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PloS One 2024Retrospective evaluation of udder recovery following treatment of the inflamed quarter with acoustic pulse technology (APT) of cows with subclinical mastitis was done on...
Retrospective evaluation of udder recovery of cows with subclinical mastitis following treatment with acoustic pulse technology (APT) on commercial dairy farms and its economic impact.
Retrospective evaluation of udder recovery following treatment of the inflamed quarter with acoustic pulse technology (APT) of cows with subclinical mastitis was done on 4 Israeli commercial dairy farms. Here, we evaluated the APT treatment as a tool to manage subclinical mastitis and its economic consequences in commercial farms. Recovery of the infected glands following APT treatment was compared to the customary no-treatment (NT) for cows with subclinical mastitis. Over 2 years, 467 cows with subclinical mastitis were identified. Subclinical mastitis was defined by elevated somatic cell count (SCC; >1 × 106 cells/mL) in the monthly test-day milk sample; 222 cows were treated with APT and 245 cows were not treated and served as control. Differences between treatment groups in culling, milk quality, milk yield and bacterial elimination were analyzed. After treatment, cure from bacteria was calculated only for cows with pre-isolated bacteria. The percentage of sampled cows determined as cured (no bacterial finding) in the NT group was 32.7% (35/107) (30.9% Gram negative; 32.4% Gram positive) and in the APT-treated group, 83.9% (42/55) (89.4% Gram negative; 80.6% Gram positive). Culling rate due to mastitis was significantly lower (>90%) in the APT-treated vs. NT group. Recovery was 66.0% in the APT group compared to 11.5% in the NT group at 90 d post-treatment. Average milk volume per cow in the APT-treated group was 16.1% higher compared to NT cows. Based on the study, savings incurred by using APT to treat only subclinical cows per 100-cow herd can total $15,106/y, or $309 per treated subclinically infected cow.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Mastitis, Bovine; Female; Retrospective Studies; Dairying; Mammary Glands, Animal; Milk; Farms; Israel
PubMed: 38820257
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303947 -
BMC Genomics May 2024Maedi-visna virus (MVV) is a lentivirus that infects monocyte/macrophage lineage cells in sheep, goats, and wild ruminants and causes pneumonia, mastitis, arthritis, and...
BACKGROUND
Maedi-visna virus (MVV) is a lentivirus that infects monocyte/macrophage lineage cells in sheep, goats, and wild ruminants and causes pneumonia, mastitis, arthritis, and encephalitis. The immune response to MVV infection is complex, and a complete understanding of its infection and pathogenesis is lacking. This study investigated the in vivo transcriptomic patterns of lung tissues in sheep exposed to MVV using the RNA sequencing technology.
RESULT
The results indicated that 2,739 genes were significantly differentially expressed, with 1,643 downregulated genes and 1,096 upregulated genes. Many variables that could be unique to MVV infections were discovered. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that a significant proportion of genes was enriched in terms directly related to the immune system and biological responses to viral infections. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed that the most enriched pathways were related to virus-host cell interactions and inflammatory responses. Numerous immune-related genes, including those encoding several cytokines and interferon regulatory factors, were identified in the protein-protein interaction network of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The expression of DEGs was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. CXCL13, CXCL6, CXCL11, CCR1, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, TNFSF8, TNFRSF8, IL7R, IFN-γ, CCL2, and MMP9 were upregulated. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to identify the types of immune cells that infiltrated MVV-infected tissues. B cells, CD4 and CD8 T cells, and macrophages were the most prevalent immune cells correlated with MVV infection in the lungs.
CONCLUSION
Overall, the findings of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of the in vivo host response to MVV infection and offer new perspectives on the gene regulatory networks that underlie pathogenesis in natural hosts.
Topics: Animals; Visna-maedi virus; Lung; Sheep; Gene Expression Profiling; Transcriptome; Pneumonia, Progressive Interstitial, of Sheep; Protein Interaction Maps; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene Ontology
PubMed: 38816794
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10448-2 -
Veterinary Research Communications May 2024The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of the immunostimulant Mycobacterium Cell Wall Fraction (MCWF) on the treatment of S. aureus SCM by intravenous...
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of the immunostimulant Mycobacterium Cell Wall Fraction (MCWF) on the treatment of S. aureus SCM by intravenous application. The study included 45 HF dairy cows in 2nd and 3rd month after parturition divided into three groups (n = 15 per group): the MC + group - cows with S. aureus SCM treated with MCWF; the MC- group - cows with S. aureus SCM, with no treatment; and the C group - the control group of healthy cow with no treatment. Samples were collected 0th (I sample), 7th (II), and 14th day (III) from the day of SCM diagnosis and on day 21st (IV). A greater influx of leukocytes was confirmed into milk after 7 days after MCWF treatment in MC + group, which was followed by increase of WBC and LYM in blood. These results support the hypothesis of effective action of MCWF, and in quarters with lower-grade infection, bacteriological cure was achieved. The MC- group had a statistically higher concentration of TBARS and CAT activity in milk, while MC + group had lower blood serum LDH activity, which indicates a positive effect of the MCWF application and a lower exposure of the tissue to lipide peroxidation and inflammation caused by S. aureus. The application of MCWF would give new possibilities in the prevention and therapy of mammary gland diseases without fear of the presence of residues and the emergence of bacterial resistance. In future studies, the effects of local and systemic application of MCWF in the treatment of S. aureus SCM should be compared.
PubMed: 38809504
DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10426-9 -
Journal of Human Lactation : Official... May 2024Birthmark Doula Collective, a cooperative that provides doula and lactation services in the Greater New Orleans area, mounted an emergency response after two Category 4...
BACKGROUND
Birthmark Doula Collective, a cooperative that provides doula and lactation services in the Greater New Orleans area, mounted an emergency response after two Category 4 storms: Hurricane Laura (2020) and Hurricane Ida (2021). The response included activating a no-cost emergency perinatal and infant feeding hotline. Both disasters coincided with a resurgence of COVID-19 infections in Louisiana.
RESEARCH AIM
The aim of this study is to understand how an emergency perinatal and infant feeding hotline supported infant and young child feeding in emergencies during hurricanes in Louisiana.
METHOD
This study used a cross-sectional, retrospective qualitative design in a population with low breastfeeding rates. We conducted a content analysis of 97 hotline call logs from Hurricanes Laura and Ida, focus groups with lactation support providers who staffed the hotline during either storm ( = 5), and interviews with mothers who called during Hurricane Ida ( = 2). Focus groups and interviews lasted 30 and 60 minutes, respectively. Transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis techniques.
RESULTS
Call logs revealed infant feeding needs (e.g., mastitis, low milk supply, relactation, and infant formula requests) and non-infant feeding needs (e.g., infant supplies, perinatal and infant care referrals, shelter information). Infant formula was the most requested supply during both hurricanes. Maternal participants discussed family vulnerabilities during Hurricane Ida. Staff described training and strategies to provide support while maintaining their own well-being.
CONCLUSION
Providing a free emergency hotline service is one way to support pregnant and postpartum people and their families seeking infant feeding advice, supplies, and support in the immediate aftermath of a disaster.
PubMed: 38808924
DOI: 10.1177/08903344241253799 -
Italian Journal of Food Safety May 2024Cost-effective methods are crucial in small-scale operations to assess the physicochemical properties of milk, identify potential clinical or subclinical mastitis, and...
Cost-effective methods are crucial in small-scale operations to assess the physicochemical properties of milk, identify potential clinical or subclinical mastitis, and test β-lactams in small ruminants. The aim was to evaluate the importance of physicochemical characteristics, somatic cells, and antibacterial substances as factors for monitoring the quality and safety of bulk tank milk from sheep and goats. Furthermore, we aimed to elucidate the influence of grazing capacity on the composition of sheep milk. The fat content of sheep milk (n=119) was found to be 7.7%, with a range of 5.3% to 9.9%. The average fat content of dairy goats (n=33) was found to be 4.9%, with a range of 2.8-6.7%. The results indicate that 2.8% of sheep milk samples and 7.8% of goat milk samples exhibited clear positive reactions when assessed using the California mastitis test. β-lactam antibiotics were present in 0.7% of sheep milk samples, but not in any of the goat milk samples using lateral flow strips. This measurement method can be useful to detect adulterated milk and better understand the quality and safety of small ruminant milk before processing.
PubMed: 38807741
DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2024.12122 -
Animal Science Journal = Nihon Chikusan... 2024During parturition, cows often experience intense pain and stress, which increases the risk of inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to compare the postpartum health... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
During parturition, cows often experience intense pain and stress, which increases the risk of inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to compare the postpartum health status between healthy cows and those diagnoses with inflammatory diseases by examining behavioral and heart rate (HR) variability (HRV) changes, to provide information before the onset of disease. Eight Holstein cows were used in this study. HR, parameters of HRV (low-frequency power: LF; high-frequency power: HF; LF/HF ratio, and total power) and time budget of individual maintenance behaviors (standing, recumbency, feeding, rumination while standing and lying, and sleep) were continuously recorded from 0 to 168 h postpartum. Milk and blood samples were collected daily. Cows were categorized as diseases based on the positive result of California mastitis test and/or serum haptoglobin concentration that exceeded 50 μg/ml after all blood samples have been collected. Compared to healthy individuals (n = 3), diseased cows (n = 5) exhibited higher HR, LF/HF, and lower total power (p < 0.05), suggesting the dominance of the sympathetic nervous system in cows with inflammatory diseases. Additionally, diseased cows showed an increased standing time budget and reduced recumbency (p < 0.05), which may be a behavioral strategy in response to discomfort from inflammation.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Female; Postpartum Period; Heart Rate; Behavior, Animal; Inflammation; Cattle Diseases; Haptoglobins; Sympathetic Nervous System; Parturition; Pain; Health Status
PubMed: 38807417
DOI: 10.1111/asj.13960 -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... May 2024The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and modulating activity of the ethanol extract obtained from the leaves, stems, and roots of Cnidoscolus urens in...
Determination of antimicrobial and modulatory activity of bacterial resistance by nettle (Cnidoscolus urens) extracts in multiresistant bacteria isolated from bovine mastitis.
The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and modulating activity of the ethanol extract obtained from the leaves, stems, and roots of Cnidoscolus urens in multiresistant bacteria. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values obtained for the extracts of leaves, stems, and roots were greater than 1024 µg/mL for all isolates. In the antimicrobial resistance modulation test, the extract of the leaves of C. urens showed a better modulating effect than that of the stems and roots for gentamicin, highlighting the reduction of MIC for Escherichia coli, Lactococcus garvieae and Staphylococcus sciuri. For erythromycin, a reduction of MIC was observed in L. garvieae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus agalactiae. The extract from the leaves of C. urens has an important modulating effect on resistance in multiresistant bacteria, especially with gentamicin and erythromycin.
PubMed: 38807020
DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01398-8 -
Animal Nutrition (Zhongguo Xu Mu Shou... Jun 2024Mastitis affects almost all mammals including humans and dairy cows. In the dairy industry, bovine mastitis is a disease with a persistently high incidence, causing... (Review)
Review
Mastitis affects almost all mammals including humans and dairy cows. In the dairy industry, bovine mastitis is a disease with a persistently high incidence, causing serious losses to the health of cows, the quality of dairy products, and the economy of dairy farms. Although local udder infection caused by the invasion of exogenous pathogens into the mammary gland was considered the main cause of mastitis, evidence has been established and continues to grow, showing that nutrition factors and gastrointestinal microbiome (GM) as well as their metabolites are also involved in the development of mammary inflammatory response. Suboptimal nutrition is recognized as a risk factor for increased susceptibility to mastitis in cattle, in particular the negative energy balance. The majority of data regarding nutrition and bovine mastitis involves micronutrients. In addition, the dysbiotic GM can directly trigger or aggravate mastitis through entero-mammary gland pathway. The decreased beneficial commensal bacteria, lowered bacterial diversity, and increased pathogens as well as proinflammatory metabolites are found in both the milk and gastrointestinal tract of mastitic dairy cows. This review discussed the relationship between the nutrition (energy and micronutrient levels) and mastitis, summarized the role of GM and metabolites in regulating mastitis. Meanwhile, several non-antibiotics strategies were provided for the prevention and alleviation of mastitis, including micronutrients, probiotics, short-chain fatty acids, high-fiber diet, inulin, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor.
PubMed: 38800734
DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.01.010 -
Infection and Drug Resistance 2024The present study was designed to investigate the resistance determinants and virulence factors of 45 isolates from clinical bovine mastitis in Hexi Corridor of Gansu,...
PURPOSE
The present study was designed to investigate the resistance determinants and virulence factors of 45 isolates from clinical bovine mastitis in Hexi Corridor of Gansu, China.
METHODS
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) was tested by E-test method. Gene of antimicrobial resistance, virulence integrase and integron gene cassettes were determined by PCR and DNA sequencing.
RESULTS
The T. pyogenes isolates exhibited high resistance to streptomycin (88.9%) and tetracycline (64.4%), followed by erythromycin (15.6%) and gentamicin (13.3%). Resistance to streptomycin was most commonly encoded by (88.9%); and to tetracycline, by (64.4%). Importantly, all streptomycin-resistant isolates carried alone or in combination with and . Similarly, all tetracycline-resistant isolates harbored alone or in combination with . Meanwhile, was detected in 13.3% isolates, only one erythromycin-resistant isolate was not identified for this gene. Moreover, all isolates carried class 1 integrons, and 17.8% of them contained gene cassettes, including arrays (4.4%), aad (2.2%) and (2.2%). Furthermore, all tested isolates harbored virulent genes and , followed by (88.9%), (86.6%) (75.6%), (40.0%), (35.6%) and (6.7%).
CONCLUSION
To our knowledge, this is the first report of integron gene cassettes of T. pyogenes isolates from bovine mastitis cases in China. These findings are useful for developing the prevention and the virulence factors of could be promising candidates for vaccine antigens for bovine mastitis caused by in China.
PubMed: 38800580
DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S433578 -
Veterinary World Apr 2024Milk, a nutritious food, is widely consumed in human diets; however, contamination by micro-organisms can negatively impact its quality and consumer health....
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Milk, a nutritious food, is widely consumed in human diets; however, contamination by micro-organisms can negatively impact its quality and consumer health. Contamination by micro-organisms affects the quality of milk, which can affect the quality of the milk production chain. This study aimed to determine the changes in milk composition and antibiotic susceptibility related to bacteria isolated from dairy cow milk.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Raw milk samples were collected from 72 dairy cows. All milk samples were subjected to the California Mastitis Test (CMT) for CMT score determination. We also investigated milk composition, bacterial culture (BC), and antibiotic susceptibility.
RESULTS
About 47.22% and 30.56% of dairy cattle were positive for CMT + BC and automatic somatic cell count (ASCC) + BC, respectively. Fecal appearance and animal age were found to be risk factors for ASCC + BC positivity in dairy cattle. Bacteria were found in approximately 76% of milk samples, with the most common isolated species being α-hemolytic spp., coagulase-negative spp., and . Of these, 70% are resistant to at least one antibiotic. Variation in the multidrug resistance pattern was high in spp.
CONCLUSIONS
Fecal appearance and animal age are risk factors for ASCC + BC positivity in dairy cattle. This study identified antibiotic and multidrug resistance patterns, which require comprehensive studies and effective surveillance systems. Remarkably, the use of antibiotic therapy in dairy cattle should be monitored.
PubMed: 38798280
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.735-743