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Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A,... Sep 2019The purpose of this study was to investigate pesticide residues in bell peppers from Shandong Province, China. A total of 299 samples were collected from 17 cities in...
The purpose of this study was to investigate pesticide residues in bell peppers from Shandong Province, China. A total of 299 samples were collected from 17 cities in 2016. The concentrations of 26 pesticide residues were determined by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that there were 25 pesticides (15 OPs, 7 PYs, 3 CBs) found in 86 bell pepper samples, and the total number of positives was 120. The total frequency was 28.76%. The detection frequency for OPs, PYs and CBs was 16.39%, 12.37% and 3.01%, respectively. The most frequently detected pesticide was bifenthrin, with the frequency of 5.02%. 5.35% of samples contained pesticide residues above the maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by China. 7.36% of samples contained more than one pesticide. The values of %ADI were below 100, while the %ARfD of carbofuran and methidathion exceeded 100 for children. The cumulative risk was highest for OPs. From the public health point of view, the levels of pesticide residues in bell peppers do not pose a serious health risk to adults, but the acute health risk to children should be paid more attention.
Topics: Adult; Capsicum; Child; China; Food Contamination; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Pesticide Residues; Pyrethrins; Quality Control; Risk Assessment; Solid Phase Extraction
PubMed: 31294676
DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1628362 -
The Science of the Total Environment Aug 2019The organophosphate pesticides pollution in the Volturno River and its environmental impact on the Tyrrhenian Sea (Central Mediterranean Sea) were estimated. Eight...
Ecological risk and estimates of organophosphate pesticides loads into the Central Mediterranean Sea from Volturno River, the river of the "Land of Fires" area, southern Italy.
The organophosphate pesticides pollution in the Volturno River and its environmental impact on the Tyrrhenian Sea (Central Mediterranean Sea) were estimated. Eight selected organophosphate pesticides (diazinon, dimethoate, malathion, chlorpyrifos, pirimiphos-methyl, fenitrothion, methidathion and tolclofos-methyl) were determined in the water dissolved phase, suspended particulate matter and sediment samples collected from 10 sites in different seasons. Total organophosphate pesticides concentrations ranged from 0.12 to 65.09 ng L in water (as the sum of the water dissolved phase and suspended particulate matter) and from 1.19 to 23.17 ng g in sediment samples. It has been calculated that the discharge of pollutants from the Volturno river into the Tyrrhenian Sea was about 71.815, 31 g year; for this reason the river is to be considered one of the main mouths of organophosphate pesticides in the Tyrrhenian Sea. In relation to environmental risk assessment, the concentrations of most OPPs in water and sediments from the Volturno River and its estuary were lower than guideline values, but the mean concentration of chlorpyrifos (5.41 ng L) in the Volturno River and Estuary has been shown that the ecological integrity of the river watercourse is possibly at risk.
PubMed: 31082780
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.202 -
Talanta Jul 2019This paper describes the synthesis of a silica based MSU-1 mesoporous solid and its application as sorbent in solid-phase extraction to pre-concentrate thirteen...
This paper describes the synthesis of a silica based MSU-1 mesoporous solid and its application as sorbent in solid-phase extraction to pre-concentrate thirteen pesticides of low-high polarity (methomyl, cymoxanil, carbofuran, monolinuron, isoproturon, methidathion, methiocarb, malathion, phosalone, diazinon, penconazole, neburon and chlorotoluron) in ground and river water. The synthesis was based in an H-bonding interaction assembling (IN) between two non-ionic components (the inorganic silica surface, I and the polyethylene oxide template, N) by adding tetraethoxysilane to the non-ionic surfactant Brij®100, the latter previously dissolved in HCl 1 M. 50 mL water samples adjusted at pH= 3.5 were passed, at a flow rate of 5 mL/min, through a home-made cartridge containing 50 mg of MSU-1 sorbent, pre-conditioned with 5 mL of ultrapure water; then, the cartridge was washed with 5 mL of ultrapure water. Following elution with 5 mL of acetonitrile, the pesticides were determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry. Two selected reaction monitoring transitions were monitored per compound, the most intense one being used for quantification and the second one for confirmation. Three points were used for identification, as established in the Directive 96/23/EC for LC-MS/MS analysis, which deals with confirmatory methods for organic residues and contaminants listed in the Group B (veterinary drugs and contaminants). Medium matrix effect (|20%|
|50%|). Therefore, the standard addition methodology was applied by adding an adequate amount of the pesticide standard mixture to the final sample extract. All pesticides were quantified using this approach for practical reasons, thus avoiding two different calibrations. The method quantification limit (MQL) of pesticides was 0.01 μg/L for all of them, except for diazinon (0.1 μg/L). Recoveries of the target pesticides at MQL and 0.25 µg/L concentration levels in blank river water were in the range 70.1-113.5% and 86.7-107.3%, respectively, with RSDs lower than 16.3% and 15.7%, respectively. Four ground water samples and three river water samples, taken from Almería (Spain), were analyzed by the proposed method and only phosalone at a concentration level of 0.05 µg/L was found in one river water sample. PubMed: 30952305
DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.02.092 -
Food Additives & Contaminants. Part B,... Jun 2019In Lebanon, apples are among the most consumed commodities; however, pesticide residues in apples have not been evaluated so far. Therefore, this study presents the...
In Lebanon, apples are among the most consumed commodities; however, pesticide residues in apples have not been evaluated so far. Therefore, this study presents the occurrence of pesticide residues in apples produced in Lebanon during 2012-2016. A total of 212 samples were analysed for the presence of pesticides using the QuEChERS multi-residue extraction method, followed by GC-MS. Pesticide residues were not observed in 23% of the samples. Whereas pesticide residues were found in 77% of the samples, among them 61% exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRL) and 16% contained residues below the MRL. The most frequently detected pesticide residues were chlorpyrifos (n = 142), methidathion (n = 34), cypermethrin (n = 21), lambda-cyhalothrin (n = 16), myclobutanil (n = 13) and diazinon (n = 9). A preliminary long-term exposure assessment for the detected pesticides in apples showed that Hazard Quotient (HQ) was in the range of 0.1-8% of the ADI's, indicating no risk to human health.
Topics: Chlorpyrifos; Food Contamination; Fruit; Humans; Lebanon; Malus; Maximum Allowable Concentration; Nitriles; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Pesticide Residues; Pyrethrins; Quality Control; Reproducibility of Results; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 30642226
DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1564370 -
Talanta Jan 2019Here, we report a dual-use surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate based on a flexible three-dimensional (3D) chitosan foam, onto which silver nanoparticles...
Here, we report a dual-use surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate based on a flexible three-dimensional (3D) chitosan foam, onto which silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are firmly immobilized through amino groups from chitosan chains. The SERS substrate can actively collect analytes either on solid surface by swabbing or in solution by adsorption. The compressible characteristic of chitosan foam enables easy removal of solvent through gentle pressing, which can achieve fast pre-concentrating of analytes before measurements. In addition, the substrate is shape adaptable and thus is suitable for sampling contaminants on solid surfaces. The SERS substrates exhibit acceptable reproducibility (16.4% in relative standard deviation). Furthermore, it detects Raman probe Nile Blue A down to 5 pg by swabbing solid surface and Rhodamine 6G down to 10 ppb by adsorbing analyte in the solution. Three pesticide samples (triazophos, methidathion, and isocarbophos) can also be detected down to μg level with the substrate. It is believed that such a versatile SERS substrate may find great opportunity in realistic sensing applications.
PubMed: 30262057
DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.067 -
Journal of Chromatography. A Sep 2018A method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) associated to gas chromatography-flame photometric detection (GC-FPD), GC-electron capture detection (GC-ECD) and...
A method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) associated to gas chromatography-flame photometric detection (GC-FPD), GC-electron capture detection (GC-ECD) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for confirmation purposes, was developed for the determination of a representative group of twelve pesticides in honeybee with particular concern in the apicultural field (fipronil, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, acrinathrin, metamidophos, dimetoathe, diazinon, chlorpyrifos, methidathion, profenophos, azinphos methyl and coumaphos). Factors influencing the extraction efficiency of MSPD were investigated and optimized through response surface method. The use of octadecylsilyl (C18) sorbent combined with a florisil clean-up and acetonitrile-methanol (99:1) elution was the optimal condition for the extraction of the selected pesticides. Under this condition the recovery of pesticides at the limit of quantification of the method (0.007 to 0.050 μg g) ranged from 68 to 102% with RSDs for within-laboratory reproducibility ≤20%. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of honeybees collected in 68 field hives from areas of great apicultural and agricultural development in central Chile. In 65% of these samples eight different pesticides were detected. Pesticides most frequently found were chlorpyrifos (34% of the samples, <0.017-0.067 μg g), acrinathrin (32% of the samples, <0.020-0.026 μg g) and diazinon (10% of the samples at values <0.015 μg g). The incidence of these pesticides in bees can be related to their high employ in central Chile, use to combat the varroosis in hives and hydrophobicity.
Topics: Acetonitriles; Animals; Bees; Chile; Chromatography, Gas; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Pesticide Residues; Pesticides; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 29960737
DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.062 -
PeerJ 2017Pesticide application is the dominant control method for arthropod pests in broad-acre arable systems. In Australia, organophosphate pesticides are often applied either...
BACKGROUND
Pesticide application is the dominant control method for arthropod pests in broad-acre arable systems. In Australia, organophosphate pesticides are often applied either prophylactically, or reactively, including at higher concentrations, to control crop establishment pests such as false wireworms and earth mite species. Organophosphates are reported to be disruptive to beneficial species, such as natural enemies, but this has not been widely assessed in Australian systems. Neither has the risk that secondary outbreaks may occur if the natural enemy community composition or function is altered.
METHODS
We examine the abundance of ground-dwelling invertebrate communities in an arable field over successive seasons under rotation; barley, two years of wheat, then canola. Two organophosphates (chlorpyrifos and methidathion) were initially applied at recommended rates. After no discernible impact on target pest species, the rate for chlorpyrifos was doubled to elicit a definitive response to a level used at establishment when seedling damage is observed. Invertebrates were sampled using pitfalls and refuge traps throughout the experiments. We applied measures of community diversity, principal response curves and multiple generalised linear modelling techniques to understand the changes in pest and natural enemy communities.
RESULTS
There was large variability due to seasonality and crop type. Nevertheless, both pest (e.g., mites and aphids) and natural enemy (e.g., predatory beetles) invertebrate communities were significantly affected by application of organophosphates. When the rate of chlorpyrifos was increased there was a reduction in the number of beetles that predate on slug populations. Slugs displayed opposite trends to many of the other target pests, and actually increased in numbers under the higher rates of chlorpyrifos in comparison to the other treatments. Slug numbers in the final rotation of canola resulted in significant yield loss regardless of pesticide application.
DISCUSSION
Organophosphates are a cost-effective tool to control emergent pests in broad-acre arable systems in Australia. We found risks associated with prophylactic application in fields under rotation between different crop types and significant changes to the community of pests and natural enemy. Disrupting key predators reduced effective suppression of other pests, such as slugs, and may lead to secondary outbreaks when rotating with susceptible crops such as canola. Such non-target impacts are rarely documented when studies focus on single-species, rather than community assessments. This study represents a single demonstration of how pesticide application can lead to secondary outbreaks and reinforces the need for studies that include a longer temporal component to understand this process further.
PubMed: 29302395
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4179 -
Food and Chemical Toxicology : An... Feb 2018Cumulative acute dietary risk assessments of organophosphorus (OPs), carbamates (CBs) and pyrethroids (PYs) were conducted for the Brazilian population. Residue data for...
Cumulative acute dietary risk assessments of organophosphorus (OPs), carbamates (CBs) and pyrethroids (PYs) were conducted for the Brazilian population. Residue data for 30786 samples of 30 foods were obtained from two national monitoring programs and one University laboratory, and consumption data from a national survey conducted among persons 10 years or older. Acephate and methamidophos were used as index compounds (IC) for OPs, oxamyl for CBs and deltamethrin for PYs. Exposures were estimated using the Monte Carlo Risk Assessment (MCRA 8.2) software. Orange and orange juice (mainly containing methidathion), pasta and salted bread (mainly pirimiphos-methyl) contributed most to the OPs intake. Rice accounted for 80% of the CBs intake (teenagers), mainly due to aldicarb. Pasta, salted bread and beans contributed most to the PYs intake (9-14%), mainly due to bifenthrin. The intake did not exceed the ARfD at the 99.9th percentile for OPs, CBs and PYs, and the risks from the exposure were not considered of health concern. When food consumption data become available for children under age 10, studies in the cumulative exposure should be conducted, as this age group is the most critical among the population, mainly due to their higher food consumption per kg body weight.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Brazil; Carbamates; Child; Dietary Exposure; Female; Humans; Insecticides; Male; Monte Carlo Method; Organophosphorus Compounds; Pesticide Residues; Pyrethrins; Risk Assessment; Young Adult
PubMed: 29274435
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.010 -
Korean Journal of Critical Care Medicine Nov 2017Although methidathion is an organophosphate insecticide, it is different from the other organophosphates in terms of toxicity. Because of its relatively high fat...
Although methidathion is an organophosphate insecticide, it is different from the other organophosphates in terms of toxicity. Because of its relatively high fat solubility, the apparent volume of methidathion distribution throughout the body is very high, indicating that hemoperfusion is not effective in removing this organophosphate from the body. Redistribution of methidathion from fat to blood can also occur when plasma levels diminish. Additionally, acetylcholinesterase aging, which is the loss of an alkyl side chain that prevents reactivation by oximes, is very rapid so that the effective reactivation by oximes is thwarted. Thus, methidathion's effect on acetylcholinesterase inhibition is long lasting, particularly with a high dose. In addition to its parasympatholytic effect and ability to induce muscle paralysis, methidathion poisoning is associated with a profound and long-lasting circulatory collapse due to sympathetic ganglion blockade. This report presents the case of a 55-year-old man who accidentally ingested a high dose of methidathion. He later developed enteroinvasive aspergillosis infection-induced multiple bowel perforations on two separate occasions while on mechanical ventilator support, resulting in a fatal outcome. The renin-angiotensin axis activated by sympathetic ganglion blockade may have reduced the patient's splanchnic blood flow, contributing to translocation of endotoxin. Also, the effect of excessive acetylcholine on non-neuronal acetylcholine receptors may have contributed to the development of fatal enteroinvasive aspergillosis in this patient.
PubMed: 31723659
DOI: 10.4266/kjccm.2016.00073 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Jan 2018Broad-spectrum insecticides may disrupt biological control and cause pest resurgence due to their negative impacts on natural enemies. The preservation of sustainable...
Broad-spectrum insecticides may disrupt biological control and cause pest resurgence due to their negative impacts on natural enemies. The preservation of sustainable pest control in agroecosystems requires parallel assessments of insecticide toxicity to target pests and their key natural enemies. In the present study, the leaf dipping method was used to evaluate the relative toxicity of six insecticides to the striped mealybug, Ferrisia dasylirii (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and its predator, Tenuisvalvae notata (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Three neurotoxic insecticides, lambda-cyhalothrin, methidathion and thiamethoxam, caused complete mortality of both pest and predator when applied at their highest field rates. In contrast, lufenuron, pymetrozine and pyriproxyfen caused moderate mortality of third-instar mealybug nymphs, and exhibited low or no toxicity to either larvae or adults of the lady beetle. At field rates, lufenuron and pymetrozine had negligible effects on prey consumption, development or reproduction of T. notata, but adults failed to emerge from pupae when fourth instar larvae were exposed to pyriproxyfen. In addition, pyriproxyfen caused temporary sterility; T. notata females laid non-viable eggs for three days after exposure, but recovered egg fertility thereafter. Our results indicate that the three neurotoxic insecticides can potentially control F. dasylirii, but are hazardous to its natural predator. In contrast, lufenuron and pymetrozine appear compatible with T. notata, although they appear less effective against the mealybug. Although the acute toxicity of pyriproxyfen to T. notata was low, some pupal mortality and reduced egg fertility suggest that this material could impede the predator's numerical response to mealybug populations.
Topics: Animals; Brazil; Coleoptera; Environmental Pollutants; Female; Gossypium; Hemiptera; Insecticides; Larva; Nymph; Pest Control, Biological; Predatory Behavior; Pupa; Reproduction
PubMed: 29029382
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.021