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Critical Reviews in Microbiology Jun 2024Bovine mastitis is a mammary gland inflammation that can occur due to infectious pathogens, and , which are, respectively, the most prevalent Gram-positive and... (Review)
Review
Bovine mastitis is a mammary gland inflammation that can occur due to infectious pathogens, and , which are, respectively, the most prevalent Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria associated with this disease. Currently, antibiotic treatment has become more complicated due to the presence of resistant pathogens. This review, therefore, aims to identify the most common resistance genes reported for these strains in the last four years. During the review, it was noted that , , and are the most reported genes for and associated with drug inactivation, mainly β-lactamases. They are characterized by generating bacterial resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, the most common treatment in animal and human bacterial treatments (penicillins and cephalosporins, among others). Genes associated with efflux systems were also present in the two strains and included , and , which generate resistance to macrolide and tetracycline antibiotics. Additionally, the effects of spreading resistance between animals and humans through direct contact (such as consumption of contaminated milk) or indirect contact (through environmental contamination) has been deeply discussed, emphasizing the importance of having adequate sanitation and antibiotic control and administration protocols.
PubMed: 38916977
DOI: 10.1080/1040841X.2024.2369140 -
Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and... Jun 2024Conflicting data exist as to how mammary epithelial cell proliferation changes during the reproductive cycle. To study the effect of endogenous hormone fluctuations on...
Conflicting data exist as to how mammary epithelial cell proliferation changes during the reproductive cycle. To study the effect of endogenous hormone fluctuations on gene expression in the mouse mammary gland, we performed bulk RNAseq analyses of epithelial and stromal cell populations that were isolated either during puberty or at different stages of the adult virgin estrous cycle. Our data confirm prior findings that proliferative changes do not occur in every mouse in every cycle. We also show that during the estrous cycle the main gene expression changes occur in adipocytes and fibroblasts. Finally, we present a comprehensive overview of the Wnt gene expression landscape in different mammary gland cell types in pubertal and adult mice. This work contributes to understanding the effects of physiological hormone fluctuations and locally produced signaling molecules on gene expression changes in the mammary gland during the reproductive cycle and should be a useful resource for future studies investigating gene expression patterns in different cell types across different developmental timepoints.
Topics: Animals; Female; Mice; Mammary Glands, Animal; Stromal Cells; Epithelial Cells; Transcriptome; Gene Expression Profiling; Sexual Maturation; Cell Proliferation; Estrous Cycle
PubMed: 38916673
DOI: 10.1007/s10911-024-09565-1 -
Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and... Jun 2024Hormone receptor-positive (HR) breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of breast cancer among women worldwide, accounting for 70-80% of all invasive cases. Patients... (Review)
Review
Hormone receptor-positive (HR) breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of breast cancer among women worldwide, accounting for 70-80% of all invasive cases. Patients with HR BC are commonly treated with endocrine therapy, but intrinsic or acquired resistance is a frequent problem, making HR BC a focal point of intense research. Despite this, the malignancy still lacks adequate in vitro and in vivo models for the study of its initiation and progression as well as response and resistance to endocrine therapy. No mouse models that fully mimic the human disease are available, however rat mammary tumor models pose a promising alternative to overcome this limitation. Compared to mice, rats are more similar to humans in terms of mammary gland architecture, ductal origin of neoplastic lesions and hormone dependency status. Moreover, rats can develop spontaneous or induced mammary tumors that resemble human HR BC. To date, six different types of rat models of HR BC have been established. These include the spontaneous, carcinogen-induced, transplantation, hormone-induced, radiation-induced and genetically engineered rat mammary tumor models. Each model has distinct advantages, disadvantages and utility for studying HR BC. This review provides a comprehensive overview of all published models to date.
Topics: Animals; Female; Rats; Humans; Breast Neoplasms; Disease Models, Animal; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Receptors, Estrogen
PubMed: 38913216
DOI: 10.1007/s10911-024-09566-0 -
Archivum Immunologiae Et Therapiae... Jan 2024Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious and economically devastating pathogen that affects cloven-hoofed animals worldwide. FMDV infection causes... (Review)
Review
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious and economically devastating pathogen that affects cloven-hoofed animals worldwide. FMDV infection causes vesicular lesions in the mouth, feet, and mammary glands, as well as severe systemic symptoms such as fever, salivation, and lameness. The pathogenesis of FMDV infection involves complex interactions between the virus and the host immune system, which determine the outcome of the disease. FMDV has evolved several strategies to evade immune recognition and elimination, such as antigenic variation, receptor switching, immune suppression, and subversion of innate and adaptive responses. This review paper summarizes the current knowledge on the pathogenesis of FMDV infection and the mechanisms of immune evasion employed by the virus. It also discusses the challenges and opportunities for developing effective vaccines and therapeutics against this important animal disease.
Topics: Animals; Foot-and-Mouth Disease; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus; Immune Evasion; Immunity, Innate; Viral Vaccines; Adaptive Immunity; Humans; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Antigenic Variation
PubMed: 38910298
DOI: 10.2478/aite-2024-0013 -
Chemico-biological Interactions Jun 2024Breast cancer resistance protein/ATP-binding cassette subfamily G2 (BCRP/ABCG2) is an ATP-binding cassette efflux (ABC) transporter expressed in the apical membrane of...
Breast cancer resistance protein/ATP-binding cassette subfamily G2 (BCRP/ABCG2) is an ATP-binding cassette efflux (ABC) transporter expressed in the apical membrane of cells in tissues, such as the liver, intestine, kidney, testis, brain, and mammary gland. It is involved in xenobiotic pharmacokinetics, potentially affecting the efficacy and toxicity of many drugs. In this study, the role of ABCG2 in parasiticide monepantel (MNP) and its primary metabolite, monepantel sulfone (MNPSO)'s systemic distribution and excretion in milk, was tested using female and male wild-type and Abcg2 mice. Liquid chromatography coupled with a tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) was used for the analysis in a 10-min run time using positive-mode atmospheric pressure electrospray ionization (ESI+) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scanning. For the primary metabolite tested, milk concentrations were 1.8-fold higher in wild-type mice than Abcg2 female lactating mice (P = 0.042) after intravenous administration of MNP. Finally, despite the lack of a difference between groups, we investigated potential differences in MNP and MNPSO's plasma and tissue accumulation levels between wild-type and Abcg2 male mice. In this study, we demonstrated that MNPSO milk levels were affected by Abcg2, with potential pharmacological and toxicological consequences, contributing to the undesirable xenobiotic residues in milk.
PubMed: 38906501
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111117 -
BioRxiv : the Preprint Server For... May 2024During pregnancy, mammary tissue undergoes expansion and differentiation, leading to lactation, a process regulated by the hormone prolactin through the JAK2-STAT5...
During pregnancy, mammary tissue undergoes expansion and differentiation, leading to lactation, a process regulated by the hormone prolactin through the JAK2-STAT5 pathway. STAT5 activation is key to successful lactation making the mammary gland an ideal experimental system to investigate the impact of human missense mutations on mammary tissue homeostasis. Here, we investigated the effects of two human variants in the STAT5B SH2 domain, which convert tyrosine 665 to either phenylalanine (Y665F) or histidine (Y665H), both shown to activate STAT5B in cell culture. We ported these mutations into the mouse genome and found distinct and divergent functions. Homozygous mice failed to form functional mammary tissue, leading to lactation failure, with impaired alveolar development and greatly reduced expression of key differentiation genes. STAT5B failed to recognize mammary enhancers and impeded STAT5A binding. In contrast, mice carrying the mutation exhibited abnormal precocious development, accompanied by an early activation of the mammary transcription program and the induction of otherwise silent genetic programs. Physiological adaptation was observed in mice as continued exposure to pregnancy hormones led to lactation. In summary, our findings highlight that human STAT5B variants can modulate their response to cytokines and thereby impact mammary homeostasis and lactation.
PubMed: 38903072
DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.06.592736 -
Animal : An International Journal of... May 2024We now live in an era where metabolic data are increasingly accessible and available. Analysis of this data can be done using novel techniques (e.g., machine learning...
We now live in an era where metabolic data are increasingly accessible and available. Analysis of this data can be done using novel techniques (e.g., machine learning and artificial intelligence) but this does not alleviate scientists to use "human intelligence". The objective of this paper is to combine the information of a large database of biochemical reactions with a method and tool to make nutritional biochemistry more accessible to nutritionists. A script was developed to extract information from a database with more than 16 000 biochemical reactions so that it can be used for "biochemical bookkeeping". A system of more than 300 meta-reactions (i.e., the outcome reaction of a series of connected individual reactions) was constructed covering a wide range of metabolic pathways for macro- and micronutrients. Meta-reactions were constructed by identifying metabolic nodes, which are inputs or outputs of a metabolic system or that serve as connection points between meta-reactions. Complete metabolic pathways can be constructed by combining and balancing the meta-reactions using a simple Excel tool. To illustrate the use of meta-reactions and the tool in the teaching of nutritional biochemistry, examples are given to illustrate how much ATP can be synthesized from glucose, either directly or indirectly (i.e., via storage and mobilization or via transfer of intermediate metabolites between tissues and generations). To illustrate how meta-reactions and the tool can be used in research, nutrient balance data of the mammary gland of a dairy cow were used to construct a plausible pathway of nutrient metabolism of the whole mammary gland. The balance data included 34 metabolites taken up or exported by the mammary gland and 39 meta-reactions were used to construct a metabolic pathway that accounted for the uptake and output of metabolites. The results highlighted the importance of the synthesis of proline from arginine and the concomitant synthesis of urea by the mammary gland. It also raised the question of whether the availability of metabolic pathways or glucose uptake would be the more limiting factor for the synthesis of NADPH required for fatty acid synthesis. The availability of an open database with biochemical reactions, the concept of meta-reactions, and the provision of a tool allow users to construct metabolic pathways, which helps acquiring a more comprehensive and integrated view of metabolism and may raise issues that may be difficult to identify otherwise.
PubMed: 38897106
DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101204 -
Talanta Jun 2024Bovine mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland, and it is the most common infectious disease in dairy cattle. Mastitis reduces milk yield and quality, costing...
Bovine mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland, and it is the most common infectious disease in dairy cattle. Mastitis reduces milk yield and quality, costing dairy farmers millions of dollars each year. The aim of this study was to develop a point-of-need test for identifying mastitis pathogens that is field portable, cost-effective and can be used with minimal training. Using a proprietary polymer-based milk sample preparation method to rapidly extract pathogen DNA in milk samples, we demonstrated quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) assays for six common bovine bacterial mastitis pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Mycoplasma bovis and Escherichia coli. We also implemented this sample preparation method on a prototype point-of-need system in a proof-of-concept field trial to evaluate user experience. Importantly, the protype system enabled a sample-to-result turnaround time of within 70 min to quantitatively detect all six target pathogens. The key advantage of our point-of-need prototype system is being culture-independent yet providing automated milk sample preparation for molecular identification of key mastitis pathogens by non-expert users. Our point-of-need prototype system showed a good correlation to laboratory-based qPCR for target pathogen detection outcomes, thus potentially removing the need for milk samples to be transported off-site for laboratory testing. Above all, we successfully achieved our objective of developing a point-of-need biosensor technology for mastitis and increased its readiness level with industry partners towards technology commercialization.
PubMed: 38897015
DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126424 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Jul 2024Mammary adenocarcinomas are one of the most common tumour diseases in bitches. The relationship between oxidative stress and the degree of malignancy of the tumour has...
BACKGROUND
Mammary adenocarcinomas are one of the most common tumour diseases in bitches. The relationship between oxidative stress and the degree of malignancy of the tumour has not been sufficiently researched in veterinary medicine.
OBJECTIVES
The main objective was to investigate the potential role of MDA as a practice-relevant biomarker for the assessment of systemic oxidative stress and to determine whether this parameter can indicate the malignancy grade of a mammary adenocarcinoma.
METHODS
In the present pilot study, MDA plasma concentrations were analysed in 55 bitches with (n = 28) and without (n027) malignant adenocarcinomas of the mammary gland using two different measurement methods and the relationship to tumour size was investigated.
RESULTS
The mean MDA concentration measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was 289 ng/mL (range 365-634 ng/mL) in dogs with grade 1 adenocarcinoma (n = 13), 288.5 ng/mL (range 85-752 ng/mL) in dogs with grade 2 adenocarcinoma (n = 10), 332 ng/mL (range 239-947 ng/mL) in dogs with grade 3 (n = 5) adenocarcinoma and 293 ng/mL (range 175-549 ng/mL) in dogs without a mammary tumour (n = 27). When MDA was measured by HPLC, the average MDA concentration in the study group (n = 11) was 0.24 µmol/L (range 0.16-0.37) and that of the control group (n = 15) was 0.27 µmol/L (range 0.16-1.62). Thus, there were no significant differences between the study group with malignant adenocarcinomas and the control group in both examination methods (p > 0.05). Furthermore, there was no correlation between the MDA concentrations and the approximate volume of the mammary tumour.
CONCLUSION
The results highlight the challenges of providing a prognosis for the malignancy of a mammary adenocarcinoma based on MDA concentrations in plasma using ELISA or HPLC. As a result, histopathological examination remains the gold standard for diagnosing and differentiating adenocarcinomas of the mammary gland.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal; Adenocarcinoma; Female; Oxidative Stress; Dog Diseases; Pilot Projects; Malondialdehyde; Biomarkers, Tumor; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
PubMed: 38895908
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1496 -
Nutrients Jun 2024Maternal breast milk plays a key role in providing newborns with passive immunity and stimulating the maturation of an infant's immune system, protecting them from many...
Maternal breast milk plays a key role in providing newborns with passive immunity and stimulating the maturation of an infant's immune system, protecting them from many diseases. It is known that diet can influence the immune system of lactating mothers and the composition of their breast milk. The aim of this study was to establish if a supplementation during the gestation and lactation of Lewis rats with extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), due to the high proportion of antioxidant components in its composition, has an impact on the mother's immune system and on the breast milk's immune composition. For this, 10 mL/kg of either EVOO, refined oil (control oil) or water (REF group) were orally administered once a day to rats during gestation and lactation periods. Immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations and gene expressions of immune molecules were quantified in several compartments of the mothers. The EVOO group showed higher IgA levels in both the breast milk and the mammary glands than the REF group. In addition, the gene expression of IgA in mammary glands was also boosted by EVOO consumption. Overall, EVOO supplementation during gestation and lactation is safe and does not negatively affect the mother's immune system while improving breast milk immune composition by increasing the presence of IgA, which could be critical for an offspring's immune health.
Topics: Animals; Olive Oil; Female; Pregnancy; Lactation; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Immunoglobulin A; Immune System; Dietary Supplements; Mammary Glands, Animal; Milk; Milk, Human
PubMed: 38892716
DOI: 10.3390/nu16111785