy, and highlight the association between amino acid metabolism and pregnancy outcomes. Compared to other pandas, individuals which successfully bred exhibit significantly elevated levels of arginine and histidine, even 2 months before experiencing reduced appetite. Furthermore, the lipid profile undergoes distinct dynamic changes only in estrus samples. In summary, our study comprehensively characterizes the metabolism of giant pandas during gestation and proposes arginine and histidine as potential novel biomarkers for detecting the pregnancy state of giant pandas.
PubMed: 38941177
DOI: 10.1530/REP-23-0480 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2024Tivozanib, a vascular endothelial growth factor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has demonstrated efficacy in a phase III clinical trials for the treatment of renal cell...
BACKGROUND
Tivozanib, a vascular endothelial growth factor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has demonstrated efficacy in a phase III clinical trials for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. However, comprehensive evaluation of its long-term safety profile in a large sample population remains elusive. The current study assessed Tivozanib-related adverse events of real-world through data mining of the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System FDA Adverse Event Reporting System.
METHODS
Disproportionality analyses, utilizing reporting odds ratio proportional reporting ratio Bayesian confidence propagation neural network and multi-item gamma Poisson shrinker (MGPS) algorithms, were conducted to quantify signals of Tivozanib-related AEs. Weibull distribution was used to predict the varying risk incidence of AEs over time.
RESULTS
Out of 5,361,420 reports collected from the FAERS database, 1,366 reports of Tivozanib-associated AEs were identified. A total of 94 significant disproportionality preferred terms (PTs) conforming to the four algorithms simultaneously were retained. The most common AEs included fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, blood pressure increased, decreased appetite, and dysphonia, consistent with prior specifications and clinical trials. Unexpected significant AEs such as dyspnea, constipation, pain in extremity, stomatitis, and palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome was observed. The median onset time of Tivozanib-related AEs was 37 days (interquartile range [IQR] 11.75-91 days), with a majority (n = 127, 46.35%) occurring within the initial month following Tivozanib initiation.
CONCLUSION
Our observations align with clinical assertions regarding Tivozanib's safety profile. Additionally, we unveil potential novel and unexpected AE signatures associated with Tivozanib administration, highlighting the imperative for prospective clinical studies to validate these findings and elucidate their causal relationships. These results furnish valuable evidence to steer future clinical inquiries aimed at elucidating the safety profile of Tivozanib.
PubMed: 38939844
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1408135 -
Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience 2024Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have garnered significant attention in diabetes management, and they act by mimicking the effects of GLP-1, a hormone...
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have garnered significant attention in diabetes management, and they act by mimicking the effects of GLP-1, a hormone that regulates insulin secretion and appetite. While these medications have become increasingly popular, their impact on mood and other psychiatric manifestations remains uncertain because of inconsistent data. It has been shown to affect brain regions involved in emotional regulation. This case report underscores the adverse mood changes possibly linked to semaglutide and the need for further study in this area.
PubMed: 38938530
DOI: No ID Found -
The International Journal of Eating... Jun 2024Sleep disturbance is common among individuals with eating disorders (EDs), with approximately 50% of patients with EDs reporting sleep disturbance. Sleep problems may...
OBJECTIVE
Sleep disturbance is common among individuals with eating disorders (EDs), with approximately 50% of patients with EDs reporting sleep disturbance. Sleep problems may promote, exacerbate, or maintain ED symptoms through a variety of hypothesized mechanisms, such as impaired executive function, increased negative affect, and disruptions to appetitive rhythms. Although research investigating the role of sleep in EDs is growing, the current literature suffers from methodological limitations and inconsistencies, which reduce our ability to translate findings to improve clinical practice. The purpose of this forum is to propose a coordinated approach to more seamlessly integrate sleep research into ED research with particular emphasis on best practices in the definition and assessment of sleep characteristics.
METHODS
In this article, we will describe the current status of sleep-related research and relevant gaps within ED research practices, define key sleep characteristics, and review common assessment strategies for these sleep characteristics. Throughout the forum, we also discuss study design considerations and recommendations for future research aiming to integrate sleep research into ED research.
RESULTS/DISCUSSION
Given the potential role of sleep in ED maintenance and treatment, it is important to build upon preliminary findings using a rigorous and systematic approach. Moving forward as a field necessitates a common lens through which future research on sleep and EDs may be conducted, communicated, and evaluated.
PubMed: 38937938
DOI: 10.1002/eat.24241 -
Appetite Jun 2024Early nutrition has an important influence on a child's proper health and development, and understanding factors that may be related to desirable dietary patterns is key...
Early nutrition has an important influence on a child's proper health and development, and understanding factors that may be related to desirable dietary patterns is key to improving the diet of future generations. The aim of this study was to assess whether early and current feeding practices, eating behaviors, and screen time viewing are associated with toddlers' dietary patterns. A cross-sectional sample of 467 mothers of toddlers (aged 1 year to 3) was surveyed between 2020 and 2022. Food consumption was evaluated by the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). The k-means algorithm was used to define dietary patterns on the basis of data collected from the FFQ and mealtime environment patterns, based on the data about practices during meals consumption. The odds of following a prohealth dietary pattern among early feeding factors were lower when infants ate commercial complementary foods more often. Distracted mealtime environment pattern increased the odds of following a non-eaters pattern, and commercial complementary foods pattern increased the odds of following a processed pattern. Currently, the odds of following a processed dietary pattern were higher when children were not breastfed and had higher screen time. Toddlers who ate during distraction and were more fussy had lower odds of following a prohealth dietary pattern, whereas higher enjoyment of food and satiety responsiveness increased the odds. The results indicate the need to increase parents' awareness about the importance of early factors in establishing dietary patterns.
PubMed: 38936700
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107580 -
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology Jun 2024Mineralocorticoids play a key role in hydromineral balance by regulating sodium retention and potassium wasting. Through favoring sodium, mineralocorticoids can cause...
Mineralocorticoids play a key role in hydromineral balance by regulating sodium retention and potassium wasting. Through favoring sodium, mineralocorticoids can cause hypertension from fluid overload under conditions of hyperaldosteronism, such as aldosterone-secreting tumors. An often-overlooked mechanism by which aldosterone functions to increase sodium is through stimulation of salt appetite. To drive sodium intake, aldosterone targets neurons in the hindbrain which uniquely express 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD2). This enzyme is a necessary precondition for aldosterone-sensing cells as it metabolizes glucocorticoids - preventing their activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor. In this review, we will consider the role of hindbrain HSD2 neurons in regulating sodium appetite by discussing HSD2 expression in the brain, regulation of hindbrain HSD2 neuron activity, and the circuitry mediating the effects of these aldosterone-sensitive neurons. Reducing the activity of hindbrain HSD2 neurons may be a viable strategy to reduce sodium intake and cardiovascular risk, particularly for conditions of hyperaldosteronism.
PubMed: 38936597
DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112323