-
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta.... Dec 2021During analysis of components of baobab (Adansonia digitata) seed oil, several new fluorescent compounds were detected in HPLC chromatograms that were not found...
During analysis of components of baobab (Adansonia digitata) seed oil, several new fluorescent compounds were detected in HPLC chromatograms that were not found previously in any seed oils investigated so far. After preparative isolation of these compounds, structural analysis by NMR spectroscopy, UHPLC-HR-MS, GC-FID and spectroscopic methods were applied and allowed identification of these substances as series of N-acylserotonins containing saturated C22 to C26 fatty acids with minor contribution of C27 to C30 homologues. The main component was N-lignocerylserotonin and the content of odd carbon-atom-number fatty acids was unusually high among the homologues. The suggested structure of the investigated compounds was additionally confirmed by their chemical synthesis. Synthetic N-acylserotonins showed pronounced inhibition of membrane lipid peroxidation of liposomes prepared from chloroplast lipids, especially when the peroxidation was initiated by a water-soluble azo-initiator, AIPH. Comparative studies of the reaction rate constants of the N-acylserotonins and tocopherols with a stable radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in solvents of different polarity revealed that N-acylserotonins showed similar activity to δ-tocopherol in this respect. The described compounds have been not reported before either in plants or in animals. This indicates that we have identified a new class of plant lipids with antioxidant properties that could have promising pharmacological activities.
Topics: Adansonia; Antioxidants; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Lipid Peroxidation; Lipids; Lipolysis; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Plant Oils; Seeds; Serotonin; Water
PubMed: 34450265
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159044 -
Frontiers in Chemistry 2021E-cigarette, or vaping, product (EVP) use has increased dramatically in the United States over the last 4 years, particularly in youth and young adults. Little...
Development, Validation, and Application of a Novel Method for the Analysis of Vitamin E Acetate and Other Tocopherols in Aerosol Emissions of E-Cigarettes, or Vaping Products Associated With Lung Injury.
E-cigarette, or vaping, product (EVP) use has increased dramatically in the United States over the last 4 years, particularly in youth and young adults. Little information is available on the chemical contents of these products. Typically, EVPs contain an active ingredient such as nicotine, CBD, or THC dissolved in a suitable solvent that facilitates aerosol generation. One EVP solvent, vitamin E acetate (VEA), has been measured in EVP liquids associated with lung injury. However, no validated analytical methods for measuring VEA in the aerosol from these devices was previously available. Therefore, we developed a high throughput isotope dilution LC-MS/MS method to simultaneously measure VEA and three other related tocopherols in aerosolized EVP samples. The assay was precise, with VEA repeatability ranging from 4.0 to 8.3% and intermediate precision ranging from 2.5 to 6.7%. Similar precision was obtained for the three other tocopherols measured. The LODs for the four analytes ranged from 8.85 × 10 to 2.28 × 10 μg analyte per mL of aerosol puff volume, and calibration curves were linear ( > 0.99). This method was used to analyze aerosol emissions of 147 EVPs associated with EVALI case patients. We detected VEA in 46% of the case-associated EVPs with a range of 1.87 × 10-74.1 µg per mL of aerosol puff volume and mean of 25.1 µg per mL of aerosol puff volume. Macro-levels of VEA (>0.1% w/w total aerosol particulate matter) were not detected in nicotine or cannabidiol (CBD) products; conversely 71% of the EVALI associated tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) products contained macro-levels of VEA. Trace levels of other tocopherol isoforms were detected at lower rates and concentrations (α-tocopherol: 41% detected, mean 0.095 µg analyte per mL of aerosol puff volume; γ-tocopherol: 5% detected, mean 0.0193 µg analyte per mL of aerosol puff volume; δ-tocopherol: not detected). Our results indicate that VEA can be efficiently transferred to aerosol by EVALI-associated EVPs vaped using a standardized protocol.
PubMed: 34422773
DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.730954 -
Experimental Cell Research Oct 2021Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (MPS IIIB) is a lysosomal disease caused by mutations in the NAGLU gene encoding α-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU) which degrades...
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (MPS IIIB) is a lysosomal disease caused by mutations in the NAGLU gene encoding α-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU) which degrades heparan sulfate in lysosomes. Deficiency in NAGLU results in lysosomal accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and neurological symptoms. Currently, there is no effective treatment or cure for this disease. In this study, induced pluripotent stem cell lines were established from two MPS IIIB patient fibroblast lines and differentiated into neural stem cells and neurons. MPS IIIB neural stem cells exhibited NAGLU deficiency accompanied with GAG accumulation, as well as lysosomal enlargement and secondary lipid accumulation. Treatments with recombinant NAGLU, δ-tocopherol, and 2-hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin significantly reduced the disease phenotypes in these cells. These results indicate the MPS IIIB neural stem cells and neurons have the disease relevant phenotype and can be used as a cell-based disease model system for evaluation of drug efficacy and compound screening for drug development.
Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Cell Differentiation; Heparitin Sulfate; Humans; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells; Lysosomes; Mucopolysaccharidosis III; Neural Stem Cells; Neurons; Phenotype
PubMed: 34411609
DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112785 -
Journal of Oleo Science Sep 2021The study aim was to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin E analogs, especially α-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol. We used male C57BL/6JJcl mice,...
The study aim was to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin E analogs, especially α-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol. We used male C57BL/6JJcl mice, which were divided into four groups: the control (C), high-fat and high-sucrose diet (H), high-fat and high-sucrose diet+α-tocopherol (Ha) and high-fat and high-sucrose diet+δ-tocopherol (Hd) groups. The mice were fed for 16 weeks. To the high-fat and high-sucrose diet, 800 mg/kg of α-tocopherol or δ-tocopherol was added more. The final body weight was significantly higher in the H group than in the C group. On the other hand, the final body weight was drastically lower in the Ha group and Hd group than in the H group. However, the energy intake was not significantly different among all groups. Therefore, we assumed that α-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol have potential anti-obesity effect. Besides, inflammatory cytokine gene expression was significantly higher in the epididymal fat of the H group than in the C group. These results showed that inflammation was induced by epididymal fat of mice fed a high-fat and high-sucrose diet for 16 weeks. Unfortunately, addition of α-tocopherol or δ-tocopherol to the diet did not restrain inflammation of epididymal fat. Investigation of the anti-inflammatory effects of α-tocopherol or δ-tocopherol in co-cultured 3T3-L1 cells and RAW264.7 cells showed that δ-tocopherol inhibited increased gene expression of the inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6, and iNOS. These results suggest that an anti-inflammatory effect in the δ-tocopherol is stronger than that in the α-tocopherol in vitro. We intend to perform an experiment by in vivo sequentially in the future.
Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; Adipocytes; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anti-Obesity Agents; Body Weight; Diet, High-Fat; Dietary Sucrose; Gene Expression; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; RAW 264.7 Cells; Tocopherols; alpha-Tocopherol
PubMed: 34373409
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21124 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2021leaves have been traditionally used in Mexican traditional medicine to treat certain cancerous illness. This study explored the metabolomic profile of this...
leaves have been traditionally used in Mexican traditional medicine to treat certain cancerous illness. This study explored the metabolomic profile of this species using untargeted technique. Likewise, it determined the cytotoxic activity and interpreted all data by computational tools. The metabolomic profile was developed through UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS for dereplication purposes. MetaboAnalyst database was used in metabolic pathway analysis and the network topological analysis. Hexane, chloroform/methanol, and aqueous extracts were evaluated on HepG2, Hep3B, HeLa, PC3, A549, and MCF7 cancer cell lines and IHH immortalized hepatic cells, using Cell Titer proliferation assay kit. Hexane extract was the most active against Hep3B (IC = 27 ± 3 μg/mL), while CHCl/MeOH extract was the most selective (SI = 2.77) on the same cell line. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed similar profiles between the extracts, while a Venn diagram revealed 80 coincident metabolites between the bioactive extracts. The sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis pathway was the most significant identified. The Network Pharmacology (NP) approach revealed several targets for presqualene diphosphate, phytol, stearic acid, -tocopherol, ursolic acid and -linolenic acid, involved in cellular processes such as apoptosis. This work highlights the integration of untargeted metabolomic profile and cytotoxic activity to explore plant extracts, and the NP approach to interpreting the experimental results.
PubMed: 34371592
DOI: 10.3390/plants10071389 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2021A fast HPLC method with fluorescence detector (FD) was developed for the determination of three tocopherols (TOCs) in milk samples from cattle breed. The...
A fast HPLC method with fluorescence detector (FD) was developed for the determination of three tocopherols (TOCs) in milk samples from cattle breed. The ultrasound-assisted procedure was optimized for the extraction of TOCs prior to HPLC/FD analysis, reducing sample preparation time and allowing a fast quantification of α-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol and γ tocopherol. The optimized ultrasonic extraction combines an efficient and simple saponification at room temperature and a rapid HPLC quantification of TOCs in milk. The precision of the full analytical procedure was satisfactory and the recoveries at three spiked levels were between 95.3% and 87.8%. The linear correlations were evaluated (R > 0.99) and the relative standard deviation (RSD) values for intra-day and inter-day tests at three spiked levels were below 1% for the retention time and below 5.20% for the area at low level spiking. The proposed procedure, reducing the experimental complexity, allowed accurate extraction and detection of three TOCs in milk samples from cattle breed.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Limit of Detection; Liquid-Liquid Extraction; Milk; Observer Variation; Reproducibility of Results; Saponins; Sonication; Time Factors; Tocopherols; alpha-Tocopherol; gamma-Tocopherol
PubMed: 34361798
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154645 -
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and... Jan 2022Results from observational studies suggest high diet quality favorably influences the human gut microbiome. Fruit and vegetable consumption is often a key contributor to...
BACKGROUND
Results from observational studies suggest high diet quality favorably influences the human gut microbiome. Fruit and vegetable consumption is often a key contributor to high diet quality.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate measures of gut bacterial diversity and abundance in relation to serum biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake.
DESIGN
Secondary analysis of cross-sectional data.
PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING
Men and women from Los Angeles, CA, and Hawai'i who participated in the Multiethnic Cohort-Adiposity Phenotype Study from 2013 to 2016 (N = 1,709).
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Gut microbiome diversity and composition in relation to dietary biomarkers.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Carotenoid (beta carotene, alpha carotene, cryptoxanthins, lutein, lycopene, and zeaxanthin), tocopherol (α, β + γ, and δ), and retinol concentrations were assessed in serum. The α and β diversity and composition of the gut microbiome were classified based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing of bacterial DNA from self-collected fecal samples. Global differences in microbial community profiles in relation dietary biomarkers were evaluated using multivariable permutational analysis of variance. Associations of α diversity (Shannon index), β diversity (weighted and unweighted UniFrac) with center log-ratio-transformed phyla and genera abundances were evaluated using linear regression, adjusted for covariates.
RESULTS
Increasing total carotenoid, beta carotene, alpha carotene, cryptoxanthin, and lycopene concentrations were associated with higher gut bacterial diversity (Shannon Index) (P < 0.001). Total tocopherol, α-tocopherol, and δ-tocopherol concentrations contributed significantly to more than 1% of the microbiome variation in gut bacterial community: total tocopherol: 1.74%; α-tocopherol: 1.70%; and δ-tocopherol: 1.16% (P < 0.001). Higher total carotenoid was associated with greater abundance of some genera relevant for microbial macronutrient metabolism (P < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Objective biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake, particularly carotenoids, were favorably associated with gut bacterial composition and diversity in this multiethnic population. These observations provide supportive evidence that fruit and vegetable intake is related to gut bacterial composition; more work is needed to elucidate how this influences host health.
Topics: Aged; Biomarkers; Carotenoids; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Ethnicity; Female; Fruit; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Hawaii; Humans; Los Angeles; Male; Middle Aged; Tocopherols; Vegetables; Vitamin A
PubMed: 34226163
DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2021.05.023 -
Journal of Dairy Science Sep 2021Vitamin E comprises 8 fat-soluble isoforms: α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol and α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocotrienol. Yet the body preferentially uses α-tocopherol, and...
Vitamin E comprises 8 fat-soluble isoforms: α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol and α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocotrienol. Yet the body preferentially uses α-tocopherol, and only α-tocopherol supplementation can reverse vitamin E deficiency symptoms. However, other isoforms influence many biological functions in the body, including inflammation and stress. Therefore, the study objective was to determine metabolic and performance responses in young calves fed diets containing a constant amount of α-tocopherol and increasing amounts of soybean oil-derived mixed γ- and δ-tocopherols. Holstein calves [n = 48; 2-3 d of age; 40.2 kg of initial body weight (BW), standard error = 0.54] were assigned to receive approximately 0, 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg of BW daily (treatments T0, T1, T2, and T3, respectively) of mixed tocopherols (TMIX) provided in milk replacer (MR) and calf starter. The TMIX liquid contained 86% γδ-tocopherols and 9% α-tocopherol. Milk replacers were formulated to contain approximately 0, 400, 800, or 1,200 mg of TMIX/kg for treatments T0, T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Calf starters were formulated to contain approximately 0, 250, 500, or 750 mg of TMIX/kg for treatments T0, T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Mean consumption of γδ-tocopherols was 0.0, 6.5, 14.3, and 20.5 mg/kg of BW, respectively. Milk replacer contained 24% crude protein (CP) and 20% fat on a dry matter (DM) basis. Calf starters were pelleted and offered for ad libitum consumption from 0 to 56 d. Starters contained 18 to 20% CP and 9 to 12% starch in the DM. On d 28, 4 calves per treatment were randomly selected for slaughter, and necropsy was performed. Samples of liver, duodenum, ileum, and trapezius muscle were collected and stored before analysis for α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols and δ-tocotrienol. Data were analyzed using a completely randomized design using mixed model ANOVA with orthogonal polynomials to determine linear and quadratic effects of TMIX. Repeated-measures analyses were performed for data collected over time. Increasing dietary TMIX increased or tended to increase change in hip width at 28 and 56 d, respectively, and improved average daily BW gain and gain-to-feed ratio at 56 d. Increasing TMIX reduced plasma xanthine oxidase at 0 h and tended to reduce concentrations at 24 h following vaccination with 2 commercial vaccines on d 28; however, we detected no effect of TMIX following vaccination on d 56. Concentration of α-tocopherol in skeletal muscle declined quadratically with increasing TMIX, whereas ileal and liver γ-tocopherol increased linearly with increasing TMIX. The number of mucin-2 cells in the ileum increased more than 2-fold in calves fed T3. Addition of mixed tocopherols to diets of young dairy calves improved animal growth and altered indices of antioxidant metabolism.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Cattle; Diet; Milk; Tocopherols; Weaning
PubMed: 34218922
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19929 -
Se Pu = Chinese Journal of... Nov 2020Cholesterol and tocopherols, which are important quality indicators in milk powder, are essential nutrients for the human body. Current pretreatment methods for the...
Cholesterol and tocopherols, which are important quality indicators in milk powder, are essential nutrients for the human body. Current pretreatment methods for the detection of cholesterol and four isomers of vitamin E (-tocopherol, -tocopherol, -tocopherol, and -tocopherol) are based on national food safety standards, which are complicated, time-consuming, and unsuited for simultaneous measurements. Thus, developing a simple, fast, and simultaneous detection method for cholesterol and the four kinds of tocopherols is of practical significance. In this study, gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was used to establish qualitative and quantitative methods for the determination of cholesterol and the above mentioned four isomers of vitamin E. The sample was digested with lipase and then saponified rapidly using a potassium carbonate-ethanol system. The optimal pretreatment method was established by optimizing the enzymolysis time, saponification temperature, type and volume of the extraction solvent, and extraction time. Then, cholesterol and the four tocopherols in milk power were simultaneously determined. The results revealed a good linear relationship for cholesterol and the tocopherols in the range of 0.5-50.0 mg/L and 0.25-25.0 mg/L, respectively. The correlation coefficients () were greater than 0.99; the recoveries were 76.6%-93.1%; and the relative standard deviations were 0.9%-3.3%. The limits of quantification for cholesterol and the tocopherols were 10.0 μg/100 g and 5.0 μg/100 g, respectively. The recoveries of the added standards did not fully reflect the ability of the method to decompose and extract the actual sample, especially given that the five compounds considered in this study were fat-soluble. Thus, the added standard recovery could not verify the enzymatic hydrolysis effect. In order to investigate the effectiveness of this method for actual milk powder samples, the amounts of cholesterol and the four tocopherols in infant milk powder were determined according to the national standard methods (GB 5009.82-2016, GB 5009.128-2016) and the proposed method. For each method, six sets of measurements were carried out in parallel. The cholesterol content measured by this method was slightly lower than that measured by the national standard method, while the amounts of the four tocopherols were slightly higher. There was no significant difference (> 0.05) between the national standard method and our method on the amounts of cholesterol and the four tocopherols in milk powder. Twenty kinds of infant formula milk powder and four kinds of low-fat milk powder were randomly selected from the market, and the amounts of cholesterol and the four tocopherols were analyzed. The results showed that the amounts of cholesterol and the four tocopherols in the infant formula milk powder were higher than those in the low-fat milk powder. This method is simple, fast, sensitive, and accurate, thus meeting the detection requirements for cholesterol and tocopherols in milk powder. The findings of the study would provide a theoretical foundation for the rapid estimation of milk powder quality.
Topics: Animals; Cholesterol; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Infant Formula; Milk; Powders; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Vitamin E
PubMed: 34213106
DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2020.04013 -
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2021This study aims to evaluate the influence of Vitamin A and E homologues toward acrylamide in equimolar asparagine-glucose model system. Vitamin A homologue as...
This study aims to evaluate the influence of Vitamin A and E homologues toward acrylamide in equimolar asparagine-glucose model system. Vitamin A homologue as β-carotene (BC) and five Vitamin E homologues, i.e., α-tocopherol (AT), δ-tocopherol (DT), α-tocotrienol (ATT), γ-tocotrienol (GTT), and δ-tocotrienol (DTT), were tested at different concentrations (1 and 10 µmol) and subjected to heating at 160 °C for 20 min before acrylamide quantification. At lower concentrations (1 µmol; 431, 403, 411 ppm, respectively), AT, DT, and GTT significantly increase acrylamide. Except for DT, enhancing concentration to 10 µmol (5370, 4310, 4250, 3970, and 4110 ppm, respectively) caused significant acrylamide formation. From linear regression model, acrylamide concentration demonstrated significant depreciation over concentration increase in AT (Beta = -83.0, = 0.652, ≤ 0.05) and DT (Beta = -71.6, = 0.930, ≤ 0.05). This study indicates that different Vitamin A and E homologue concentrations could determine their functionality either as antioxidants or pro-oxidants.
PubMed: 34206458
DOI: 10.3390/antiox10070993