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Communications Biology Jul 2024Efficiency of evidence accumulation (EEA), an individual's ability to selectively gather goal-relevant information to make adaptive choices, is thought to be a key...
Efficiency of evidence accumulation (EEA), an individual's ability to selectively gather goal-relevant information to make adaptive choices, is thought to be a key neurocomputational mechanism associated with cognitive functioning and transdiagnostic risk for psychopathology. However, the neural basis of individual differences in EEA is poorly understood, especially regarding the role of largescale brain network dynamics. We leverage data from 5198 participants from the Human Connectome Project and Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study to demonstrate a strong association between EEA and flexible adaptation to cognitive demand in the "task-positive" frontoparietal and dorsal attention networks. Notably, individuals with higher EEA displayed divergent task-positive network activation across n-back task conditions: higher activation under high cognitive demand (2-back) and lower activation under low demand (0-back). These findings suggest that brain networks' flexible adaptation to cognitive demands is a key neural underpinning of EEA.
Topics: Humans; Brain; Male; Female; Cognition; Adolescent; Connectome; Nerve Net; Young Adult; Adult; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Adaptation, Physiological
PubMed: 38956310
DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06506-w -
Scientific Reports Jul 2024The 2,4-toluenediamine (TDA) is one of the most important chemicals in the polyurethane industry, produced by the catalytic hydrogenation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT)....
The 2,4-toluenediamine (TDA) is one of the most important chemicals in the polyurethane industry, produced by the catalytic hydrogenation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT). The development of novel catalysts that can be easily recovered from the reaction mixture is of paramount importance. In our work, a NiFeO/N-BCNT supported magnetic catalyst was prepared by a modified coprecipitation method. The catalyst support alone also showed activity in the synthesis of TDA. Platinum nanoparticles were deposited on the catalyst support surface by a fast, relatively simple, and efficient sonochemical method, resulting in a readily applicable catalytically active system. The prepared catalyst exhibited high activity in hydrogenation tests, which was proved by the exceptionally high DNT conversion (100% for 120 min at 333 K) and TDA yield (99%). Furthermore, the magnetic catalyst can be easily recovered from the reaction medium by the action of an external magnetic field, which can greatly reduce catalyst loss during separation.
PubMed: 38956292
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66066-1 -
Scientific Reports Jul 2024Image segmentation is a critical and challenging endeavor in the field of medicine. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is a helpful method for locating any abnormal...
Image segmentation is a critical and challenging endeavor in the field of medicine. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is a helpful method for locating any abnormal brain tissue these days. It is a difficult undertaking for radiologists to diagnose and classify the tumor from several pictures. This work develops an intelligent method for accurately identifying brain tumors. This research investigates the identification of brain tumor types from MRI data using convolutional neural networks and optimization strategies. Two novel approaches are presented: the first is a novel segmentation technique based on firefly optimization (FFO) that assesses segmentation quality based on many parameters, and the other is a combination of two types of convolutional neural networks to categorize tumor traits and identify the kind of tumor. These upgrades are intended to raise the general efficacy of the MRI scan technique and increase identification accuracy. Using MRI scans from BBRATS2018, the testing is carried out, and the suggested approach has shown improved performance with an average accuracy of 98.6%.
Topics: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Brain Neoplasms; Humans; Neural Networks, Computer; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Algorithms; Brain
PubMed: 38956224
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65714-w -
Scientific Reports Jul 2024Occipital nerve decompression is effective in reducing headache symptoms in select patients with migraine and occipital neuralgia. Eligibility for surgery relies on...
Occipital nerve decompression is effective in reducing headache symptoms in select patients with migraine and occipital neuralgia. Eligibility for surgery relies on subjective symptoms and responses to nerve blocks and Onabotulinum toxin A (Botox) injections. No validated objective method exists for detecting occipital headache pathologies. The purpose of the study is to explore the potential of high-resolution Magnetic Resolution Imaging (MRI) in identifying greater occipital nerve (GON) pathologies in chronic headache patients. The MRI protocol included three sequences targeting fat-suppressed fluid-sensitive T2-weighted signals. Visualization of the GON involved generating 2-D image slices with sequential rotation to track the nerve course. Twelve patients underwent pre-surgical MRI assessment. MRI identified four main pathologies that were validated against intra-operative examination: GON entanglement by the occipital artery, increased nerve thickness and hyperintensity suggesting inflammation compared to the non-symptomatic contralateral side, early GON branching with rejoining at a distal point, and a connection between the GON and the lesser occipital nerve. MRI possesses the ability to visualize the GON and identify suspected trigger points associated with headache symptoms. This case series highlights MRI's potential to provide objective evidence of nerve pathology. Further research is warranted to establish MRI as a gold standard for diagnosing extracranial contributors in headaches.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Female; Male; Middle Aged; Adult; Headache; Decompression, Surgical; Spinal Nerves; Aged; Preoperative Care
PubMed: 38956162
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65334-4 -
Scientific Reports Jul 2024This study aimed to develop a highly efficient nanocomposite composed of magnetic chitosan/molybdenum disulfide (CS/MoS/FeO) for the removal of three polycyclic aromatic...
This study aimed to develop a highly efficient nanocomposite composed of magnetic chitosan/molybdenum disulfide (CS/MoS/FeO) for the removal of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-pyrene, anthracene, and phenanthrene. Novelty was introduced through the innovative synthesis procedure and the utilization of magnetic properties for enhanced adsorption capabilities. Additionally, the greenness of chitosan as a sorbent component was emphasized, highlighting its biodegradability and low environmental impact compared to traditional sorbents. Factors influencing PAH adsorption, such as nanocomposite dosage, initial PAH concentration, pH, and contact time, were systematically investigated and optimized. The results revealed that optimal removal efficiencies were attained at an initial PAH concentration of 150 mg/L, a sorbent dose of 0.045 g, pH 6.0, and a contact time of 150 min. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model exhibited superior fitting to the experimental data, indicating an equilibrium time of approximately 150 min. Moreover, the equilibrium adsorption process followed the Freundlich isotherm model, with k and n values exceeding 7.91 mg/g and 1.20, respectively. Remarkably, the maximum absorption capacities for phenanthrene, anthracene, and pyrene on the sorbent were determined as 217 mg/g, 204 mg/g, and 222 mg/g, respectively. These findings underscore the significant potential of the CS/MoS/FeO nanocomposite for efficiently removing PAHs from milk and other dairy products, thereby contributing to improved food safety and public health.
Topics: Disulfides; Nanocomposites; Chitosan; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; Molybdenum; Milk; Animals; Adsorption; Kinetics; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
PubMed: 38956159
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66087-w -
Scientific Reports Jul 2024The effect of the menstrual cycle on fine motor skills is unclear. This study determined whether the menstrual cycle affected fine motor skills and related neural...
The effect of the menstrual cycle on fine motor skills is unclear. This study determined whether the menstrual cycle affected fine motor skills and related neural activities. Nineteen women with regular menstrual cycles were tested for fine motor skills using two types of tasks: grooved pegboard task (GPT), which evaluates motor control with high freedom of movements, and force modulation task (FMT), which evaluates more complex and fine motor control with low freedom of movements. We also assessed primary motor cortex intracortical circuits and sensorimotor integration using paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation to reveal why the menstrual cycle affects fine motor skills. The present study indicated that fine motor skills assessed by FMT varied throughout the menstrual cycle while those measured by GPT did not. These results suggest that fine motor skills requiring more complex and fine control may be affected by the menstrual cycle. Additionally, changes in fine motor skills throughout the menstrual cycle may be associated with the severity of menstruation-related symptoms.
Topics: Humans; Female; Menstrual Cycle; Motor Skills; Adult; Motor Cortex; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; Young Adult; Evoked Potentials, Motor
PubMed: 38956128
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65823-6 -
Scientific Reports Jul 2024NdZnFeO was prepared in a single-phase with an average crystallite size of 25.82 nm using a citrate combustion technique. The energy dispersive X-ray assures the...
NdZnFeO was prepared in a single-phase with an average crystallite size of 25.82 nm using a citrate combustion technique. The energy dispersive X-ray assures the chemical formula of the sample. The elemental mapping of Zn-doped NdFeO illustrates the good homogeneous distribution of the elements in the sample. NdZnFeO has antiferromagnetic properties with weak ferromagnetic components and has good UV absorbance. The values of the band gap for the direct and indirect transitions are 1.473 eV and 1.250 eV, respectively. The adsorption of nickel(II), cobalt(II), chrome(VI), cadmium(II), and lead(II) ions has been studied at pH 7. The highest removal efficiency (η = 73.72%) was observed for the lead ions from water. The current study has examined the kinetics, recoveries, and mechanisms of utilizing NdZnFeO to remove Pb ions from water. The optimum conditions for the absorbing Pb are pH 7 and a contact time of 60 min. The Freundlich isotherm model is the best model for the absorption of Pb ions. While, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model describes the kinetic adsorption data. The sample has a good efficiency for removing Pb ions from water several times.
PubMed: 38956108
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64936-2 -
Nature Communications Jul 2024Strongly correlated materials respond sensitively to external perturbations such as strain, pressure, and doping. In the recently discovered superconducting...
Strongly correlated materials respond sensitively to external perturbations such as strain, pressure, and doping. In the recently discovered superconducting infinite-layer nickelates, the superconducting transition temperature can be enhanced via only ~ 1% compressive strain-tuning with the root of such enhancement still being elusive. Using resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS), we investigate the magnetic excitations in infinite-layer PrNiO thin films grown on two different substrates, namely SrTiO (STO) and (LaAlO)(SrTaAlO) (LSAT) enforcing different strain on the nickelates films. The magnon bandwidth of PrNiO shows only marginal response to strain-tuning, in sharp contrast to the enhancement of the superconducting transition temperature T in the doped superconducting samples. These results suggest the bandwidth of spin excitations of the parent compounds is similar under strain while T in the doped ones is not, and thus provide important empirics for the understanding of superconductivity in infinite-layer nickelates.
PubMed: 38956078
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49940-4 -
Scientific Data Jul 2024
Topics: Humans; Brain; Neuroimaging; Motion; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 38956071
DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03559-8 -
Scientific Data Jul 2024Patients with congenital heart disease often have cardiac anatomy that deviates significantly from normal, frequently requiring multiple heart surgeries. Image...
Patients with congenital heart disease often have cardiac anatomy that deviates significantly from normal, frequently requiring multiple heart surgeries. Image segmentation from a preoperative cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) scan would enable creation of patient-specific 3D surface models of the heart, which have potential to improve surgical planning, enable surgical simulation, and allow automatic computation of quantitative metrics of heart function. However, there is no publicly available CMR dataset for whole-heart segmentation in patients with congenital heart disease. Here, we release the HVSMR-2.0 dataset, comprising 60 CMR scans alongside manual segmentation masks of the 4 cardiac chambers and 4 great vessels. The images showcase a wide range of heart defects and prior surgical interventions. The dataset also includes masks of required and optional extents of the great vessels, enabling fairer comparisons across algorithms. Detailed diagnoses for each subject are also provided. By releasing HVSMR-2.0, we aim to encourage development of robust segmentation algorithms and clinically relevant tools for congenital heart disease.
Topics: Humans; Heart Defects, Congenital; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Heart; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Algorithms
PubMed: 38956063
DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03469-9