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Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2020The present study aims to determine the phototoxic and haemolytic activity of organophosphorus. The use of alternative in vitro assays with human erythrocytes is...
AIMS
The present study aims to determine the phototoxic and haemolytic activity of organophosphorus. The use of alternative in vitro assays with human erythrocytes is suggested to predict the polluting effect of these products on health.
METHODOLOGY
Human erythrocytes from Toluca Blood Bank were used. Sodium dodecyl sulfate was employed as a positive control. Additionally, the haemolysis percentage of three organophosphate (Acetate, Chlorpyrifos, Malathion, Methamidophos, Methyl Parathion) induced photo haemolysis formulated with surfactants on a concentration of 2 x 109 erythrocytes were evaluated. Finally, the products were classified as irritant or phototoxic.
RESULTS
Results showed that the HC50 red blood cells were similar for each organophosphate (Malathion and Methamidophos) indicating very irritant action with ratio classification (L/D) of 0.041 and 0.053, respectively. On the other hand, Chlorpyrifos was classified as an irritant with L/D= 0.14. On the other hand, the HC50 obtained photo hemolysis assays irradiated red blood cells was similar for each organophosphate (Acetate, Chlorpyrifos, Malathion, Methamidophos, Methyl Parathion) indicating no phototoxic action.
CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, it can be said that the parameters of haemolysis and denaturation of proteins are good indicators to classify organophosphorus formulated with surfactants as irritating or phototoxic.
Topics: Chlorpyrifos; Erythrocytes; Hemolysis; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Malathion; Organophosphate Poisoning; Organophosphorus Compounds; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Photochemotherapy; Protein Denaturation; Surface-Active Agents
PubMed: 32101124
DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200226104029 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Jun 2020The objective of this study was to design a versatile and reusable pesticide detection surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate in combination with SERS...
The objective of this study was to design a versatile and reusable pesticide detection surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate in combination with SERS enhancement and self-cleaning properties. In this paper, we present an inexpensive way to synthesize three-dimensional tilted ZnO micron rods with an Ag hierarchical structure (ZMRs/Ag arrays). Although expensive materials and complex methods were not used, the detection limit of thiram residue was 10 M, with a quantitative relationship (R = 0.9929) between the thiram concentration and the intensity of the SERS peaks. Additionally, the substrates exhibited fast and efficient photocatalytic activity for the degradation of adsorbed thiram, and the degradation rate in 30 min was close 100 % under visible-light irradiation. The enhancement and photocatalytic mechanism of this substrate were meticulously analyzed in detail. Furthermore, the residues of several mixed pesticides (e.g., thiram and methamidophos compounds) in various juices (such as grape, pear, orange, apple, and cherry juices) were quickly detected using ZMRs/Ag substrates. The main advantages of this substrate are recyclability, stability, selectivity, handiness, and cost-eff ;ectiveness. The substrate can prevent single-use problems associated with conventional SERS substrates and can be applied in pesticide residue and food security.
Topics: Food Contamination; Fruit and Vegetable Juices; Limit of Detection; Pesticides; Recycling; Silver; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Thiram; Zinc Oxide
PubMed: 32062540
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122222 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2020Over the last years, the detection of pesticide residues in the official food surveillance programs of Chile has been increased, mainly in fresh vegetables such as...
Over the last years, the detection of pesticide residues in the official food surveillance programs of Chile has been increased, mainly in fresh vegetables such as tomatoes and lettuces. The Metropolitana Region of Chile presents the highest detections in the country. The lack of evaluations of toxicological risks in human health have increased uncertainty of the potential effects of pesticides exposures in the Chilean population. This research aims to determinate health risks assessment of pesticide residues associated to tomatoes and lettuces produced in Metropolitana Region. The findings of this study reveal that tomatoes and lettuces cultivated in the MR show more than 50% of samples with one or multiple pesticides residues. From the total samples, 16% were over the Chilean Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs). The main pesticides detected in tomatoes and lettuces were methamidophos, methomyl, difenoconazole, cyprodinil and boscalid. The results obtained using the official data of the Ministry of Health of Chile (MINSAL) compared to the World Health Organization (WHO), describe relevant risks through the Estimated Daily Intakes (EDI), Hazard Quotients (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) for the Chilean population due to high concentrations of methamidophos, methomyl and cyprodinil. More restrictions for the use of methamidophos, methomyl, difenoconazole, cyprodinil and boscalid and effective control programs should be implemented in order to mitigate the impacts on the Chilean population.
Topics: Environmental Monitoring; Farms; Food Contamination; Humans; Lactuca; Solanum lycopersicum; Pesticide Residues; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 31952243
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020355 -
The Science of the Total Environment Mar 2020Amounts of banned and current pesticides have been used in domestic and agricultural pest control, and their residues have accumulated along the waste stream. In this...
Amounts of banned and current pesticides have been used in domestic and agricultural pest control, and their residues have accumulated along the waste stream. In this work, pesticides were characterized in concentrated leachates (CLs) from 5 municipal landfill sites, 2 incineration plants and 1 composting plant in six provinces. A total of 31 pesticides were detected which included 8 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs, 303-2974 ng/L), 16 organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs, 1380-13,274 ng/L) and 7 synthetic pyrethroids (SPs, 319-5636 ng/L). Despite the ten years ban of hexachlorocyclohexane, methamidophos and parathion-methyl, they were still in CL at a mean value of 320 ng/L and 88 ng/L, respectively. The average ΣOCPs, ΣOPPs and ΣSPs in CL from landfill sites were approximately 2.8, 1.1 and 4.5 times higher than those from incineration plants, which might have been influenced by pH, moisture and/or HRT. Additionally, it was found that CL from incineration plants and composting plant with lower pesticide contents posed a much higher acute and chronic eco-risk. Methamidophos was the dominant pesticide in CL from incineration plants, which was much higher than any other pesticides detected. The annual emissions of ΣOCPs, ΣOPPs and ΣSPs discharged from landfill-CL were estimated to be 2370, 10,357 and 2994 g, respectively. It was evident from the study that long-term release of CL after waste disposal could cause potential risk of ecological pollution.
PubMed: 31923666
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136287 -
The Science of the Total Environment Mar 2020Data obtained from samples of poisoned domestic and wild animals sent for toxicological evaluation during the period between 2005 and 2014 have been analyzed. Among the...
Data obtained from samples of poisoned domestic and wild animals sent for toxicological evaluation during the period between 2005 and 2014 have been analyzed. Among the 4606 tested samples, the majority of which were collected in the northern regions of Italy, 2006 (43.55%) were found positive for pesticides. Analytical detections were performed via solvent extraction followed by separation and chromatographic characterization and all the methods applied for the toxicological investigations were developed by IZSLER. Insecticides, mainly represented by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (carbamates 17.55%, n = 352; organophosphates 15.15%, n = 304) and organochlorines (29.21%, n = 586), were found to be the first category of pesticides involved in intoxications, in both domestic and in wild animals, followed by rodenticides (anticoagulant rodenticides 21.09%, n = 423; zinc phosphide 2.59%, n = 52; chloralose 0.95%, n = 19 and thallium 0.15%, n = 3) and molluscicides (metaldehyde 6.63%, n = 133). Second and third generation anticoagulants (bromadiolone and brodifacoum) were the most represented (10.52%, n = 211) but also first generation compounds (i.e. coumatetralyl and warfarin) were still found responsible of intoxications. Even if some pesticides are frequently involved in domestic animal poisoning (i.e. metaldehyde and strychnine), they did not show the same diffusion in wild animals. In particular, unlike domestic species, cyanide and pyrethroids have not been found responsible of intoxications in wild animals. Interestingly, a great number of positive samples involved banned pesticides like α- (14.41%, n = 289) and β- (14.16%, n = 284) endosulfan, carbofuran (5.73%, n = 115), methamidophos (9.47%, n = 190), strychnine (6.23%, n = 125) but, on the other hand, many positives were due to the exposure to commercially available products (i.e. metaldehyde and anticoagulant rodenticides). Thus, together with measures aimed to reduce illegal uses, educational campaigns and a wider range of compounds to detect would be beneficial in order to address the issue of animal poisoning, which besides has also repercussions on environmental and public health.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Anticoagulants; Italy; Pesticides; Poisoning; Rodenticides
PubMed: 31869614
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136129 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Nov 2019During this research, chemometric approaches were applied for optimization of the low-temperature partitioning extraction (LTPE) for the simultaneous analysis of the...
Method development for simultaneous determination of polar and nonpolar pesticides in surface water by low-temperature partitioning extraction (LTPE) followed by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS.
During this research, chemometric approaches were applied for optimization of the low-temperature partitioning extraction (LTPE) for the simultaneous analysis of the pesticides: acephate, difenoconazole, fenamidone, fluazifop, fluazinam, methamidophos, and thiamethoxam from surface water samples and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. It was used the 2 full factorial and the Doehlert experimental designs. The extraction technique was optimized by evaluating the effects of the three variables: sample pH, ionic strength (addition of NaHPO), and organic solvent volume. Considering the interest to find an optimal condition for all analytes simultaneously, the best extraction parameters found were as follows: pH = 5.33, concentration of NaHPO = 0.0088 mol L and organic phase volume = 4.5 mL. The optimized methodology showed LOD and LOQ levels from 0.33 to 8.13 ng L and from 1.09 to 26.84 ng L, respectively. The recovery values ranged from 38.37 and 99.83% and the RSD values varied from 2.33 to 18.92%. The method was applied to surface water analysis sampled in areas with intensive agricultural practices in Ouro Branco City, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The difenoconazole was detected in concentrations between 12.53 and 94.76 ng L.
Topics: Agriculture; Brazil; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Pesticides; Phosphoramides; Research Design; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Temperature; Water
PubMed: 31482525
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06286-5 -
Journal of the American Chemical Society Sep 2019Sensors based on graphene are promising devices for chemical and biological detection owing to their high sensitivity, biocompatibility, and low costs. However, for...
Sensors based on graphene are promising devices for chemical and biological detection owing to their high sensitivity, biocompatibility, and low costs. However, for chiral recognition, which is very important in biological systems, graphene sensors remain unable to discriminate enantiomers. Here, using chiral pesticide molecules as an example, we realized a highly sensitive graphene chiral sensor by modification with acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Quantum chemical simulations indicate that the inhibition effect of the enantiomer on AChE was transferred to graphene, which allowed for the electrical detection of chiral molecules. Under an operating voltage of 1 V, the sensitivity of the device reached 0.34 μg/L and 0.32 μg/L for (+)/(-)-methamidophos, respectively, which is much higher than by circular dichroism (6.90 mg/L and 5.16 mg/L, respectively). Furthermore, real-time, rapid detection was realized by combining with smartphones and wireless transmission.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Circular Dichroism; Graphite; Limit of Detection; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Pesticides; Quantum Theory; Radio Waves; Smartphone; Stereoisomerism
PubMed: 31448915
DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05724 -
Data in Brief Aug 2019or red palm weevil (RPW) is a destructive insect pest of major cultivated palms such as coconut, date and oil palm. One of the control management of RPW is trunk...
or red palm weevil (RPW) is a destructive insect pest of major cultivated palms such as coconut, date and oil palm. One of the control management of RPW is trunk injection using monocrotophos or methamidophos, but these chemicals are found to affect ecosystems and human health. Thus, we aimed to determine a bio-pesticide to replace these synthetic chemicals. We tested the antifeedant activity of three eugenol-based compounds as potential control agent against RPW larvae in vitro condition for two weeks. All these compounds show significant effect as feeding deterrent agent on 4th instar larvae, while WN16 (4-allyl-2-methoxy-1-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-benzene) shows the highest feeding deterrent index (FDI = 64.42%). Here we present the data regarding the biological aspect on treated RPW larvae as well as antifeedant activity index of these eugenol derived compounds.
PubMed: 31367662
DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104227 -
Journal of Economic Entomology Aug 2019
PubMed: 31227832
DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz184 -
Ecotoxicology (London, England) Aug 2019The presence of pesticides has recently been reported in shrimp farms adjacent to agricultural areas on the east coast of the Gulf of California. This study assessed the...
The presence of pesticides has recently been reported in shrimp farms adjacent to agricultural areas on the east coast of the Gulf of California. This study assessed the possible effect of organophosphorus pesticides in the coastal environment of Sinaloa, México, using the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei as a bioindicator since their presence, abundance or behavior indicate some process or state of the system in which they live. Sublethal bioassays were performed on shrimps in intermolt state using commercial brands of organophosphorus pesticides, chlorpyrifos (0.0015 mg l), diazinon (0.0120 mg l), methamidophos (1.207 mg l), azinphos-methyl (0.0101 mg l), and methyl parathion (0.0075 mg l) were tested. Results showed reductions in glycogen, triglycerides, and total protein concentrations in shrimp muscle, except for the diazinon treatments, in which an increase in triglyceride level was detected. The observed alterations in the three cellular components were probably due to the metabolic compensation mechanism of the shrimp in reaction to the stress produced by organophosphorus pesticides, which act as endocrine disruptors. The establishment of continuous environmental monitoring programs of the coastal zone of Northwestern Mexico is strongly recommended.
Topics: Animals; Arthropod Proteins; Energy Metabolism; Glycogen; Insecticides; Mexico; Organophosphates; Penaeidae; Triglycerides; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 31222580
DOI: 10.1007/s10646-019-02066-6