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BMC Veterinary Research Jun 2024Staphylococcus aureus can colonize and infect a variety of animal species. In dairy herds, it is one of the leading causes of mastitis cases. The objective of this study...
BACKGROUND
Staphylococcus aureus can colonize and infect a variety of animal species. In dairy herds, it is one of the leading causes of mastitis cases. The objective of this study was to characterize the S. aureus isolates recovered from nasal swabs of 249 healthy cows and 21 breeders of 21 dairy farms located in two provinces of Algeria (Tizi Ouzou and Bouira).
METHODS
The detection of enterotoxin genes was investigated by multiplex PCRs. Resistance of recovered isolates to 8 antimicrobial agents was determined by disc-diffusion method. The slime production and biofilm formation of S. aureus isolates were assessed using congo-red agar (CRA) and microtiter-plate assay. Molecular characterization of selected isolates was carried out by spa-typing and Multi-Locus-Sequence-Typing (MLST).
RESULTS
S. aureus was detected in 30/249 (12%) and 6/13 (28.6%) of nasal swabs in cows and breeders, respectively, and a total of 72 isolates were recovered from positive samples (59 isolates from cows and 13 from breeders). Twenty-six of these isolates (36.1%) harbored genes encoding for staphylococcal enterotoxins, including 17/59 (28.8%) isolates from cows and 9/13 (69.2%) from breeders. Moreover, 49.1% and 92.3% of isolates from cows and breeders, respectively, showed penicillin resistance. All isolates were considered as methicillin-susceptible (MSSA). Forty-five (76.3%) of the isolates from cows were slime producers and 52 (88.1%) of them had the ability to form biofilm in microtiter plates. Evidence of a possible zoonotic transmission was observed in two farms, since S. aureus isolates recovered in these farms from cows and breeders belonged to the same clonal lineage (CC15-ST15-t084 or CC30-ST34-t2228).
CONCLUSIONS
Although healthy cows in this study did not harbor methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates, the nares of healthy cows could be a reservoir of enterotoxigenic and biofilm producing isolates which could have implications in human and animal health.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Staphylococcus aureus; Biofilms; Algeria; Enterotoxins; Female; Staphylococcal Infections; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Dairying; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 38849892
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04103-x -
BMC Veterinary Research Jun 2024Intramammary infection is the result of invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in the mammary gland and commonly leads to mastitis in dairy animals. Although much...
BACKGROUND
Intramammary infection is the result of invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in the mammary gland and commonly leads to mastitis in dairy animals. Although much has been done to improve cows' udder health, mastitis remains a significant and costly health issue for dairy farmers, especially if subclinical. In this study, quarter milk samples from clinically healthy cows were harvested to detect pathogens via quantitative PCR (qPCR) and evaluate changes in individual milk traits according to the number of quarters infected and the type of microorganism(s). A commercial qPCR kit was used for detection of Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma spp., Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Prototheca spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterococcus spp. and Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis. Quarter and pooled milk information of 383 Holstein, 132 Simmental, 129 Rendena, and 112 Jersey cows in 9 Italian single-breed herds was available.
RESULTS
Among the cows with pathogen(s) present in at least 1 quarter, CNS was the most commonly detected DNA, followed by Streptococcus uberis, Mycoplasma bovis, and Streptococcus agalactiae. Cows negative to qPCR were 206 and had the lowest milk somatic cell count. Viceversa, cows with DNA isolated in ≥ 3 quarters were those with the highest somatic cell count. Moreover, when major pathogens were isolated in ≥ 3 quarters, milk had the lowest casein index and lactose content. In animals with pathogen(s) DNA isolated, the extent with whom milk yield and major solids were impaired did not significantly differ between major and minor pathogens.
CONCLUSIONS
The effect of the number of affected quarters on the pool milk quality traits was investigated in clinically healthy cows using a commercial kit. Results remark the important negative effect of subclinical udder inflammations on milk yield and quality, but more efforts should be made to investigate the presence of untargeted microorganisms, as they may be potentially dangerous for cows. For a smarter use of antimicrobials, analysis of milk via qPCR is advisable - especially in cows at dry off - to identify quarters at high risk of inflammation and thus apply a targeted/tailored treatment.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Milk; Female; Mastitis, Bovine; DNA, Bacterial; Streptococcus; Lactation; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 38849801
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04083-y -
Annals of Medicine and Surgery (2012) Jun 2024Breast tuberculosis (BTB) is a rare form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis with its primary form considered even rarer.
INTRODUCTION
Breast tuberculosis (BTB) is a rare form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis with its primary form considered even rarer.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 28-year-old female initially diagnosed with a breast abscess presented with chronic right breast pain and nipple discharge. Despite initial treatment, symptoms recurred, and further investigations revealed a space-occupying lesion. Fine needle aspiration confirmed recurrent breast abscess, but subsequent DNA detection of tubercular bacilli in the pus sample led to a diagnosis of primary BTB, necessitating antitubercular therapy.
CLINICAL DISCUSSION
BTB, being rare and often misdiagnosed as an abscess, poses diagnostic challenges. However, persistent symptoms despite treatment should prompt consideration of BTB in TB endemic regions.
CONCLUSION
Primary BTB might not have any systemic symptoms to drag the clinician towards a possible diagnosis so culturing the aspirate for acid-fast bacilli or looking for MTB DNA in the available clinical sample should always be kept in mind for better outcomes.
PubMed: 38846826
DOI: 10.1097/MS9.0000000000002118 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2024Subclinical mastitis in camels, an inflammation of the udder without visible signs, can reduce milk quality and raise bacteria levels. Regular monitoring of camel milk...
Determination of prevalence of subclinical mastitis, characterization of intra-mammary infection-causing bacteria, and antibiotic susceptibility in dairy camels in Jigjiga City, Somali region, Ethiopia.
BACKGROUND
Subclinical mastitis in camels, an inflammation of the udder without visible signs, can reduce milk quality and raise bacteria levels. Regular monitoring of camel milk is crucial for consumer safety.
METHODS
A cross sectional study was conducted in Jigjiga city, Ethiopia to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of subclinical mastitis in she-camels. The study included 244 lactating she-camels from three privately-owned camel dairy farms, and a questionnaire survey was conducted with 60 camel owners.
RESULTS
The overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis in she-camels was 10.6% (26/244), with no significant difference among the studied dairy farms. Risk factors that influenced the result of California Mastitis Test (CMT) included age and udder and leg hygiene. The study revealed that was the most prevalent bacterium among the isolated bacteria, with a prevalence rate of 34.5%. This was followed by , , and , with prevalence rates of 29.8, 19.4, and 16.2%, respectively. Among the isolated bacteria, 84.5% were sensitive to Erythromycin, 60% to Streptomycin, 44.7% to Oxytetracycline, and 36.7% to Tetracycline. Interviews with camel owners revealed that 66.7% used mixed herd grazing methods and reported feed shortage. Treatment practices for sick camels included modern veterinary drugs, traditional medicines, or a combination of both. The owners of camel dairy farms did not maintain proper hygiene practices during milking, such as not using soap when washing hands.
CONCLUSION
Addressing camel mastitis necessitates access to alternative drugs, comprehensive herder training, and enhanced management practices.
PubMed: 38846785
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1398118 -
PloS One 2024Coxiella burnetii is the worldwide zoonotic infectious agent for Q fever in humans and animals. Farm animals are the main reservoirs of C. burnetii infection, which is...
Coxiella burnetii is the worldwide zoonotic infectious agent for Q fever in humans and animals. Farm animals are the main reservoirs of C. burnetii infection, which is mainly transmitted via tick bites. In humans, oral, percutaneous, and respiratory routes are the primary sources of infection transmission. The clinical signs vary from flu-like symptoms to endocarditis for humans' acute and chronic Q fever. While it is usually asymptomatic in livestock, abortion, stillbirth, infertility, mastitis, and endometritis are its clinical consequences. Infected farm animals shed C. burnetii in birth products, milk, feces, vaginal mucus, and urine. Milk is an important source of infection among foods of animal origin. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and molecular characterization of C. burnetii in milk samples of dairy animals from two districts in Punjab, Pakistan, as it has not been reported there so far. Using a convenience sampling approach, the current study included 304 individual milk samples from different herds of cattle, buffalo, goats, and sheep present on 39 farms in 11 villages in the districts of Kasur and Lahore. PCR targeting the IS1111 gene sequence was used for its detection. Coxiella burnetii DNA was present in 19 of the 304 (6.3%) samples. The distribution was 7.2% and 5.2% in districts Kasur and Lahore, respectively. The results showed the distribution in ruminants as 3.4% in buffalo, 5.6% in cattle, 6.7% in goats, and 10.6% in sheep. From the univariable analysis, the clinical signs of infection i.e. mastitis and abortion were analyzed for the prevalence of Coxiella burnetii. The obtained sequences were identical to the previously reported sequence of a local strain in district Lahore, Sahiwal and Attock. These findings demonstrated that the prevalence of C. burnetii in raw milk samples deserves more attention from the health care system and veterinary organizations in Kasur and Lahore of Punjab, Pakistan. Future studies should include different districts and human populations, especially professionals working with animals, to estimate the prevalence of C. burnetii.
Topics: Coxiella burnetii; Animals; Pakistan; Milk; Q Fever; Cattle; Buffaloes; Goats; Sheep; Animals, Domestic; Female; DNA, Bacterial; Prevalence; Farms; Humans
PubMed: 38843180
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301611 -
Journal of Wound Care Jun 2024Non-lactational mastitis (NLM) is a benign inflammatory disease of the mammary gland, with pain, swelling and redness as the main clinical manifestations. There is no...
OBJECTIVE
Non-lactational mastitis (NLM) is a benign inflammatory disease of the mammary gland, with pain, swelling and redness as the main clinical manifestations. There is no unified and effective standard treatment plan for this disease at present. In addition to breast cancer, non-lactational mastitis is also becoming a presenting complaint in an increasing number of outpatients at the authors' clinic. This case report summarises the treatment and management of a 35-year-old female patient with NLM complicated with multiple sinus wounds after surgery.
METHOD
The patient was treated as follows, with: timely debridement according to the local condition of the wound, with manual compression to drain exudate from the sinus wound; selected wound dressings according to their performance and characteristics to fill the sinus tract for drainage and infection control; psychological care of the patient and their family to ensure that patients actively participate in the treatment; family support to the patient to deal with negative emotions; integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine to prevent/manage infection; dietary care and control; posture management and health education to facilitate the patient's wound healing process.
RESULTS
After local management with systemic treatment and management using integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine, the wound healed after 46 days, with no recurrence during a follow-up period of one year.
CONCLUSION
As shown in this case report, the wound should be cut and drained as soon as possible in order to prevent obstruction of the sinus drainage. Modern wound dressings are selected for the 'external' treatment of local wounds. Integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine may help in systemic therapy of the whole patient.
Topics: Humans; Female; Adult; Mastitis; Wound Healing; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Debridement; Drainage
PubMed: 38843046
DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2022.0050 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2024subsp. (SEZ) is a significant zoonotic pathogen that causes septicemia, meningitis, and mastitis in domestic animals. Recent reports have highlighted high-mortality...
subsp. (SEZ) is a significant zoonotic pathogen that causes septicemia, meningitis, and mastitis in domestic animals. Recent reports have highlighted high-mortality outbreaks among swine in the United States. Traditionally recognized for its adaptive immune functions, the CRISPR-Cas system has also been implicated in gene regulation, bacterial pathophysiology, virulence, and evolution. The Type I-C CRISPR-Cas system, which is prevalent in SEZ isolates, appears to play a pivotal role in regulating the pathogenicity of SEZ. By constructing a Cas3 mutant strain (ΔCas3) and a CRISPR-deficient strain (ΔCRISPR), we demonstrated that this system significantly promotes biofilm formation and cell adhesion. However, the deficiency in the CRISPR-Cas system did not affect bacterial morphology or capsule production. studies showed that the CRISPR-Cas system enhances pro-inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 cells. The ΔCas3 and ΔCRISPR mutant strains exhibited reduced mortality rates in mice, accompanied by a decreased bacterial load in specific organs. RNA-seq analysis revealed distinct expression patterns in both mutant strains, with ΔCas3 displaying a broader range of differentially expressed genes, which accounted for over 70% of the differential genes observed in ΔCRISPR. These genes were predominantly linked to lipid metabolism, the ABC transport system, signal transduction, and quorum sensing. These findings enhance our understanding of the complex role of the CRISPR-Cas system in SEZ pathogenesis and provide valuable insights for developing innovative therapeutic strategies to combat infections.
PubMed: 38841053
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1417993 -
Microbial Pathogenesis Jul 2024Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a cause of bovine mastitis, leading to inflammation in the mammary gland. This bacterial infection adversely affects animal health,...
Antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of Solanum lasiocarpum root extract synthesized silver/silver chloride nanoparticles against Staphylococcus haemolyticus associated with bovine mastitis.
Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a cause of bovine mastitis, leading to inflammation in the mammary gland. This bacterial infection adversely affects animal health, reducing milk quality and yield. Its emergence has been widely reported, representing a significant economic loss for dairy farms. Interestingly, S. haemolyticus exhibits higher levels of antimicrobial resistance than other coagulase-negative Staphylococci. In this study, we synthesized silver/silver chloride nanoparticles (Ag/AgCl-NPs) using Solanum lasiocarpum root extract and evaluated their antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against S. haemolyticus. The formation of the Ag/AgCl-NPs was confirmed using UV-visible spectroscopy, which revealed maximum absorption at 419 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated the crystalline nature of the Ag/AgCl-NPs, exhibiting a face-centered cubic lattice. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy elucidated the functional groups potentially involved in the Ag/AgCl-NPs synthesis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that the average particle size of the Ag/AgCl-NPs was 10 nm. Antimicrobial activity results indicated that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and maximum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the Ag/AgCl-NPs treatment were 7.82-15.63 μg/mL towards S. haemolyticus. Morphological changes in bacterial cells treated with the Ag/AgCl-NPs were observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Ag/AgCl-NPs reduced both the biomass of biofilm formation and preformed biofilm by approximately 20.24-94.66 % and 13.67-88.48 %. Bacterial viability within biofilm formation and preformed biofilm was reduced by approximately 21.56-77.54 % and 18.9-71.48 %, respectively. This study provides evidence of the potential of the synthesized Ag/AgCl-NPs as an antibacterial and antibiofilm agent against S. haemolyticus.
Topics: Animals; Plant Extracts; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Silver; Biofilms; Silver Compounds; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Cattle; Mastitis, Bovine; Plant Roots; Metal Nanoparticles; Staphylococcus haemolyticus; Female; Solanum; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; X-Ray Diffraction; Staphylococcal Infections; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
PubMed: 38834135
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106724 -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Jun 2024A young woman experienced pain and swelling in a non-lactating breast. The culture test result showed an unusual microbe, which is increasingly prevalent in Norway and...
A young woman experienced pain and swelling in a non-lactating breast. The culture test result showed an unusual microbe, which is increasingly prevalent in Norway and internationally.
Topics: Humans; Female; Gonorrhea; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Mastitis; Adult; Young Adult
PubMed: 38832624
DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.23.0768 -
Infection and Drug Resistance 2024This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and genetic characterization of enterococcal isolates ( and ) isolated from clinical bovine mastitis cases in Ningxia,...
PURPOSE
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and genetic characterization of enterococcal isolates ( and ) isolated from clinical bovine mastitis cases in Ningxia, China.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
The enterococci were identified by 16S rRNA amplification and sequencing. Antimicrobial resistance was determined by disc diffusion method. Virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes were detected by PCR assays.
RESULTS
Overall, 198 enterococcal isolates were identified from 2897 mastitis samples, including 137 (4.7%) , 50 (1.7%) and 11 (0.4%) and isolates showed high resistance to tetracycline (92.7%, 68.0%, 90.9%), followed by erythromycin (86.9%, 76.0%, 72.7%). The multidrug-resistant strains of and were 29 (21.2%) and 13 (26.0%), respectively. The resistance of and isolates to tetracycline is mainly attributed to the presence of (alone or combined with and/or ), the erythromycin resistance to (alone or combined with and/or ). Moreover, (94.2%), (77.4%), (93.4%), and (79.6%) were the most common virulence genes in . In , except for the gene (82.0%), other virulence genes are rarely found. Only two strains of carrying gene were detected.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study can provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of bovine mastitis caused by enterococci.
PubMed: 38828370
DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S461587