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Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics :... Jun 2016(14)N ultra-wideline (UW), (1)H{(15)N} indirectly-detected HETCOR (idHETCOR) and (15)N dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) solid-state NMR (SSNMR) experiments, in...
(14)N ultra-wideline (UW), (1)H{(15)N} indirectly-detected HETCOR (idHETCOR) and (15)N dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) solid-state NMR (SSNMR) experiments, in combination with plane-wave density functional theory (DFT) calculations of (14)N EFG tensors, were utilized to characterize a series of nitrogen-containing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), including HCl salts of scopolamine, alprenolol, isoprenaline, acebutolol, dibucaine, nicardipine, and ranitidine. A case study applying these methods for the differentiation of polymorphs of bupivacaine HCl is also presented. All experiments were conducted upon samples with naturally-abundant nitrogen isotopes. For most of the APIs, it was possible to acquire frequency-stepped UW (14)N SSNMR spectra of stationary samples, which display powder patterns corresponding to pseudo-tetrahedral (i.e., RR'R''NH(+) and RR'NH2(+)) or other (i.e., RNH2 and RNO2) nitrogen environments. Directly-excited (14)N NMR spectra were acquired using the WURST-CPMG pulse sequence, which incorporates WURST (wideband, uniform rate, and smooth truncation) pulses and a CPMG (Carr-Purcell Meiboom-Gill) refocusing protocol. In certain cases, spectra were acquired using (1)H → (14)N broadband cross-polarization, via the BRAIN-CP (broadband adiabatic inversion - cross polarization) pulse sequence. These spectra provide (14)N electric field gradient (EFG) tensor parameters and orientations that are particularly sensitive to variations in local structure and intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions. The (1)H{(15)N} idHETCOR spectra, acquired under conditions of fast magic-angle spinning (MAS), used CP transfers to provide (1)H-(15)N chemical shift correlations for all nitrogen environments, except for two sites in acebutolol and nicardipine. One of these two sites (RR'NH2(+) in acebutolol) was successfully detected using the DNP-enhanced (15)N{(1)H} CP/MAS measurement, and one (RNO2 in nicardipine) remained elusive due to the absence of nearby protons. This exploratory study suggests that this combination of techniques has great potential for the characterization of solid APIs and numerous other organic, biological, and inorganic systems.
PubMed: 27314503
DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02855a -
Talanta Jul 2016A new method of capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled with tris(2, 2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection has been developed to detect...
A new method of capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled with tris(2, 2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection has been developed to detect four local anesthetics procainamide (PAH), tetracaine (TCH), proparacaine (PCH) and cinchocaine (CIN) simultaneously. An europium (III)-doped prussian blue analogue film (Eu-PB) modified platinum electrode was prepared and applied to improve the detection sensitivity. The parameters including additives, concentration and pH of the running buffer, separation voltage and detection potential that affect CE separation and ECL detection were optimized in detail. The four local anesthetics were baseline separated and detected within 10min under the optimized conditions. The detection limits (LOD) of PAH, TCH, PCH and CIN are 5.5×10(-8), 9.6×10(-8), 2.5×10(-8) and 3.5×10(-8)molL(-1) (S/N=3), respectively. RSDs of the migration time for four analytes range from 1.2% to 2.5% within intraday and from 2.4% to 4.9% in interday, RSDs of the peak area for four analytes are from 1.7% to 3.3% within intraday and from 2.2% to 5.6% in interday, respectively. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) (S/N=10) for PAH, TCH, PCH and CIN in human urine sample are 5.9×10(-7), 9.2×10(-7), 8.3×10(-7) and 5.0×10(-7)molL(-1), separately. The recoveries (n=3) of four analytes in human urine are from 87.6% to 107.7% with less than 5.9% in RSDs. The developed method was used to determine four local anesthetics in human urine samples and investigate the interaction between PAH and human serum albumin (HSA). The number of binding sites and the binding constant of PAH with HSA were calculated to be 1.03 and 2.4×10(4)Lmol(-1), respectively.
Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Electrophoresis, Capillary; Humans; Luminescent Measurements; Procainamide; Serum Albumin, Human
PubMed: 27154684
DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.03.093 -
Chemico-biological Interactions Nov 2016Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity assay and inhibitor phenotyping can help to identify individuals at risk of prolonged paralysis following the administration of...
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity assay and inhibitor phenotyping can help to identify individuals at risk of prolonged paralysis following the administration of neuromuscular blocking agents, like succinylcholine, pesticides and nerve agents. In this study, the activity of BChE and its sensitivity to inhibition by dibucaine and fluoride was evaluated in 1200 Polish healthy individuals. In addition, molecular analysis of all exons, exon-intron boundaries and the 3'UTR sequence of the BCHE gene was performed in a group of 72 subjects with abnormal BChE activity (<2000 U/L and >5745 U/L) or with DN (Dibucaine Number) or FN (Fluoride-Number) values outside the reference range (DN < 78 and FN < lower than wild type). In a studied group, BChE activity range was similar to those observed in other populations. BChE activity screening allowed to detect UA and UF phenotypes in 26 (2.2%) and 15 (1.2%) individuals, respectively. Observed UA or UF phenotypes were confirmed by direct sequencing and heterozygous c.293A > G or c.1253G > T substitutions were identified in all cases. Nine out of 18 (50%) individuals with BChE activity below 2000 U/L had a mutation in 5'UTR (32G/A), intron 2 (c.1518-121T/C) or exon 4 (c.1699G/A; the K variant mutation). Majority of the individuals with BChE activity ≥6000 U/L were wild type. To summarize, the range of BChE activity in a Polish population is similar to those observed in other countries. We conclude that the BChE phenotyping assay is a reliable method for identification of individuals with the UA and UF genotypes.
Topics: 3' Untranslated Regions; 5' Untranslated Regions; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Butyrylcholinesterase; Child; Child, Preschool; Dibucaine; Exons; Female; Fluorides; Genotype; Humans; Introns; Male; Middle Aged; Nucleic Acid Conformation; Phenotype; Poland; Polymorphism, Genetic; Protein Binding; RNA, Messenger; White People; Young Adult
PubMed: 27109752
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.04.030 -
The West Virginia Medical Journal 2016Prolonged paralysis due to a quantitative or qualitative deficiency of pseudocholinesterase activity is an uncommon but known side effect of succinylcholine. We describe...
Prolonged paralysis due to a quantitative or qualitative deficiency of pseudocholinesterase activity is an uncommon but known side effect of succinylcholine. We describe a patient who experienced prolonged paralysis following administration of succinylcholine for general anesthesia and endotracheal intubation for an emergent cesarean section despite laboratory evidence of normal enzyme function. The patient required mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit for several hours following surgery. The patient was extubated following return of full muscle strength and had a good outcome. The enzyme responsible for the metabolism of succinylcholine, pseudocholinesterase, was determined to be low in quantity in this patient but was functionally normal. This low level, by itself, was unlikely to be solely responsible for the prolonged paralysis. The patient likely had an abnormal pseudocholinesterase enzyme variant that is undetectable by standard laboratory tests.
Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Local; Butyrylcholinesterase; Cesarean Section; Dibucaine; Emergencies; Female; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Intubation, Intratracheal; Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents; Obstetric Labor Complications; Paralysis; Pregnancy; Respiration, Artificial; Succinylcholine; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 27025119
DOI: No ID Found -
Forensic Science International Aug 2016A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) with electrospray ionization (ESI) procedure for the simultaneous determination of nine...
A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) with electrospray ionization (ESI) procedure for the simultaneous determination of nine local anesthetic drugs (procaine, mepivacaine, lidocaine, ropivacaine, oxybuprocaine, tetracaine, bupivacaine, T-caine and dibucaine) in human serum is described. The chromatographic separation was performed on a Mightysil-RP-18 GP II column (2.0mm×150mm, particle size 5μm). The mobile phase consisted of 10mM acetic ammonium buffer (pH 5.4) and acetonitrile and was delivered at a flow rate of 0.20mL/min. The triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was operated in positive ion mode, and multiple reaction monitoring was used for drug quantification. Solid-phase extraction of the nine local anesthetic drugs added to the human serum was performed with an Oasis(®) HLB extraction cartridges column. The method was linear for the investigated drugs over the concentration range of 10-100ng/mL. The recoveries of these drugs were in the range of 81.4-144%. The standard deviation (SD) values for all analytes were <0.10 for both intraday and interday accuracy and precision. The selectivity, accuracy and precision of this method are satisfactory for clinical and forensic applications. The sensitive and selective method offers the opportunity for the simultaneous screening and quantification, for clinical and forensic purposes, of almost all local anesthetics available in Japan.
Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Chromatography, Liquid; Forensic Toxicology; Humans; Predictive Value of Tests; Substance Abuse Detection; Substance-Related Disorders; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 26986505
DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.02.044 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy May 2016Enteroviruses (EVs) represent many important pathogens of humans. Unfortunately, no antiviral compounds currently exist to treat infections with these viruses. We...
Enteroviruses (EVs) represent many important pathogens of humans. Unfortunately, no antiviral compounds currently exist to treat infections with these viruses. We screened the Prestwick Chemical Library, a library of approved drugs, for inhibitors of coxsackievirus B3, identified pirlindole as a potent novel inhibitor, and confirmed the inhibitory action of dibucaine, zuclopenthixol, fluoxetine, and formoterol. Upon testing of viruses of several EV species, we found that dibucaine and pirlindole inhibited EV-B and EV-D and that dibucaine also inhibited EV-A, but none of them inhibited EV-C or rhinoviruses (RVs). In contrast, formoterol inhibited all enteroviruses and rhinoviruses tested. All compounds acted through the inhibition of genome replication. Mutations in the coding sequence of the coxsackievirus B3 (CV-B3) 2C protein conferred resistance to dibucaine, pirlindole, and zuclopenthixol but not formoterol, suggesting that 2C is the target for this set of compounds. Importantly, dibucaine bound to CV-B3 protein 2C in vitro, whereas binding to a 2C protein carrying the resistance mutations was reduced, providing an explanation for how resistance is acquired.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Carbazoles; Carrier Proteins; Clopenthixol; Dibucaine; Enterovirus; Fluoxetine; Formoterol Fumarate; HeLa Cells; Humans; Rhinovirus; Viral Nonstructural Proteins; Viral Proteins; Virus Replication
PubMed: 26856848
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02182-15 -
PloS One 2015Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity assay and inhibitor phenotyping can help to identify patients at risk of prolonged paralysis following the administration of...
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity assay and inhibitor phenotyping can help to identify patients at risk of prolonged paralysis following the administration of neuromuscular blocking agents. The assay plays an important role in clinical chemistry as a good diagnostic marker for intoxication with pesticides and nerve agents. Furthermore, the assay is also commonly used for in vitro characterization of cholinesterases, their toxins and drugs. There is still lack of standardized procedure for measurement of BChE activity and many laboratories use different substrates at various concentrations. The purpose of this study was to validate the BChE activity assay to determine the best dilution of human serum and the most optimal concentration of substrates and inhibitors. Serum BChE activity was measured using modified Ellman's method applicable for a microplate reader. We present our experience and new insights into the protocol for high-throughput routine assays of human plasma cholinesterase activities adapted to a microplate reader. During our routine assays used for the determination of BChE activity, we have observed that serum dilution factor influences the results obtained. We show that a 400-fold dilution of serum and 5mM S-butyrylthiocholine iodide can be successfully used for the accurate measurement of BChE activity in human serum. We also discuss usage of various concentrations of dibucaine and fluoride in BChE phenotyping. This study indicates that some factors of such a multicomponent clinical material like serum can influence kinetic parameters of the BChE. The observed inhibitory effect is dependent on serum dilution factor used in the assay.
Topics: Biological Assay; Butyrylcholinesterase; Butyrylthiocholine; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Humans; Indicator Dilution Techniques; Pesticides
PubMed: 26444431
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139480 -
Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi Aug 2015This study was aimed to investigate the regulatory effect of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) on platelet GPIbα ectodomain shedding.
OBJECTIVE
This study was aimed to investigate the regulatory effect of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) on platelet GPIbα ectodomain shedding.
METHODS
The washed platelets were obtained from healthy volunteers. Platelets were incubated with PDI inhibitor bacitracin before stimulation with PMA (Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate), dibucaine and collagen. The N-terminal domain of GPIbα in supernatant was detected by Western blot, the GPIbα expression and the intraplatelet ROS levels were measured by flow cytometry.
RESULTS
neither GC content nor GPIbα expression was changed after the washed platelets from the healthy donors were incubated only with PDI inhibitor. The washed platelets were incubated with PDI inhibitor before stimulation with different stimulin, PMA, dibucaine or collagen, and then GPIbα was cleaved and ROS levels were elevated more than that in the controls.
CONCLUSION
PDI participates in the induced GPIbα ectodomein shedding, and the effect of PDI in this process maybe depend on the change of ROS level inside platelets. These results might provide a new point of view for the platelet drug development.
Topics: Blood Platelets; Collagen; Flow Cytometry; Humans; Platelet Glycoprotein GPIb-IX Complex; Protein Disulfide-Isomerases
PubMed: 26314448
DOI: 10.7534/j.issn.1009-2137.2015.04.032 -
Clinica Chimica Acta; International... Oct 2015The CALIPER program has previously reported a comprehensive database of pediatric reference intervals for 63 biochemical and immunochemical markers. Here,...
Complex reference value distributions and partitioned reference intervals across the pediatric age range for 14 specialized biochemical markers in the CALIPER cohort of healthy community children and adolescents.
BACKGROUND
The CALIPER program has previously reported a comprehensive database of pediatric reference intervals for 63 biochemical and immunochemical markers. Here, covariate-stratified reference intervals were determined for a number of special assays not previously reported.
METHODS
A total of 1917 healthy children and adolescents were recruited and serum concentrations of 14 biochemical markers were measured using the Abbott Architect ci4100 system. Age and gender partitions were statistically determined, outliers removed and reference intervals calculated using CSLI C28-A3 guidelines.
RESULTS
Many analytes showed dynamic changes in concentration requiring at least 3 age partitions. Unique intervals were required within the first year of life for: pancreatic amylase, C-peptide, ceruloplasmin, insulin, β-2-microglobulin, cystatin C, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and α-1-glycoprotein. Cholinesterase, cholinesterase-dibucaine number, and immunoglobulin E required only 2 age partitions and α-1-antitrypsin required only one. Anti-CCP and anti-TPO levels were below the detection limit of the assay. Some analytes including insulin and DHEA-S required additional gender partitions for specific age groups.
CONCLUSIONS
Complex profiles were observed for endocrine and special chemistry markers, requiring establishment of age- and gender-specific reference intervals. These updated reference intervals will allow improved laboratory assessment of pediatric patients but should be validated for each analytical platform and local population as recommended by CLSI.
Topics: Adolescent; Aging; Biomarkers; Blood Chemical Analysis; Child; Child, Preschool; Databases, Factual; Female; Growth and Development; Health; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Reference Values; Residence Characteristics
PubMed: 26310965
DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.08.020 -
Journal of Anesthesia Oct 2015In many anesthesia textbooks written in English, lidocaine, tetracaine, bupivacaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine are listed as useful local anesthetics for spinal... (Review)
Review
In many anesthesia textbooks written in English, lidocaine, tetracaine, bupivacaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine are listed as useful local anesthetics for spinal anesthesia. In contrast, T-cain is not included in these lists, even though it has been reported to be suitable for spinal anesthesia in Japan. T-cain was developed as a local anesthetic in the early 1940s by Teikoku Kagaku Sangyo Inc. in Itami, Japan, by replacing a methyl group on tetracaine (Pantocaine(®)) with an ethyl group. T-cain was clinically approved for topical use in Japan in November 1949, and a mixture of dibucaine and T-cain (Neo-Percamin S(®)) was approved for spinal use in May 1950. Simply because of a lack of foreign marketing strategy, T-cain has never attracted global attention as a local anesthetic. However, in Japan, T-cain has been used topically or intrathecally (as Neo-Percamin S(®)) for more than 60 years. Other than the side effects generally known for all local anesthetics, serious side effects have not been reported for T-cain. In fact, several articles have reported that T-cain decreases the neurotoxicity of dibucaine. In this historical review, the characteristics of T-cain and its rise to become a major spinal anesthetic in Japan are discussed.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Anesthesia, Local; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics, Local; Dibucaine; Humans; Japan; Neurotoxicity Syndromes; Tetracaine
PubMed: 26302690
DOI: 10.1007/s00540-015-2066-0