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Chemistry, An Asian Journal Jun 2024Development of elegant, selective, and efficient strategies for the production of value-added platform chemicals from renewable feedstocks are in high demand to achieve...
Development of elegant, selective, and efficient strategies for the production of value-added platform chemicals from renewable feedstocks are in high demand to achieve the future needs and sustainable goals. In this context, an efficient acid-promoted synthesis of highly valuable hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has been demonstrated from glucose, a major constituent of lignocellulosic biomass. The major challenge in the conversion of glucose to HMF is the selective isomerization of glucose to ketose, which in the present work has been successfully addressed through the amine-mediated rearrangement of glucose to aminofructose under Amadori rearrangement. Importantly, subsequent dehydration step affords HMF and regenerates the amine employed in the first step, which could be readily recovered. In addition, scale-up and successful integration in to one-pot synthesis of HMF proves the efficiency and applicability of the present transformation in large scale application. In addition, the method was also successfully extended to other monosaccharides and disaccharides to produce HMF.
PubMed: 38853450
DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400392 -
Journal of Pharmaceutical and... Sep 2024The P. heterophylla and its adulterants were identified by HPLC-CAD fingerprint of sucrose and oligosaccharides in P. heterophylla. The improved quantitative analysis of...
Rapid identification and quantification of Pseudostellaria heterophylla with its adulterants by HPLC-CAD fingerprint combined with improved quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS).
The P. heterophylla and its adulterants were identified by HPLC-CAD fingerprint of sucrose and oligosaccharides in P. heterophylla. The improved quantitative analysis of multi-components with a single marker (iQAMS) was further established for simultaneous determinations of sucrose and oligosaccharides in P. heterophylla. The HPLC-CAD fingerprint and similarity coefficients between P. heterophylla and its adulterants showed significant differences. The relative errors (REs) between iQAMS method and external standard method (ESM) were below 3.00%, but significant difference was shown between iQAMS (different marker for whole program with gradient elution) and QAMS (one marker for whole program with gradient elution), indicating that QAMS method should be improved, especially for gradient elution which influence the response of analytes. The accuracy, precision, reproducibility, and stability of this method were validated which exhibited satisfactory results, indicating that iQAMS method could be used for quantitative analysis of sucrose and oligosaccharides in P. heterophylla instead of ESM. The iQAMS combined with HPLC-CAD fingerprint could be used to determine the content of each oligosaccharide, and it can be used for quality control of P. heterophylla.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Reproducibility of Results; Oligosaccharides; Sucrose; Drug Contamination; Quality Control; Drugs, Chinese Herbal
PubMed: 38843613
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116205 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024The disaccharide (β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside represents a repeating unit of the capsular polysaccharide of serotype 3. A conjugate of...
The disaccharide (β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside represents a repeating unit of the capsular polysaccharide of serotype 3. A conjugate of the disaccharide with BSA (di-BSA conjugate) adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide induced - in contrast to the non-adjuvanted conjugate - IgG1 antibody production and protected mice against serotype 3 infection after intraperitoneal prime-boost immunization. Adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted conjugates induced production of Th1 (IFNγ, TNFα); Th2 (IL-5, IL-13); Th17 (IL-17A), Th1/Th17 (IL-22), and Th2/Th17 cytokines (IL-21) after immunization. The concentration of cytokines in mice sera was higher in response to the adjuvanted conjugate, with the highest level of IL-17A production after the prime and boost immunizations. In contrast, the non-adjuvanted conjugate elicited only weak production of IL-17A, which gradually decreased after the second immunization. After boost immunization of mice with the adjuvanted di-BSA conjugate, there was a significant increase in the number of CD45+/CD19+ B cells, TCR+ γδ T cell, CD5+ В1 cells, and activated cells with MHC II+ expression in the spleens of the mice. IL-17A, TCR+ γδ T cells, and CD5+ В1 cells play a crucial role in preventing pneumococcal infection, but can also contribute to autoimmune diseases. Immunization with the adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted di-BSA conjugate did not elicit autoantibodies against double-stranded DNA targeting cell nuclei in mice. Thus, the molecular and cellular markers associated with antibody production and protective activity in response to immunization with the di-BSA conjugate adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide are IL-17A, TCR+ γδ T cells, and CD5+ В1 cells against the background of increasing MHC II+ expression.
Topics: Animals; Interleukin-17; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Mice; Serum Albumin, Bovine; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Pneumococcal Infections; Disaccharides; Bacterial Capsules; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Female; Antibodies, Bacterial; Intraepithelial Lymphocytes; Serogroup; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta
PubMed: 38840926
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1388721 -
ACS Synthetic Biology Jun 20243-Fucosyllactose (3-FL) is an important fucosylated human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) with biological functions such as promoting immunity and brain development....
3-Fucosyllactose (3-FL) is an important fucosylated human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) with biological functions such as promoting immunity and brain development. Therefore, the construction of microbial cell factories is a promising approach to synthesizing 3-FL from renewable feedstocks. In this study, a combinatorial engineering strategy was used to achieve efficient 3-FL production in . α-1,3-Fucosyltransferase () from was introduced into and optimized to create a 3-FL-producing chassis strain. Subsequently, the 3-FL titer increased to 5.2 g/L by improving the utilization of the precursor lactose and down-regulating the endogenous competitive pathways. Furthermore, a synthetic membraneless organelle system based on intrinsically disordered proteins was designed to spatially regulate the pathway enzymes, producing 7.3 g/L 3-FL. The supply of the cofactors NADPH and GTP was also enhanced, after which the 3-FL titer of engineered strain E26 was improved to 8.2 g/L in a shake flask and 10.8 g/L in a 3 L fermenter. In this study, we developed a valuable approach for constructing an efficient 3-FL-producing cell factory and provided a versatile workflow for other chassis cells and HMOs.
Topics: Escherichia coli; Trisaccharides; Metabolic Engineering; Fucosyltransferases; Lactose; Bacteroides; Fermentation; Oligosaccharides
PubMed: 38836566
DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00132 -
Glycobiology May 2024Heparan sulfate (HS), a sulfated polysaccharide abundant in the extracellular matrix, plays pivotal roles in various physiological and pathological processes by...
Heparan sulfate (HS), a sulfated polysaccharide abundant in the extracellular matrix, plays pivotal roles in various physiological and pathological processes by interacting with proteins. Investigating the binding selectivity of HS oligosaccharides to target proteins is essential, but the exhaustive inclusion of all possible oligosaccharides in microarray experiments is impractical. To address this challenge, we present a hybrid pipeline that integrates microarray and in silico techniques to design oligosaccharides with desired protein affinity. Using fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) as a model protein, we assembled an in-house dataset of HS oligosaccharides on microarrays and developed two structural representations: a standard representation with all atoms explicit and a simplified representation with disaccharide units as "quasi-atoms." Predictive Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) models for FGF2 affinity were developed using the Random Forest (RF) algorithm. The resulting models, considering the applicability domain, demonstrated high predictivity, with a correct classification rate of 0.81-0.80 and improved positive predictive values (PPV) up to 0.95. Virtual screening of 40 new oligosaccharides using the simplified model identified 15 computational hits, 11 of which were experimentally validated for high FGF2 affinity. This hybrid approach marks a significant step toward the targeted design of oligosaccharides with desired protein interactions, providing a foundation for broader applications in glycobiology.
Topics: Heparitin Sulfate; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship; Microarray Analysis; Oligosaccharides; Protein Binding; Humans; Models, Molecular
PubMed: 38836441
DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwae039 -
Pharmaceutical Research Jun 2024Some glucoside drugs can be transported via intestinal glucose transporters (IGTs), and the presence of carbohydrate excipients in pharmaceutical formulations may...
Effects of Three Kinds of Carbohydrate Pharmaceutical Excipients-Fructose, Lactose and Arabic Gum on Intestinal Absorption of Gastrodin through Glucose Transport Pathway in Rats.
BACKGROUND
Some glucoside drugs can be transported via intestinal glucose transporters (IGTs), and the presence of carbohydrate excipients in pharmaceutical formulations may influence the absorption of them. This study, using gastrodin as probe drug, aimed to explore the effects of fructose, lactose, and arabic gum on intestinal drug absorption mediated by the glucose transport pathway.
METHODS
The influence of fructose, lactose, and arabic gum on gastrodin absorption was assessed via pharmacokinetic experiments and single-pass intestinal perfusion. The expression of sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) and sodium-independent glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) was quantified via RT‒qPCR and western blotting. Alterations in rat intestinal permeability were evaluated through H&E staining, RT‒qPCR, and immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS
Fructose reduced the area under the curve (AUC) and peak concentration (C) of gastrodin by 42.7% and 63.71%, respectively (P < 0.05), and decreased the effective permeability coefficient (P) in the duodenum and jejunum by 58.1% and 49.2%, respectively (P < 0.05). SGLT1 and GLUT2 expression and intestinal permeability remained unchanged. Lactose enhanced the AUC and C of gastrodin by 31.5% and 65.8%, respectively (P < 0.05), and increased the P in the duodenum and jejunum by 33.7% and 26.1%, respectively (P < 0.05). SGLT1 and GLUT2 levels did not significantly differ, intestinal permeability increased. Arabic gum had no notable effect on pharmacokinetic parameters, SGLT1 or GLUT2 expression, or intestinal permeability.
CONCLUSION
Fructose, lactose, and arabic gum differentially affect intestinal drug absorption through the glucose transport pathway. Fructose competitively inhibited drug absorption, while lactose may enhance absorption by increasing intestinal permeability. Arabic gum had no significant influence.
Topics: Animals; Intestinal Absorption; Fructose; Glucosides; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1; Gum Arabic; Male; Glucose Transporter Type 2; Rats; Excipients; Glucose; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Lactose; Benzyl Alcohols; Intestinal Mucosa; Biological Transport; Permeability
PubMed: 38834905
DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03720-3 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2024Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit is a traditional Chinese medicine with important pharmacological effects. However, its cultivation is challenged by soil degradation...
Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit is a traditional Chinese medicine with important pharmacological effects. However, its cultivation is challenged by soil degradation following excessive use of chemical fertilizer. We conducted an experiment exploring the effects of replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers (OF) on the growth and yield of P. ternata, as well as on the soil physicochemical properties and microbial community composition using containerized plants. Six fertilization treatments were evaluated, including control (CK), chemical fertilizer (CF), different proportions of replacing chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer (OM). Containerized P. ternata plants in each OF treatment had greater growth and yield than the CK and CF treatments while maintaining alkaloid content. The OM treatment had the greatest yield among all treatments, with an increase of 42.35% and 44.93% compared to the CK and CF treatments, respectively. OF treatments improved soil quality and fertility by enhancing the activities of soil urease (S-UE) and sucrase (S-SC) enzymes while increasing soil organic matter and trace mineral elements. OF treatments increased bacterial abundance and changed soil community structure. In comparison to the CK microbial groups enriched in OM were OLB13, Vicinamibacteraceae, and Blrii41. There were also changes in the abundance of gene transcripts among treatments. The abundance of genes involved in the nitrogen cycle in the OM has increased, specifically promoting the transformation of N-NO into N-NH, a type of nitrogen more easily absorbed by P. ternata. Also, genes involved in "starch and sucrose metabolism" and "plant hormone signal transduction" pathways were positively correlated to P. ternata yield and were upregulated in the OM treatment. Overall, OF in P. ternata cultivation is a feasible practice in advancing sustainable agriculture and is potentially profitable in commercial production.
Topics: Fertilizers; Soil; Pinellia; Sucrose; Starch; Nitrogen Cycle; Soil Microbiology; Nitrogen
PubMed: 38830940
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63564-0 -
PeerJ 2024Carbonic anhydrase VI (CA VI) is crucial in regulating oral pH and predicting susceptibility to dental caries. The hypothesis posits that caries activity may alter the...
BACKGROUND
Carbonic anhydrase VI (CA VI) is crucial in regulating oral pH and predicting susceptibility to dental caries. The hypothesis posits that caries activity may alter the CA VI function, diminishing its capacity to regulate pH effectively and potentially exacerbating cariogenic challenges. This 1-year cohort study sought to investigate the enzymatic activity of salivary CA VI and buffering capacity following a 20% sucrose rinse in 4 to 6.5-year-old children.
METHOD
This research involved 46 volunteers categorized into three groups based on their caries status after follow-up: caries-free (C), arrested caries (C), and caries active (C). Children underwent visible biofilm examination and saliva collection for salivary flow rate, buffering capacity, and CA VI analyses before and after a 20% sucrose rinse.
RESULTS
A reduction in the buffering capacity was observed after sucrose rinse in all groups. The CA VI activity decreased significantly in C and C groups after sucrose rinse, although it did not change in the C group. An improvement in the buffering capacity and salivary flow rate was found at follow-up when compared with the baseline. After 1-year follow-up, buffering capacity and salivary flow rate increased in all groups, whilst the CA VI activity reduced only in C and C children.
CONCLUSION
Sucrose rinse universally reduces the salivary buffering capacity, while caries activity may disrupt CA VI activity response during a cariogenic challenge. After a year, increased salivary flow enhances buffering capacity but not CA VI activity in caries-active children.
Topics: Humans; Saliva; Sucrose; Child; Carbonic Anhydrases; Dental Caries; Male; Female; Longitudinal Studies; Child, Preschool; Buffers; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Mouthwashes
PubMed: 38827285
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17429 -
BioRxiv : the Preprint Server For... May 2024Solid tumors harbor immunosuppressive microenvironments that inhibit tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) through the voracious consumption of glucose. We sought to...
Solid tumors harbor immunosuppressive microenvironments that inhibit tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) through the voracious consumption of glucose. We sought to restore TIL function by providing them with an exclusive fuel source. The glucose disaccharide cellobiose, which is a building block of cellulose, contains a β-1,4-glycosidic bond that cannot be hydrolyzed by animals (or their tumors), but fungal and bacterial organisms have evolved enzymes to catabolize cellobiose and use the resulting glucose. By equipping T cells with two proteins that enable import and hydrolysis of cellobiose, we demonstrate that supplementation of cellobiose during glucose withdrawal restores T cell cytokine production and cellular proliferation. Murine tumor growth is suppressed and survival is prolonged. Offering exclusive access to a natural disaccharide is a new tool that augments cancer immunotherapies. Beyond cancer, this approach could be used to answer questions about the regulation of glucose metabolism across many cell types, biological processes, and diseases.
PubMed: 38826342
DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.20.595053 -
BMC Plant Biology Jun 2024Vegetable soybean is an important vegetable crop in world. Seed size and soluble sugar content are considered crucial indicators of quality in vegetable soybean, and... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Vegetable soybean is an important vegetable crop in world. Seed size and soluble sugar content are considered crucial indicators of quality in vegetable soybean, and there is a lack of clarity on the molecular basis of grain quality in vegetable soybean.
RESULTS
In this context, we performed a comprehensive comparative transcriptome analysis of seeds between a high-sucrose content and large-grain variety (Zhenong 6, ZN6) and a low-sucrose content and small-grain variety (Williams 82, W82) at three developmental stages, i.e. stage R5 (Beginning Seed), stage R6 (Full Seed), and stage R7 (Beginning Maturity). The transcriptome analysis showed that 17,107 and 13,571 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in ZN6 at R6 (vs. R5) and R7 (vs. R6), respectively, whereas 16,203 and 16,032 were detected in W82. Gene expression pattern and DEGs functional enrichment proposed genotype-specific biological processes during seed development. The genes participating in soluble sugar biosynthesis such as FKGP were overexpressed in ZN6, whereas those responsible for lipid and protein metabolism such as ALDH3 were more enhanced in W82, exhibiting different dry material accumulation between two genotypes. Furthermore, hormone-associated transcriptional factors involved in seed size regulation such as BEH4 were overrepresented in ZN6, exhibiting different seed size regulation processes between two genotypes.
CONCLUSIONS
Herein, we not only discovered the differential expression of genes encoding metabolic enzymes involved in seed composition, but also identified a type of hormone-associated transcriptional factors overexpressed in ZN6, which may regulate seed size and soluble content. This study provides new insights into the underlying causes of differences in the soybean metabolites and appearance, and suggests that genetic data can be used to improve its appearance and textural quality.
Topics: Glycine max; Seeds; Gene Expression Profiling; Edible Grain; Transcriptome; Genes, Plant; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Genotype; Sucrose
PubMed: 38825702
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05214-1