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Evidence-based Complementary and... 2022Uremic pruritus is a frequent and prominent symptom in patients with advanced or end-stage renal disease. Lack of an effective treatment for kidney disease-associated... (Review)
Review
Uremic pruritus is a frequent and prominent symptom in patients with advanced or end-stage renal disease. Lack of an effective treatment for kidney disease-associated pruritus often leads to many problems for these patients and makes it difficult to choose an appropriate treatment. The purpose of this evidence-based hypothesis is to share the scientific reasons and related mechanisms in order to claim that lettuce could be useful in the treatment of uremic pruritus. This hypothesis is based on studies related to lettuce and its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, sedative, hypnotic, nephroprotective, potassium balancing, and blood purification properties. As a result, we suggest that lettuce could be a good choice for improving and reducing uremic pruritus due to its certain characteristics. Although proof of this hypothesis requires further clinical trial studies, this hypothesis can nevertheless lead to formulating an appropriate therapy for uremic-induced pruritus. By conducting a molecular docking study, we investigated the interactions between nineteen natural bioactive components of lettuce () and human kappa opioid receptors. The docking studies revealed that most of the ligands showed better antipruritic efficacy than gabapentin. Gamma-tocopherol, delta-tocopherol, and campesterol demonstrated the highest binding affinities toward the target protein.
PubMed: 35392648
DOI: 10.1155/2022/4231854 -
Nutritional Neuroscience May 2023To identify the nutrients that influence the performance of working memory, which is greatly affected as age progresses.
OBJECTIVE
To identify the nutrients that influence the performance of working memory, which is greatly affected as age progresses.
METHOD
A total of 1646 healthy adults between 21 and 80 years old participated in the study. The daily consumption of 64 nutrients was examined using a food frequency questionnaire that assessed food intake during the previous year. Working memory was measured in the verbal and spatial domains using a computerized task. We examined which nutrients influence working memory across the entire adult lifespan and whether the influence of any of these nutrients on working memory is moderated by individuals' ages.
RESULTS
Working memory, across the entire adult lifespan, benefits from the intake of cholesterol, alcohol, gamma- and delta-tocopherol, vitamin B6, and palmitoleic, oleic, alpha linoleic and linoleic acids. Moderator analyses revealed that fats, energy, lactose and sodium negatively influenced working memory in middle-aged and older adults, whereas vitamin D and vitamin C had positive effects on memory beyond 70 years of age.
CONCLUSION
Nutrients have the ability to positively or negatively affect working memory, which varies as a function of age.
Topics: Middle Aged; Humans; Aged; Young Adult; Adult; Aged, 80 and over; Longevity; Memory, Short-Term; Nutrients; Vitamins; Vitamin B 6
PubMed: 35343878
DOI: 10.1080/1028415X.2022.2055378 -
Journal of Food Science Apr 2022Roasting affects the physicochemical and nutritional qualities of flaxseed oil (FSO). The FSO samples were extracted from the roasting flaxseeds at 10-, 20-, and 30-min...
Roasting affects the physicochemical and nutritional qualities of flaxseed oil (FSO). The FSO samples were extracted from the roasting flaxseeds at 10-, 20-, and 30-min points and at different temperatures (140°C, 160°C, and 180°C). A total of 61 volatile compounds were identified, and the quantity of the volatile compounds increased significantly (p < 0.05) after roasting. The maximum aldehyde (25.83%) and heterocyclic content (29.26%) was obtained from the samples roasted at 200°C for 20 and 30 min, respectively. The predominant fatty acid in FSO samples was linolenic acid (46.01%-49.35%), which changed dynamically during roasting. The loss of α-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol after roasting was 28.73, 109.78, and 6.67 mg/100 g, respectively. The principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis results showed good discrimination of the different FSO samples into three groups, which were mainly related to the roasting time. Therefore, it can be concluded that roasting time has a stronger effect on the volatile composition of FSO than the temperature during the roasting process. This work provides a basis for improving the aroma of FSO. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The roasting process is used to extract flaxseed oil (FSO) from flaxseeds. Studying the physicochemical properties and quality characteristics of FSO under diverse roasting conditions is an important step in producing FSO in the food industry, which can give precise instructions to produce flaxseed oil in factories. The results of this study document the volatile constituents generated in FSO samples extracted from flaxseeds during roasting, which may help manufacturers, who are trying to develop natural and artificial FSO flavors.
Topics: Fatty Acids; Flax; Hot Temperature; Linseed Oil; Temperature; Tocopherols
PubMed: 35307822
DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16073 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2022Two novel microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) methods were developed for the isolation of phenols and tocopherols from pistachio nuts. The extracts were analyzed by...
Microwave-Assisted Extraction Coupled to HPLC-UV Combined with Chemometrics for the Determination of Bioactive Compounds in Pistachio Nuts and the Guarantee of Quality and Authenticity.
Two novel microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) methods were developed for the isolation of phenols and tocopherols from pistachio nuts. The extracts were analyzed by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with a UV detector (RP-HPLC-UV). In total, eighteen pistachio samples, originating from Greece and Turkey, were analyzed and thirteen phenolic compounds, as well as α-tocopherol, (β + γ)-tocopherol, and δ-tocopherol, were identified. The analytical methods were validated and presented good linearity (r > 0.990) and a high recovery rate over the range of 82.4 to 95.3% for phenols, and 93.1 to 96.4% for tocopherols. Repeatablility was calculated over the range 1.8-5.8%RSD for intra-day experiments, and reproducibility over the range 3.2-9.4%RSD for inter-day experiments, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to analyze the differences between the concentrations of the bioactive compounds with respect to geographical origin, while agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) was used to cluster the samples based on their similarity and according to the geographical origin.
Topics: Chemical Fractionation; Chemometrics; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cluster Analysis; Greece; Microwaves; Nuts; Phenols; Phytochemicals; Pistacia; Tocopherols; Turkey
PubMed: 35209222
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041435 -
Metabolites Feb 2022The analysis of fecal metabolite profiles could provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying animal responses to environmental stressors and diet. We aimed to...
The analysis of fecal metabolite profiles could provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying animal responses to environmental stressors and diet. We aimed to evaluate the effects of a 14-day heat stress period and of dietary mineral and vitamin supplementation under heat stress on fecal metabolite profiles and to investigate their associations with physiological markers of heat stress, leaky gut, and inflammation in lactating dairy cows. Twelve multiparous Holstein cows (42.2 ± 5.6 kg milk/d; 83.4 ± 27.1 DIM) were enrolled in an experiment in a split-plot design. The main plot was the level of dietary vitamin E and Se, as follows: (1) low (L-ESe; 20 IU/kg vitamin E, 0.3 ppm Se) or (2) high (H-ESe 200 IU/kg vitamin E, 1.2 ppm Se). Within each plot, six cows were randomly assigned to either (1) heat stress (HS; Total Humidity Index (THI): 82), (2) pair-feeding in thermoneutrality (TNPF; THI = 64), or (3) HS with vitamin D and Ca supplementation (HS+DCa; 1820 IU/kg and 1.5% Ca; THI: 82) in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 14-day periods and 7-day washouts. The concentrations of 94 metabolites were determined in fecal samples, including amino acids, fatty acids, biogenic amines, and vitamins. Relative to the L-ESe group, the H-ESe group increased α-tocopherol by threefold, whereas δ-tocopherol was decreased by 78% ( < 0.01). Nevertheless, correlation analysis between α-tocopherol and all the others fecal metabolites or physiological heat stress measures did not show significant associations. No interactions between main plot and treatments were observed. Relative to TNPF, HS increased plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), plasma lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), milk somatic cell counts (SCC), respiratory rates, rectal temperatures, fecal tridecylic and myristic acids, vitamin B, and retinol, whereas it decreased fecal amino acids such as histidine, methyl histidine, acetyl ornithine, and arginine ( < 0.05). In contrast, HS+DCa increased fecal methyl histidine concentrations and reduced milk SCC, plasma TNF-α, and LBP, as well as rectal temperatures. Discriminant analysis revealed fecal histidine, taurine, acetyl ornithine, arginine, β-alanine, ornithine, butyric + iso-butyric acid, plasma non-esterified fatty acids, TNF-α, LBP, C-reactive protein, and milk SCC were predictive of HS. Several metabolites were predictive of HS+DCa, although only tryptophan was discriminant relative to HS. In conclusion, both heat stress and the supplementation of vitamin D and Ca can influence the fecal metabolome of dairy cows experiencing heat stress, independently of dietary levels of vitamin E and Se. Our results suggest that some fecal metabolites are well associated with physiological measures of heat stress and may thus provide insights into the gut-level changes taking place under heat stress in dairy cows.
PubMed: 35208216
DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020142 -
Journal of Food Science and Technology Feb 2022Fixed oil, the non-volatile fraction of oil from spices remains an unexplored entity. The study aimed to extract fixed oils from 13 Indian spices belonging to the...
UNLABELLED
Fixed oil, the non-volatile fraction of oil from spices remains an unexplored entity. The study aimed to extract fixed oils from 13 Indian spices belonging to the Apiaceae and Lamiaceae family. Further fatty acid composition, antioxidant activities and phytochemical profile of the fixed oils was estimated. Among the studied spices, had the highest amount of fixed oil (19.93%). GC-MS profiling of the fixed oils showed palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and alpha-linolenic to be the major fatty acids. The study further identified fixed oils from L., L., L. and L. to be major source of protocatecheuic, 4,hydroxybenzoic, -cinnamic, myristein and -ferulic acid. , and L. fixed oils also showed highest radical scavenging property. , Moench. and fixed oils confirmed high amounts of α-, β + γ- and δ-tocopherol respectively. β-sitosterol was found to be the dominating phytosterol in all fixed oils. Principal component analysis revealed existence of variation among spice fixed oils concerning to their fixed oil composition. The study thus identifies spice fixed oils as a rich source of lipid soluble bioactive compounds that are of tremendous industrial and pharmaceutical importance.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-021-05036-1.
PubMed: 35185173
DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05036-1 -
Cancer Prevention Research... Apr 2022Vitamin E compounds, consisting of α, β, γ, and δ forms of tocopherols and tocotrienols, display different cancer preventive activities in experimental models....
UNLABELLED
Vitamin E compounds, consisting of α, β, γ, and δ forms of tocopherols and tocotrienols, display different cancer preventive activities in experimental models. Tocotrienols may have higher potential for clinical use due to their lower effective doses in laboratory studies. However, most studies on tocotrienols have been carried out using cancer cell lines. Strong data from animal studies may encourage the use of tocotrienols for human cancer prevention research. To examine the cancer inhibitory activity of different vitamin E forms, we first investigated their inhibitory activities of different vitamin E forms in prostate cancer cell lines. We found that δ-tocotrienol (δT3) was the most effective form in inhibiting cell growth at equivalent doses. Because of this in vitro potency, δT3 was further studied using prostate-specific Pten-/- (Ptenp-/-) mice. We found that 0.05% δT3 in diet reduced prostate adenocarcinoma multiplicity by 32.7%, featuring increased apoptosis and reduced cell proliferation. The inhibitory effect of 0.05% δT3 in diet was similar to that of 0.2% δ-tocopherol (δT) in diet reported previously. Our further study on the δT3-induced transcriptome changes indicated that δT3 inhibited genes in blood vessel development in the prostate of Ptenp-/- mice, which was confirmed by IHC. Together, our results demonstrate that δT3 effectively inhibits the development of prostate adenocarcinoma in Ptenp-/- mice, which involves inhibition of proliferation and angiogenesis and promotion of apoptosis.
PREVENTION RELEVANCE
We demonstrated that δ-tocotrienol is the most active vitamin E form in inhibiting the growth of several prostate cancer cell lines. In transgenic Ptenp-/- mice, δ-tocotrienol inhibited the formation of prostate cancer. This result would encourage and help design clinical studies for the application of δ-tocotrienol for prostate cancer prevention.
Topics: Animals; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Humans; Male; Mice; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Vitamin E
PubMed: 35144931
DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-21-0508 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2021The purpose of this study was to determine if different vitamin E components exhibit similar efficacy and mechanism of action in protecting Retinal pigment epithelium...
The purpose of this study was to determine if different vitamin E components exhibit similar efficacy and mechanism of action in protecting Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells from oxidative damage. We hypothesized that α-tocopherol (αT) is unique among vitamin E components in its cytoprotective mechanism of action against oxidative stress in RPE cells and that it requires protein synthesis for optimal antioxidant effect. We used cell viability assays, fluorescent chemical labeling of DNA and actin and immuno-labeling of the antioxidant proteins Nrf2 and Sod2 and of the tight junction protein, ZO-1, and confocal microscopy to determine the effects of αT and γT against oxidative stress in immortalized human RPE cells (hTERT-RPE). Using the four main vitamin E components, αT, γT, δ-tocopherol (δT) and α-tocotrienol (αTr), we ascertained that they exhibit similar, but not identical, antioxidant activity as αT when used at equimolar concentrations. In addition, we determined that the exposure time of RPE cells to α-tocopherol is critical for its ability to protect against oxidative damage. Lastly, we determined that αT, but not γT, partially requires the synthesis of new proteins within a 24-h period and prior to exposure to tBHP for optimal cytoprotection. We conclude that, unlike γT and δT, αT appears to be unique in its requirement for transport and/or signaling for it to be an effective antioxidant. As a result, more focus should be paid to which vitamin E components are used for antioxidant interventions.
PubMed: 35058783
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.798938 -
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2021Scavenging of superoxide radical anion (O) by tocopherols (TOH) and related compounds was investigated on the basis of cyclic voltammetry and in situ electrolytic...
Electrochemical and Mechanistic Study of Reactivities of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-Tocopherol toward Electrogenerated Superoxide in ,-Dimethylformamide through Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer.
Scavenging of superoxide radical anion (O) by tocopherols (TOH) and related compounds was investigated on the basis of cyclic voltammetry and in situ electrolytic electron spin resonance spectrum in ,-dimethylformamide (DMF) with the aid of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Quasi-reversible dioxygen/O redox was modified by the presence of TOH, suggesting that the electrogenerated O was scavenged by α-, β-, γ-TOH through proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET), but not by δ-TOH. The reactivities of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-TOH toward O characterized by the methyl group on the 6-chromanol ring was experimentally confirmed, where the methyl group promotes the PCET mechanism. Furthermore, comparative analyses using some related compounds suggested that the -oxygen-atom in the 6-chromanol ring is required for a successful electron transfer (ET) to O through the PCET. The electrochemical and DFT results in dehydrated DMF suggested that the PCET mechanism involves the preceding proton transfer (PT) forming a hydroperoxyl radical, followed by a PCET (intermolecular ET-PT). The O scavenging by TOH proceeds efficiently along the PCET mechanism involving one ET and two PTs.
PubMed: 35052513
DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010009 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2022Tocopherols are natural antioxidants that increase the stability of fat-containing foods and are well known for their health benefits. To investigate the variation in...
Tocopherols are natural antioxidants that increase the stability of fat-containing foods and are well known for their health benefits. To investigate the variation in seed tocopherol composition of soybeans from different origins, 493 soybean accessions from different countries (China, USA, Japan, and Russia) belonging to 7 maturity groups (MG 0-VI) were grown in 2 locations (Beijing and Hainan Provinces of China) for 2 years (2017 and 2018). The results showed that significant differences ( < 0.001) were observed among the accessions and origins for individual and total tocopherol contents. The total tocopherol content ranged from 118.92 μg g to 344.02 μg g. Accessions from the USA had the highest average concentration of γ- and total tocopherols (152.92 and 238.21 μg g, respectively), whereas a higher level of α-tocopherol (12.82 μg g) was observed in the Russian accessions. The maturity group of the accession significantly ( < 0.001) influenced all tocopherol components, and higher levels of α-, γ-, and total tocopherols were observed in early maturing accessions, while late-maturing accessions exhibited higher levels of δ-tocopherol. The inclination of tocopherol concentrations with various MGs provided further evidence of the significance of MG in soybean breeding for seed tocopherol components. Furthermore, the correlation between the seed tocopherol components and geographical factors revealed that α-, γ-, and total tocopherols had significant positive correlations with latitude, while δ-tocopherol showed an opposite trend. The elite accessions with high and stable tocopherol concentrations determined could be used to develop functional foods, industrial materials, and breeding lines to improve tocopherol composition in soybean seeds.
PubMed: 35050094
DOI: 10.3390/plants11020206