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The Korean Journal of Parasitology Oct 2016An excavation of the Vesakoyakha II-IV and Nyamboyto I burial grounds was conducted during the 2014 field season, and soil samples from intact burials dating from the...
An excavation of the Vesakoyakha II-IV and Nyamboyto I burial grounds was conducted during the 2014 field season, and soil samples from intact burials dating from the 19th and 20th centuries, respectively, were analyzed to determine interactions between parasites and host/vectors. Considering the discovery of sp. and sp. eggs in soil samples from the pelvic region, diphyllobothriasis was the most frequent helminthic infection among the Taz Nenets. The Nyamboyto Nenets mainly consumed uncooked fish, while the Vesakoyakha Nenets had a bigger variety in food choices, including reindeer meat. Nenets children were given raw fish from early childhood. The paleoparasitological results corroborate rare ethnographic records about the consumption of uncooked reindeer cerebrum which led to beef tapeworm helminthiases. This is the first parasitological report of helminthic diseases among the Taz Nenets, and, as such, it provides insight into their subsistence activities and food patterns and broadens our understanding of their health condition.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Animals; Child; Diphyllobothrium; Feeding Behavior; Female; Fossils; Humans; Infant; Male; Rural Population; Russia; Taenia; Tundra
PubMed: 27853118
DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2016.54.5.617 -
Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng... Oct 2016To facilitate the identification of parasite eggs using computer technology, establish the automation-based applications, and propose an algorithm for egg classification.
OBJECTIVE
To facilitate the identification of parasite eggs using computer technology, establish the automation-based applications, and propose an algorithm for egg classification.
METHODS
Eggs of 11 parasites, Clonorchis sinensis, Taenia solium, Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Spirometra mansoni, Diphyllobothrium latum, Ancylostoma duodenale, Schistosoma japonicum, Paragonimus westermani and Fasciolopsis buski, were selected and divided into two groups, the training group and the testing group, and were microphotographed. The eigenvalue was extracted using the VC++-based method. The eigenvalue database was constructed, and the training data set was tested with a variety of classification algorithms. The classifier was constructed using algorithm with the highest efficiency and an identification method was established by multi-feature fusion.
RESULTS
After removal of images with invalid values, the training group received 19 844 egg images, and the testing group, 3 721 images. Based on the 14 eigenvalues, there were significant differences in the size and color among the eggs of 11 parasite species. For example, the length, width, area and brightness of the smallest parasite egg of Clonorchis sinensis were 292.24 μm, 192.64 μm, 43 416.61 μm2 and 53.84, respectively, while those of the largest parasite egg of Fasciolopsis buski were 945.31 μm, 610.88 μm, 536 002.60 μm2 and 100.54, respectively. When using dynamic weights to construct the classifier, the discrimination rate on the training data set was 88.89%(17 641/19 844), and that on the verification data set was 91.83%(3 004/3 271), with an average modeling time of 0.01 s.
CONCLUSION
The algorithm for egg classification has been established, which pravides a basis for further study on its feasibility.
Topics: Animals; Parasite Egg Count
PubMed: 30130022
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Food... Oct 2016In recent years there has been a re-emergence of diphyllobothriasis by Diphyllobothrium latum (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) in Italy, France and Switzerland, where in...
In recent years there has been a re-emergence of diphyllobothriasis by Diphyllobothrium latum (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) in Italy, France and Switzerland, where in the past this fish-borne zoonosis was widespread and then virtually disappeared. A change in eating habits such as the consumption of raw/undercooked freshwater fish, has led to an increased risk for consumers of ingesting infective larvae of D. latum. A survey on the factors responsible for the re-emergence of human diphyllobothriasis in Italy was carried out from March 2013 to December 2014. The aim of this study was to assess the diffusion of D. latum plerocercoids in the fish populations of the sub-alpine lakes of Maggiore, Como, Iseo and Garda, updating the scarce historical data and assessing a preliminary "risk level" of the lacustrine environments and fish species under investigation. A total of 2228 fish belonging to 5 species, 690 from Lake Maggiore, 500 from Lake Como, 655 from Lake Iseo and 383 from Lake Garda were submitted to parasitological examination. The presence of D. latum plerocercoid larvae was detected in 6.6%, 25.4% and 7.6% of perch (Perca fluviatilis) from Lakes Maggiore, Como and Iseo respectively. The parasite was also present in pike (Esox lucius) with prevalence values ranging from 71.4 to 84.2% and in 3.6-3.8% of burbot (Lota lota) from Lakes Iseo and Como. Fish from Lake Garda were negative as well as sampled whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) and shad (Alosa fallax lacustris). The results of this survey showed a widespread presence of D. latum plerocercoid larvae in Maggiore, Como and Iseo fish populations. Urban fecal contamination of water is still a key issue to be resolved, together with the improvement of communication with consumers regarding the best dietary habits and the most effective processes of parasite inactivation, required for the consumption of raw/undercooked fish caught in high-risk areas.
Topics: Animals; DNA, Protozoan; Diphyllobothriasis; Diphyllobothrium; Esocidae; Fish Diseases; Fishes; France; Gadiformes; Humans; Italy; Lakes; Larva; Perches; Prevalence; Raw Foods; Salmonidae; Switzerland
PubMed: 27491055
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.06.033 -
Parasitology International Oct 2016Several tapeworm species in the genus Diphyllobothrium Cobbold, 1858 have uncertain taxonomic positions, leading to taxonomic confusion as well as misdiagnosis of...
First confirmed human case of Diphyllobothrium stemmacephalum infection and molecular verification of the synonymy of Diphyllobothrium yonagoense with D. stemmacephalum (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea).
Several tapeworm species in the genus Diphyllobothrium Cobbold, 1858 have uncertain taxonomic positions, leading to taxonomic confusion as well as misdiagnosis of infections. Taxonomic revision based on DNA sequence analysis is considered necessary to resolve the taxonomy of several cases, including that between Diphyllobothrium stemmacephalum, the type species of the genus, and Diphyllobothrium yonagoense. Diphyllobothrium yonagoense was synonymized with D. stemmacephalum based on morphological observations by Andersen (1987), however no molecular studies have been undertaken to verify the validity of this synonymization. In the present study, the first human case confirmed molecularly as D. stemmacephalum infection is reported, and the validity of the synonymization of D. yonagoense with D. stemmacephalum was assessed based on molecular phylogenetics. Diphyllobothrium stemmacephalum and D. yonagoense grouped into the same clades with high bootstrap confidence values for both cox1 and nad3. Genetic distances between the two taxa were very small (0.000-0.012 and 0.000-0.017 for cox1 and nad3, respectively) and were considered to fall within the range of intraspecific variation. Using these molecular analyses, this study verified molecularly that D. yonagoense is a junior synonym of D. stemmacephalum. Further, the closer phylogenetic relationship between D. stemmacephalum and Diplogonoporus species rather than other diphyllobothriids, including Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense and Diphyllobothrium latum, was corroborated. The genus name for D. nihonkaiense and D. latum is also discussed.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Base Sequence; Cyclooxygenase 1; DNA, Helminth; DNA, Mitochondrial; Diphyllobothriasis; Diphyllobothrium; Female; Humans; Japan; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Middle Aged; Phylogeny; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 27266483
DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.06.003 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases May 2016Tapeworms of the order Diphyllobothriidea are parasites of tetrapods and several species may infect man and cause neglected human disease called diphyllobothriosis....
BACKGROUND
Tapeworms of the order Diphyllobothriidea are parasites of tetrapods and several species may infect man and cause neglected human disease called diphyllobothriosis. Identification of human-infecting diphyllobothriid cestodes is difficult because of their morphological uniformity, which concerns also their eggs in stool samples.
METHODS
In the present study, we analysed by far the largest dataset of more than 2,000 eggs of 8 species of diphyllobothriid cestodes that may infect humans, including the most frequent human parasites Diphyllobothrium latum, D. nihonkaiense and Adenocephalus pacificus (syn. Diphyllobothrium pacificum). Size (length, width and length/width ratio) and the surface of the egg shell from naturally and experimentally infected hosts were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy.
RESULTS
A high degree of intraspecific and host-related size variability has been detected, but combination of morphometrical and ultrastructural data made it possible to distinguish all of the studied species, including otherwise quite similar eggs of the 3 most common species infecting man, i.e. D. latum, D. nihonkaiense and D. dendriticum. The surface of all marine species is covered by numerous deep pits with species-specific density, whereas the surface of freshwater species is smooth or with isolated shallow hollows or wrinkles.
Topics: Animals; Diphyllobothriasis; Diphyllobothrium; Feces; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Microscopy, Polarization; Neglected Diseases; Ovum; Parasite Egg Count; Species Specificity
PubMed: 27224015
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004721 -
The Korean Journal of Parasitology Dec 2015Human diphyllobothriasis is a widespread fish-borne zoonosis caused by the infection with broad tapeworms belonging to the genus Diphyllobothrium. In mainland China, so... (Review)
Review
Human diphyllobothriasis is a widespread fish-borne zoonosis caused by the infection with broad tapeworms belonging to the genus Diphyllobothrium. In mainland China, so far 20 human cases of Diphyllobothrium infections have been reported, and the etiologic species were identified as D. latum and D. nihonkaiense based on morphological characteristics or molecular analysis. In the present study, proglottids of diphyllobothriid tapeworms from 3 human cases that occurred in Heilongjiang Province, China were identified as D. nihonkaiense by sequencing mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (nad5) genes. Two different cox1 gene sequences were obtained. One sequence showed 100% homology with those from humans in Japan. The remaining cox1 gene sequence and 2 different nad5 gene sequences obtained were not described previously, and might reflect endemic genetic characterizations. D. nihonkaiense might also be a major causative species of human diphyllobothriasis in China. Meanwhile, the finding of the first pediatric case of D. nihonkaiense infection in China suggests that infants infected with D. nihonkaiense should not be ignored.
Topics: Adult; Animals; China; Diphyllobothriasis; Diphyllobothrium; Electron Transport Complex IV; Female; Helminth Proteins; Humans; Infant
PubMed: 26797434
DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.683 -
Korean Journal of Pediatrics Nov 2015Diphyllobothrium latum infection in humans is not common in Republic of Korea. We report a case of fish tapeworm infection in a 10-year-old boy after ingestion of raw...
Diphyllobothrium latum infection in humans is not common in Republic of Korea. We report a case of fish tapeworm infection in a 10-year-old boy after ingestion of raw perch about 8 months ago. The patient complained of recurrent abdominal pain and watery diarrhea. A tapeworm, 85 cm in length, without scolex and neck, was spontaneously discharged in the feces of the patient. The patient was treated with 15-mg/kg single dose praziquantel, and follow-up stool examination was negative after one month. There was no evidence of relapse during the next six months.
PubMed: 26692882
DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2015.58.11.451 -
Microbiology Spectrum Oct 2015"Exotic" food dishes are an expression of regional culture, religion, and ethnicity worldwide. With the increase in international travel to remote areas of the world,... (Review)
Review
"Exotic" food dishes are an expression of regional culture, religion, and ethnicity worldwide. With the increase in international travel to remote areas of the world, globalization of the food supply, and changes in food habits, more people are consuming dishes once considered exotic. Such behavioral changes require awareness by consumers and clinicians about the risks of food-borne infections. This chapter addresses pathogens associated with consumption of raw or undercooked seafood including anisakidosis, Diphyllobothrium latum infection, flukes, and other infectious and toxin-mediated diseases. We discuss the geographic distribution of the pathogens, symptomatology, and basic principles of treatment. Food products derived from turtles, snakes, and other reptiles are reviewed, and we address the risk of gnathostomiasis, sparganosis, trichinellosis, and other pathogens. In discussing infections associated with undercooked beef, pork, and bush meat, we address dysentery, amebiasis, toxoplasmosis, Taenia infections, and risks of novel viral infections, among others. We also review infectious risks from poultry, dairy, and other food items, focusing on those organisms encountered less frequently by clinicians in developed countries. The wide range of infectious organisms related to exotic cuisine underscores the importance of educating the adventurous traveler and warrants continued vigilance on the part of the clinician.
Topics: Animals; Feeding Behavior; Foodborne Diseases; Global Health; Humans
PubMed: 26542047
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.IOL5-0010-2015 -
Annals of Parasitology 2015Pomeranian Bay as an ecotone is a transition zone between two different biocenoses, which is characterized by an increase in biodiversity and species density. Therefore,...
Species richness and diversity of the parasites of two predatory fish species - perch (Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758) and zander (Sander lucioperca Linnaeus, 1758) from the Pomeranian Bay.
Pomeranian Bay as an ecotone is a transition zone between two different biocenoses, which is characterized by an increase in biodiversity and species density. Therefore, Pomeranian Bay is a destination of finding and reproductive migrations of fish from the rivers entered the area. The aim of the study was to compare parasitic fauna of two predatory fish species from the Pomeranian Bay, collected from the same fishing grounds at the same period. A total of 126 fish studied (53 perches and 73 zanders) were collected in the summer 2013. Parasitological examinations included: skin, fins, gills, vitreous humour and lens of the eye, mouth cavity, body cavity and internal organs. Apart from the prevalence and intensity of infection (mean, range) the parasite communities of both fish species were compared. European perch and zander were infected with parasites from five different taxonomic units. The most numerous parasites were Diplostomum spp. in European perch and Bucephalus polymorphus in zander. The prevalence of infection of European perch ranged from 5.7% (Diphyllobothrium latum) to 22.3% (Diplostomum spp.) and for zander from 1.4% (Ancyrocephalus paradoxus, Hysterothylacium aduncum) to 12.3% (Bucephalus polymorphus). Different composition of the parasitic fauna is likely due to the different biology of both fish species.
Topics: Animals; Bays; Biodiversity; Fish Diseases; Genetic Variation; Helminthiasis, Animal; Helminths; Parasitic Diseases, Animal; Perciformes; Species Specificity
PubMed: 26342503
DOI: No ID Found -
Annals of Laboratory Medicine Jul 2015Conventional formalin-ether concentration method is a gold standard for the diagnosis of parasite infection. However, it may be time-consuming and laborious. We aimed to...
Conventional formalin-ether concentration method is a gold standard for the diagnosis of parasite infection. However, it may be time-consuming and laborious. We aimed to reveal the clinical usefulness of a modified formalin-ether concentration method using the Para Tube (KS Corporation, Korea) compared with the conventional method. A total of 117 fresh, unpreserved fecal samples composed to 90 negative controls and 27 positive controls with ova of Diphyllobothrium latum/D. nihonkaiense, ova of Clonorchis sinensis and cysts of Giardia lamblia were used in this study. Both methods showed comparable correct identification rate (87.2% for the Para Tube vs. 86.3% for the conventional method).When five samples were examined at once, the Para Tube method reduced the procedure time compared with the conventional method (19 min 58 sec vs. 23 min 18 sec, P=0.0286). We concluded that the modified formalin-ether concentration method using the Para Tube is a rapid, simple, and reliable fecal concentration method for clinical use.
Topics: Animals; Clonorchis sinensis; Diphyllobothrium; Ethers; Feces; Formaldehyde; Giardia lamblia; Humans; Ovum; Parasitemia; Specimen Handling
PubMed: 26131417
DOI: 10.3343/alm.2015.35.4.445