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Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences 2024The gut microbiota in cattle is essential for protein, energy, and vitamin production and hence, microbiota perturbations can affect cattle performance. This study...
The gut microbiota in cattle is essential for protein, energy, and vitamin production and hence, microbiota perturbations can affect cattle performance. This study evaluated the effect of intramammary (IMM) ceftiofur treatment and lactation stage on the functional gut microbiome and metabolome. Forty dairy cows were enrolled at dry-off. Half received IMM ceftiofur and a non-antibiotic teat sealant containing bismuth subnitrate (cases), while the other half received the teat sealant (controls). Fecal samples were collected before treatment at dry off, during the dry period (weeks 1 and 5) and the first week after calving (week 9). Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was applied to predict microbial metabolic pathways whereas untargeted metabolomics was used identify polar and nonpolar metabolites. Compared to controls, long-term changes were observed in the cows given ceftiofur, including a lower abundance of microbial pathways linked to energy production, amino acid biosynthesis, and other vital molecules. The metabolome of treated cows had elevated levels of stachyose, phosphatidylethanolamine diacylglycerol (PE-DAG), and inosine a week after the IMM ceftiofur application, indicating alterations in microbial fermentation, lipid metabolism, energy, and cellular signaling. Differences were also observed by sampling, with cows in late lactation having more diverse metabolic pathways and a unique metabolome containing higher levels of histamine and histamine-producing bacteria. These data illustrate how IMM ceftiofur treatment can alter the functionality of the hindgut metabolome and microbiome. Understanding how antibiotics and lactation stages, which are each characterized by unique diets and physiology, impact the function of resident microbes is critical to define normal gut function in dairy cattle.
PubMed: 38836107
DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1364637 -
Food Chemistry May 2024This research develops diacylglycerol (DAG) based Pickering emulsions with enhanced oxidative stability stabilized by self-assembled quercetin/DAG/β-cyclodextrin...
Pickering emulsion stabilized by quercetin-β-cyclodextrin-diglyceride particles: Effect of diglyceride content on interfacial behavior and emulsifying property of complex particles.
This research develops diacylglycerol (DAG) based Pickering emulsions with enhanced oxidative stability stabilized by self-assembled quercetin/DAG/β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) complexes (QDCCs) using a one-step agitation method. Influence of DAG content (5%, 15%, 40%, and 80%, w/w) on the self-assembly behavior, interfacial properties, and emulsifying ability of complex particles was investigated. SEM, XRD and ATR-FTIR studies confirmed the formation of ternary composite particles. QDCCs in 80% DAG oil had the highest quercetin encapsulation efficiency (6.09 ± 0.01%), highest DPPH radical scavenging rate and ferric reducing antioxidant property (FRAP). β-CD and quercetin adsorption rates in emulsion with 80% DAG oil were 88.4 ± 2.53% and 98.34 ± 0.15%, respectively. Pickering emulsions with 80% DAG had the smallest droplet size (8.90 ± 1.87 μm) and excellent oxidation stability. This research develops a novel approach to regulate the physicochemical stability of DAG-based emulsions by anchoring natural antioxidants at the oil-water interface through a one-pot self-assembly method.
PubMed: 38833858
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139901 -
Heliyon Jun 2024Pursh (), a functional food, has been applied to protect the liver against alcohol-related fatty liver disease (ALD) for a long history in China. This study was...
Pursh (), a functional food, has been applied to protect the liver against alcohol-related fatty liver disease (ALD) for a long history in China. This study was designed to evaluate the ameliorative activity of the polyphenolic fraction in (PGF) depending on the relief of ALD. The ALD mouse model was established by exposing the mice to a Lieber-DeCarli alcohol liquid diet. We found that PGF administration significantly ameliorated alcohol-induced liver injury, steatosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation in mice. Furthermore, alcohol-increased levels of the critical hepatic lipid synthesis proteins sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor (SREBP-1) and diacylglycerol -acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) were attenuated by PGF. Similarly, PGF inhibited the expression of the lipid transport protein very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR). Interestingly, PGF restored alcohol-inhibited expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), essential fatty acid β-oxidation proteins. Mechanistic studies revealed that PGF protects against alcohol-induced hepatocyte injury and lipid deposition via the SIRT1/AMPK signaling pathway. In sum, this research clearly demonstrated the protective effects of PGF against ALD, which was mediated by activating SIRT1/AMPK pathways in hepatocytes. We provide a new theoretical basis for using as a functional food in ALD.
PubMed: 38832279
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31195 -
Plant Physiology Jun 2024Plants recognize a variety of external signals and induce appropriate mechanisms to increase their tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Precise recognition of...
Plants recognize a variety of external signals and induce appropriate mechanisms to increase their tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Precise recognition of attacking pathogens and induction of effective resistance mechanisms are critical functions for plant survival. Some molecular patterns unique to a certain group of microbes, microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), are sensed by plant cells as nonself molecules via pattern recognition receptors. While MAMPs of bacterial and fungal origin have been identified, reports on oomycete MAMPs are relatively limited. This study aimed to identify MAMPs from an oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato late blight. Using reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and phytoalexin production in potato (Solanum tuberosum) as markers, two structurally different groups of elicitors, namely ceramides and diacylglycerols, were identified. P. infestans ceramides (Pi-Cer A, B, and D) induced ROS production, while diacylglycerol (Pi-DAG A and B), containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) as a substructure, induced phytoalexins production in potato. The molecular patterns in Pi-Cers and Pi-DAGs essential for defense induction were identified as 9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine (9Me-Spd) and 5,8,11,14-tetraene-type fatty acid (5,8,11,14-TEFA), respectively. These structures are not found in plants, but in oomycetes and fungi, indicating that they are microbe molecular patterns recognized by plants. When Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) was treated with Pi-Cer D and EPA, partially overlapping but different sets of genes were induced. Furthermore, expression of some genes is upregulated only after the simultaneous treatment with Pi-Cer D and EPA, indicating that plants combine the signals from simultaneously recognized MAMPs to adapt their defense response to pathogens.
PubMed: 38828881
DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae255 -
International Journal of Biological... Jun 2024A lipidated polysaccharide, HDPS-2II, was isolated from the dried larva of Holotrichia diomphalia, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine. The molecular weight of...
A lipidated polysaccharide, HDPS-2II, was isolated from the dried larva of Holotrichia diomphalia, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine. The molecular weight of HDPS-2II was 5.9 kDa, which contained a polysaccharide backbone of →4)-β-Manp-(1 → 4,6)-β-Manp-(1 → [6)-α-Glcp-(1] → 6)-α-Glcp→ with the side chain α-Glcp-(6 → 1)-α-Glcp-(6 → linked to the C-4 of β-1,4,6-Manp and four types of lipid chains including 4-(4-methyl-2-(methylamino)pentanamido)pentanoic acid, 5-(3-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)hexan-2-ol, N-(3-methyl-5-oxopentan-2-yl)palmitamide, and N-(5-amino-3-methyl-5-oxopentan-2-yl)stearamide. The lipid chains were linked to C-1 of terminal α-1,6-Glcp in carbohydrate chain through diacyl-glycerol. HDPS-2II exhibited DNA protective effects and antioxidative activity on HO- or adriamycin (ADM)-induced Chinese hamster lung cells. Furthermore, HDPS-2II significantly ameliorated chromosome aberrations and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced γ-H2AX signaling and the expressions of NADPH oxidase (NOX)2, NOX4, P22, and P47 in ADM-induced cardiomyocytes. Mechanistically, HDPS-2II suppressed ADM-induced up-regulation of NOX2 and NOX4 in cardiomyocytes, but not in NOX2 or NOX4 knocked-down cardiomyocytes, indicating that HDPS-2II could relieve intracellular DNA damage by regulating NOX2/NOX4 signaling. These findings demonstrate that HDPS-2II is a new potential DNA protective agent.
Topics: Animals; DNA Damage; Glycolipids; Coleoptera; Reactive Oxygen Species; Antioxidants; Cricetulus; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 38821811
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132594 -
International Journal of Biological... Jun 2024Torreya grandis wax (TGW), a new nut wax and by-product of refined Torreya grandis oil, lacks sufficient research and application. In this study, the gelling behavior in...
Torreya grandis wax (TGW), a new nut wax and by-product of refined Torreya grandis oil, lacks sufficient research and application. In this study, the gelling behavior in diacylglycerol (DAG) and chemical compositions of TGW were investigated. Compared with four typical natural waxes, TGW exhibited the lowest critical gelling concentration (C, 1 %wt) in DAG. The results performed that TGW-DAG oleogels at C possessed the highest G' and G″, highest critical stress, good thermal stability, moderate viscosity recovery, and osc. yields stress, indicating strong gel. The microstructure and correlation analysis revealed that excellent gelling behaviors of TGW-DAG oleogels were due to the solid three-dimensional network formed by rod-like TGW crystal, and the higher hydrocarbon compound (HC) content and HC/wax ester in TGW. Formulation optimization suggested that oleogel containing 3.2 % TGW and 1.0 % diosgenin (DSG) better mimicked the characteristics of shortening in terms of hardness, adhesiveness, spreadability. The bread prepared with TGW/DSG-DAG oleogel owned uniform and dense pores, the best moisture retention capability, and soft and firm taste, demonstrating that TGW/DSG-DAG oleogel was a good shortening substitute. Therefore, this study provides the systematically fundamental knowledge of TGW and develops DSG-TGW-DAG oleogels as promising shortening substitutions.
Topics: Waxes; Diglycerides; Organic Chemicals; Gels; Viscosity; Rheology
PubMed: 38820905
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132592 -
Science Advances May 2024[group B (GBS)] is a leading cause of neonatal meningitis, with late-onset disease (LOD) occurring after gastrointestinal tract colonization in infants. Bacterial...
[group B (GBS)] is a leading cause of neonatal meningitis, with late-onset disease (LOD) occurring after gastrointestinal tract colonization in infants. Bacterial membrane lipids are essential for host-pathogen interactions, and the functions of glycolipids are yet to be fully elucidated. GBS synthesizes three major glycolipids: glucosyl-diacylglycerol (Glc-DAG), diglucosyl-DAG (Glc-DAG), and lysyl-Glc-DAG (Lys-Glc-DAG). Here, we identify the enzyme, IagB, as responsible for biosynthesis of Glc-DAG, the precursor for the two other glycolipids in GBS. To examine the collective role of glycolipids to GBS virulence, we adapted a murine model of neonatal meningitis to simulate LOD. The GBS∆ mutant traversed the gut-epithelial barrier comparable to wild type but was severely attenuated in bloodstream survival, resulting in decreased bacterial loads in the brain. The GBS∆ mutant was more susceptible to neutrophil killing and membrane targeting by host antimicrobial peptides. This work reveals an unexplored function of GBS glycolipids with their ability to protect the bacterial cell from host antimicrobial killing.
Topics: Streptococcus agalactiae; Animals; Glycolipids; Mice; Virulence; Streptococcal Infections; Humans; Disease Models, Animal; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Neutrophils; Mutation
PubMed: 38809989
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn7848 -
Science Advances May 2024Healthy behavioral patterns could modulate organ functions to enhance the body's immunity. However, how exercise regulates antiviral innate immunity remains elusive....
Healthy behavioral patterns could modulate organ functions to enhance the body's immunity. However, how exercise regulates antiviral innate immunity remains elusive. Here, we found that exercise promotes type I interferon (IFN-I) production in the liver and enhances IFN-I immune activity of the body. Despite the possibility that many exercise-induced factors could affect IFN-I production, we identified Gpld1 as a crucial molecule, and the liver as the major organ to promote IFN-I production after exercise. Exercise largely loses the efficiency to induce IFN-I in mice. Further studies demonstrated that exercise-produced 3-hydroxybutanoic acid (3-HB) critically induces Gpld1 expression in the liver. Gpld1 blocks the PP2A-IRF3 interaction, thus enhancing IRF3 activation and IFN-I production, and eventually improving the body's antiviral ability. This study reveals that exercise improves antiviral innate immunity by linking the liver metabolism to systemic IFN-I activity and uncovers an unknown function of liver cells in innate immunity.
Topics: Animals; Male; Mice; Antiviral Agents; Cytokines; Immunity, Innate; Interferon Regulatory Factor-3; Interferon Type I; Liver; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Signal Transduction; Ubiquitins; Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Diacylglycerol-Lyase
PubMed: 38809975
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk5011 -
Science Advances May 2024Lipid droplets (LDs) comprise a triglyceride core surrounded by a lipid monolayer enriched with proteins, many of which function in LD homeostasis. How proteins are...
Lipid droplets (LDs) comprise a triglyceride core surrounded by a lipid monolayer enriched with proteins, many of which function in LD homeostasis. How proteins are targeted to the growing LD is still unclear. Rab1b, a GTPase regulating secretory transport, was recently associated with targeting proteins to LDs in a Drosophila RNAi screen. LD formation was prevented in human hepatoma cells overexpressing dominant-negative Rab1b. We thus hypothesized that Rab1b recruits lipid-synthesizing enzymes, facilitating LD growth. Here, FRET between diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) and Rab1b and activity mutants of the latter demonstrated that Rab1b promotes DGAT2 ER to the LD surface redistribution. Last, alterations in LD metabolism and DGAT2 redistribution, consistent with Rab1b activity, were caused by mutations in the Rab1b-GTPase activating protein TBC1D20 in Warburg Micro syndrome (WARBM) model mice fibroblasts. These data contribute to our understanding of the mechanism of Rab1b in LD homeostasis and WARBM, a devastating autosomal-recessive disorder caused by mutations in TBC1D20.
Topics: Lipid Droplets; Animals; Humans; rab1 GTP-Binding Proteins; Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase; Mice; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Mutation; Lipid Metabolism; GTPase-Activating Proteins
PubMed: 38809969
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade7753 -
Food Chemistry Oct 2024Germination of seeds is known to affect the nutritional composition of cold-pressed oils. This study focused on the effects of germination on the antioxidants and...
Germination of seeds is known to affect the nutritional composition of cold-pressed oils. This study focused on the effects of germination on the antioxidants and oxidative stability of linseed and sunflower seed oil. As hypothesized, germination led to increased antioxidant activities and tocopherol, chlorophyll and carotenoid content. Analysis revealed a 37.2 ± 3.5-fold and 11.6 ± 1.5-fold increase in polyphenol content in linseed and sunflower seed oil from germinated seeds, respectively. Using LC-HRMS/MS, profiles with up to 69 polyphenolic substances were identified in germinated seed oils for the first time. Germination promoted lipid hydrolysis, as evidenced by NMR, with overall significant decreases in triacylglycerol content leading to increased diacylglycerol and free fatty acid values. Rancimat measurements predicted a 4.10 ± 0.52-fold longer shelf-life for germinated linseed oil. This study successfully demonstrated the potential of germination to develop PUFA-rich oils with enhanced antioxidant capacity and oxidative stability.
Topics: Germination; Seeds; Oxidation-Reduction; Sunflower Oil; Linseed Oil; Plant Oils; Nutritive Value; Antioxidants; Flax; Helianthus
PubMed: 38805931
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139790