-
Clinical Epigenetics Jan 2019The diagnosis of glioblastoma (GBM), a most aggressive primary brain tumor with a median survival of 14.6 months, carries a dismal prognosis. GBMs are characterized by...
BACKGROUND
The diagnosis of glioblastoma (GBM), a most aggressive primary brain tumor with a median survival of 14.6 months, carries a dismal prognosis. GBMs are characterized by numerous genetic and epigenetic alterations, affecting patient survival and treatment response. Epigenetic mechanisms are deregulated in GBM as a result of aberrant expression/activity of epigenetic enzymes, including histone deacetylases (HDAC) which remove acetyl groups from histones regulating chromatin accessibility. Nevertheless, the impact of class/isoform-selective HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) on glioma cells, including glioma stem cells, had not been systematically determined.
RESULTS
Comprehensive analysis of the public TCGA dataset revealed the increased expression of HDAC 1, 2, 3, and 7 in malignant gliomas. Knockdown of HDAC 1 and 2 in human GBM cells significantly decreased cell proliferation. We tested the activity of 2 new and 3 previously described HDACi with different class/isoform selectivity on human GBM cells. All tested compounds exerted antiproliferative properties on glioma cells. However, the HDACi 1 and 4 blocked proliferation of glioblastoma cells leading to G2/M growth arrest without affecting astrocyte survival. Moreover, 1 and 4 at low micromolar concentrations displayed cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects on sphere cultures enriched in glioma stem cells.
CONCLUSIONS
We identified two selective HDAC inhibitors that blocked proliferation of glioblastoma cells, but did not affect astrocyte survival. These new and highly effective inhibitors should be considered as promising candidates for further investigation in preclinical GBM models.
Topics: Benzamides; Brain Neoplasms; Cell Adhesion; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; DNA Methylation; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Epigenesis, Genetic; Glioma; Histone Deacetylase 1; Histone Deacetylase 2; Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; Histone Deacetylases; Humans; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Pyrimidines; Spheroids, Cellular; Up-Regulation
PubMed: 30654849
DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0598-5 -
Translational Oncology Mar 2019Heterogeneous response to chemotherapy is a major issue for the treatment of cancer. For most gynecologic cancers including ovarian, cervical, and placental, the list of...
Heterogeneous response to chemotherapy is a major issue for the treatment of cancer. For most gynecologic cancers including ovarian, cervical, and placental, the list of available small molecule therapies is relatively small compared to options for other cancers. While overall cancer mortality rates have decreased in the United States as early diagnoses and cancer therapies have become more effective, ovarian cancer still has low survival rates due to the lack of effective treatment options, drug resistance, and late diagnosis. To understand chemotherapeutic diversity in gynecologic cancers, we have screened 7914 approved drugs and bioactive compounds in 11 gynecologic cancer cell lines to profile their chemotherapeutic sensitivity. We identified two HDAC inhibitors, mocetinostat and entinostat, as pan-gynecologic cancer suppressors with IC values within an order of magnitude of their human plasma concentrations. In addition, many active compounds identified, including the non-anticancer drugs and other compounds, diversely inhibited the growth of three gynecologic cancer cell groups and individual cancer cell lines. These newly identified compounds are valuable for further studies of new therapeutics development, synergistic drug combinations, and new target identification for gynecologic cancers. The results also provide a rationale for the personalized chemotherapeutic testing of anticancer drugs in treatment of gynecologic cancer.
PubMed: 30576957
DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.11.016 -
Cancer Feb 2019The authors evaluated mocetinostat (a class I/IV histone deacetylase inhibitor) in patients with urothelial carcinoma harboring inactivating mutations or deletions in...
BACKGROUND
The authors evaluated mocetinostat (a class I/IV histone deacetylase inhibitor) in patients with urothelial carcinoma harboring inactivating mutations or deletions in CREB binding protein [CREBBP] and/or E1A binding protein p300 [EP300] histone acetyltransferase genes in a single-arm, open-label phase 2 study.
METHODS
Eligible patients with platinum-treated, advanced/metastatic disease received oral mocetinostat (at a dose of 70 mg 3 times per week [TIW] escalating to 90 mg TIW) in 28-day cycles in a 3-stage study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02236195). The primary endpoint was the objective response rate.
RESULTS
Genomic testing was feasible in 155 of 175 patients (89%). Qualifying tumor mutations were CREBBP (15%), EP300 (8%), and both CREBBP and EP300 (1%). A total of 17 patients were enrolled into stage 1 (the intent-to-treat population); no patients were enrolled in subsequent stages. One partial response was observed (11% [1 of 9 patients; the population that was evaluable for efficacy comprised 9 of the 15 planned patients]); activity was deemed insufficient to progress to stage 2 (null hypothesis: objective response rate of ≤15%). All patients experienced ≥1 adverse event, most commonly nausea (13 of 17 patients; 77%) and fatigue (12 of 17 patients; 71%). The median duration of treatment was 46 days; treatment interruptions (14 of 17 patients; 82%) and dose reductions (5 of 17 patients; 29%) were common. Mocetinostat exposure was lower than anticipated (dose-normalized maximum serum concentration [C ] after TIW dosing of 0.2 ng/mL/mg).
CONCLUSIONS
To the authors' knowledge, the current study represents the first clinical trial using genomic-based selection to identify patients with urothelial cancer who are likely to benefit from selective histone deacetylase inhibition. Mocetinostat was associated with significant toxicities that impacted drug exposure and may have contributed to modest clinical activity in these pretreated patients. The efficacy observed was considered insufficient to warrant further investigation of mocetinostat as a single agent in this setting.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Benzamides; Biomarkers, Tumor; CREB-Binding Protein; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; E1A-Associated p300 Protein; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mutation; Prognosis; Pyrimidines; Urologic Neoplasms
PubMed: 30570744
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31817 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Jan 2019Inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) suppresses inflammation of pancreatic islets and apoptosis of β-cells. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is unclear....
Inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) suppresses inflammation of pancreatic islets and apoptosis of β-cells. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is unclear. In the present study, we demonstrate that MGCD0103 (MGCD), an HDAC inhibitor, protects the pancreas from streptozotocin (STZ)-induced oxidative stress and cell death. Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally injected with STZ (40 mg/kg) to induce type I diabetes. MGCD (10 μg/day) was infused with osmotic mini-pump for 4 weeks. Pancreatic insulin and macrophage infiltration were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Cellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated with fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester was used to analyze mitochondrial membrane potential. Activation of caspase-3 was analyzed by western blotting. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was performed to investigate the binding affinity of specificity protein 1 (SP1) on the promoters of target genes. mRNA expression was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. As a result, we found that MGCD infusion ameliorated STZ-induced hyperglycemia, islet deformation, decreased insulin level, and macrophage infiltration. STZ injection promoted the production of ROS, which induced caspase activity and β-cell death. 4-Hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPOL), a mimetic of superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced STZ-induced caspase activity and β-cell death. MGCD treatment increased SOD expression and histone acetylation level on promoters. Infusion of MGCD promoted acetylation of SP1 and its enrichment on SOD promoters. Thus, MGCD protects pancreatic β-cells from STZ-induced oxidative stress and cell death through the induction of antioxidant enzymes such as SODs.
Topics: Animals; Benzamides; Cell Death; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; HEK293 Cells; Hep G2 Cells; Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; Humans; Infusion Pumps; Insulin-Secreting Cells; Male; Oxidative Stress; Pancreas; Pyrimidines; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Streptozocin
PubMed: 30551546
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.163 -
Sarcoma 2018Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) can reverse chemoresistance, enhance chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity, and reduce sarcoma proliferation in cell lines and animal...
SARC018_SPORE02: Phase II Study of Mocetinostat Administered with Gemcitabine for Patients with Metastatic Leiomyosarcoma with Progression or Relapse following Prior Treatment with Gemcitabine-Containing Therapy.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) can reverse chemoresistance, enhance chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity, and reduce sarcoma proliferation in cell lines and animal models. We sought to determine the safety and toxicity of mocetinostat and its ability to reverse chemoresistance when administered with gemcitabine in patients with metastatic leiomyosarcoma resistant to prior gemcitabine-containing therapy. Participants with metastatic leiomyosarcoma received mocetinostat orally, 70 mg per day, three days per week, increasing to 90 mg after three weeks if well tolerated. Gemcitabine was administered at 1,000 mg/m intravenously at 10 mg/m/minute on days five and 12 of every 21-day cycle. Disease response was evaluated with CT or MRI. Twenty participants with leiomyosarcoma were evaluated for toxicity. Median time to disease progression was 2.0 months (95% CI 1.54-3.12). Eighteen participants were evaluated for radiologic response by RECIST 1.1. Best responses included one PR and 12 SD. Tumor size reduced in 3 patients. Most common toxicities were fatigue, thrombocytopenia, anemia, nausea, and anorexia. One patient experienced a significant pericardial adverse event. No study-related deaths were observed. Rechallenging with gemcitabine by adding mocetinostat was feasible and demonstrated modest activity in patients with leiomyosarcoma. Further studies are needed to better define the role of HDAC inhibitors in patients with metastatic leiomyosarcoma.
PubMed: 30473623
DOI: 10.1155/2018/2068517 -
CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics Feb 2019Recently, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are considered a possible therapeutic strategy in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, HDACi treatments exhibit diverse...
AIMS
Recently, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are considered a possible therapeutic strategy in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, HDACi treatments exhibit diverse functions with unfavorable effects in AD. Thus, the development of selective HDACi without side effects is urgently needed.
METHODS
HDACi, namely, BML210, MGCD0103, PXD101, and Droxinostat, were screened in mouse hippocampal primary cultures incubated with oligomeric Aβ (50 μmol/L). MGCD0103 was chosen for in vivo tests and was intraperitoneally injected into C57BL/6J mice (0.5 mg/kg, once per day) for 4 weeks following an intrahippocampal CA1 injection of oligomeric Aβ . Brain samples were collected for pathological analyses after the behavioral analyses including open- field test (OFT), elevated plus maze (EPM), Y-maze, and Morris water maze (MWM).
RESULTS
Among the HDACi, MGCD0103 exhibited significant neuroprotection against the Aβ toxicity in primary cultures. MGCD0103 coattenuated cognitive deficits and anxiety against Aβ damage in mice. MGCD0103 further ameliorated pathological features such as the levels of acetylated histone 3 at Lys 9 site (H3K9) and α-tubulin, synaptophysin, Aβ, tau protein phosphorylation, and serotonergic neuron loss against Aβ toxicity. Furthermore, chronic MGCD0103 treatment did not show liver or kidney toxicity in mice.
CONCLUSIONS
These results reveal MGCD0103 could be a potential therapeutic agent against AD.
Topics: Amyloid beta-Peptides; Animals; Anxiety; Behavior, Animal; Benzamides; CA1 Region, Hippocampal; Cognitive Dysfunction; Female; Hippocampus; Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; Male; Maze Learning; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Peptide Fragments; Primary Cell Culture; Pyrimidines
PubMed: 29978554
DOI: 10.1111/cns.13029 -
Journal of Proteome Research Aug 2018Mixed lineage leukemia results from chromosomal rearrangements of the gene mixed lineage leukemia (MLL). MLL-AF9 is one such rearrangement that recruits the lysine...
Selective DOT1L, LSD1, and HDAC Class I Inhibitors Reduce HOXA9 Expression in MLL-AF9 Rearranged Leukemia Cells, But Dysregulate the Expression of Many Histone-Modifying Enzymes.
Mixed lineage leukemia results from chromosomal rearrangements of the gene mixed lineage leukemia (MLL). MLL-AF9 is one such rearrangement that recruits the lysine methyltransferase, human disruptor of telomere silencing 1-like (DOT1L) and lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), resulting in elevated expression of the Homeobox protein A9 (HOXA9), and leukemia. Inhibitors of LSD1 or DOT1L reduce HOXA9 expression, kill MLL-rearranged cells, and may treat leukemia. To quantify their effects on histone modifying enzyme activity and expression in MLL-rearranged leukemia, we tested inhibitors of DOT1L (EPZ-5676), LSD1 (GSK2879552), and HDAC (mocetinostat), in the MLL-AF9 cell line MOLM-13. All inhibitors reduced MOLM-13 viability but only mocetinostat induced apoptosis. EPZ-5676 increased total histone lysine dimethylation, which was attributed to a reduction in LSD1 expression, and was indistinguishable from direct LSD1 inhibition by GSK2879552. All compounds directly inhibit, or reduce the expression of, HOXA9, DOT1L and LSD1 by qPCR, increase total histone lysine methylation and acetylation by LC-MS/MS, and specifically reduce H3K79Me2 and increase H3K14Ac. Each inhibitor altered the expression of many histone modifying enzymes which may precipitate additional changes in expression. To the extent that this decreases HOXA9 expression it benefits mixed lineage leukemia treatment, all other expression changes are off-target effects.
Topics: Enzyme Inhibitors; Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic; Gene Rearrangement; Histone Code; Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; Histone Demethylases; Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase; Homeodomain Proteins; Humans; Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute; Methyltransferases; Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein; Oncogene Proteins, Fusion
PubMed: 29972300
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00118 -
Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology Feb 2018To evaluate the safety and efficacy of mocetinostat (a Class I/IV HDAC inhibitor) in combination with gemcitabine in patients with solid tumors, including pancreatic...
PURPOSE
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of mocetinostat (a Class I/IV HDAC inhibitor) in combination with gemcitabine in patients with solid tumors, including pancreatic cancer.
METHODS
In this open-label, non-randomized Phase I/II study (NCT00372437) sequential cohorts of patients with solid tumors received gemcitabine (1000 mg/m, day 1 of three consecutive weeks, 4-week cycles) and oral mocetinostat [50-110 mg, three times per week (TIW)]. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended Phase II dose (RP2D) was determined based on dose-limiting toxicities in Cycle 1 (Phase I study). The MTD/RP2D was further evaluated in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer (Phase II study) using a two-stage design. The Phase II primary endpoint was overall response rate (ORR).
RESULTS
Forty-eight patients were enrolled into the Phase I (n = 25) and Phase II (n = 23) studies. In the Phase I study, the MTD/RP2D was mocetinostat 90 mg TIW + gemcitabine 1000 mg/m. Grade ≥ 3 treatment-related adverse events (AEs) were reported by 81% of all patients, the most frequent being fatigue (38%) and thrombocytopenia (19%). The ORR was 11% in the Phase I study (n = 2 patients with pancreatic cancer, responses lasting for 16.8 and 4.0 months, respectively). As no responses were seen in the Phase II cohort, the study was terminated.
CONCLUSIONS
Mocetinostat TIW in combination with gemcitabine was associated with significant toxicities in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. The level of clinical activity of this treatment combination was not considered high enough to merit further testing in this setting.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Benzamides; Cohort Studies; Deoxycytidine; Endpoint Determination; Female; Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; Humans; Male; Maximum Tolerated Dose; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Pyrimidines; Treatment Outcome; Gemcitabine
PubMed: 29238851
DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3494-3 -
PloS One 2017Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a malignant soft tissue sarcoma (STS) with a dismal prognosis following metastatic disease. Chemotherapeutic intervention has demonstrated to...
Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a malignant soft tissue sarcoma (STS) with a dismal prognosis following metastatic disease. Chemotherapeutic intervention has demonstrated to have modest clinical efficacy with no curative potential in LMS patients. Previously, we demonstrated pan-HDAC inhibition to have a superior effect in various complex karyotypic sarcomas. In this study, our goal is to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of mocetinostat alone and in combination with gemcitabine in LMS. Human leiomyosarcoma (LMS) cell lines were used for in vitro and in vivo studies. Compounds tested included the class I HDAC inhibitor, mocetinostat, and nucleoside analog, gemcitabine. MTS and clonogenic assays were used to evaluate the effect of mocetinostat on LMS cell growth. Cleaved caspase 3/7 analysis was used to determine the effects of mocetinostat on apoptosis. Compusyn software was used to determine in vitro synergy studies for the combination of mocetinostat plus gemcitabine. A LMS xenograft model in SCID mice was used to test the impact of mocetinostat alone, gemcitabine alone and the combination of mocetinostat plus gemcitabine. Mocetinostat abrogated LMS cell growth and clonogenic potential, and enhanced apoptosis in LMS cell lines. The combination of mocetinostat plus gemcitabine exhibited a synergistic effect in LMS cells in vitro. Similarly, mocetinostat combined with gemcitabine resulted in superior anti-LMS effects in vivo. Mocetinostat reduced the expression of gemcitabine-resistance markers RRM1, RRM2, and increased the expression of gemcitabine-sensitivity marker, hENT1, in LMS cells. LMS are aggressive, metastatic tumors with poor prognosis where effective therapeutic interventions are wanting. Our studies demonstrate the potential utility of mocetinostat combined with gemcitabine for the treatment of LMS.
Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Apoptosis; Benzamides; Cell Division; Cell Line, Tumor; Deoxycytidine; Drug Synergism; Humans; Leiomyosarcoma; Pyrimidines; Gemcitabine
PubMed: 29186204
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188859 -
Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy : CII Mar 2018Checkpoint inhibitor therapy has led to major treatment advances for several cancers including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Despite this, a significant percentage...
Checkpoint inhibitor therapy has led to major treatment advances for several cancers including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Despite this, a significant percentage of patients do not respond or develop resistance. Potential mechanisms of resistance include lack of expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), decreased capacity to present tumor antigens, and the presence of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Mocetinostat is a spectrum-selective inhibitor of class I/IV histone deacetylases (HDACs), a family of proteins implicated in epigenetic silencing of immune regulatory genes in tumor and immune cells. Mocetinostat upregulated PD-L1 and antigen presentation genes including class I and II human leukocyte antigen (HLA) family members in a panel of NSCLC cell lines in vitro. Mocetinostat target gene promoters were occupied by a class I HDAC and exhibited increased active histone marks after mocetinostat treatment. Mocetinostat synergized with interferon γ (IFN-γ) in regulating class II transactivator (CIITA), a master regulator of class II HLA gene expression. In a syngeneic tumor model, mocetinostat decreased intratumoral T-regulatory cells (Tregs) and potentially myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) populations and increased intratumoral CD8+ populations. In ex vivo assays, patient-derived, mocetinostat-treated Tregs also showed significant down regulation of FOXP3 and HELIOS. The combination of mocetinostat and a murine PD-L1 antibody antagonist demonstrated increased anti-tumor activity compared to either therapy alone in two syngeneic tumor models. Together, these data provide evidence that mocetinostat modulates immune-related genes in tumor cells as well as immune cell types in the tumor microenvironment and enhances checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigen Presentation; Apoptosis; B7-H1 Antigen; Benzamides; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Cell Proliferation; Drug Combinations; Drug Synergism; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; Histone Deacetylases; Humans; Interferon-gamma; Lung Neoplasms; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Nude; Pyrimidines; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Tumor Microenvironment; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
PubMed: 29124315
DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2091-y