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MLife Jun 2024Mycotoxins, which are secondary metabolites produced by toxicogenic fungi, are natural food toxins that cause acute and chronic adverse reactions in humans and animals.... (Review)
Review
Mycotoxins, which are secondary metabolites produced by toxicogenic fungi, are natural food toxins that cause acute and chronic adverse reactions in humans and animals. The genus is one of three major genera of mycotoxin-producing fungi. Trichothecenes, fumonisins, and zearalenone are the major mycotoxins that occur worldwide. mycotoxins have the potential to infiltrate the human food chain via contamination during crop production and food processing, eventually threatening human health. The occurrence and development of mycotoxin contamination will change with climate change, especially with variations in temperature, precipitation, and carbon dioxide concentration. To address these challenges, researchers have built a series of effective models to forecast the occurrence of mycotoxins and provide guidance for crop production. mycotoxins frequently exist in food products at extremely low levels, thus necessitating the development of highly sensitive and reliable detection techniques. Numerous successful detection methods have been developed to meet the requirements of various situations, and an increasing number of methods are moving toward high-throughput features. Although mycotoxins cannot be completely eliminated, numerous agronomic, chemical, physical, and biological methods can lower mycotoxin contamination to safe levels during the preharvest and postharvest stages. These theoretical innovations and technological advances have the potential to facilitate the development of comprehensive strategies for effectively managing mycotoxin contamination in the future.
PubMed: 38948146
DOI: 10.1002/mlf2.12112 -
ACS Omega Jun 2024This study aimed to increase the stability and solubility of the Algerian L. (ASHO) essential oil through nanoencapsulation. Nanoemulsions of ASHO (MF-ASHEO) were...
This study aimed to increase the stability and solubility of the Algerian L. (ASHO) essential oil through nanoencapsulation. Nanoemulsions of ASHO (MF-ASHEO) were developed to evaluate their antioxidant and antimicrobial potential, stability, and cytotoxicity using microfluidization at 150 MPa for five cycles. MF-ASHO showed 8 compounds (99.56%) vs ASHEO's 26 compounds (95.46%). Carvacrol increased to 94.51%, replacing γ-terpinene, which decreased to 0.43%. The MF-ASHEO nanoemulsion had a mean particle size of 41.72 nm, a monomodal size distribution pattern, a mean ζ-potential of -39.4 mV, and a polydispersity index (PDI) mean value of 0.291. Micrographs showed spherical nanoparticles with varying diameters in nm. ASHEO was more toxic than MF-ASHEO against HepG2, Vero, and WI-38, according to the MTT and WST-1 assays. ASHEO demonstrated antiradical and antibacterial activity and inhibited biofilm formation. It also had an enhanced antifungal effect and reduced mycotoxin production. The MF-ASHEO sample showed no activity except in reducing mycotoxin production, where it performed better than ASHEO. and ADME results confirmed the inhibitory action of carvacrol on the key enzymes of the aflatoxin biosynthetic mechanism and the target proteins associated with bactericidal/bacteriostatic effects. The microfluidization process dramatically affects not only the oil's volatile content but also its biological activity.
PubMed: 38947844
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00315 -
Journal of Veterinary Research Jun 2024The productivity of domestic animals and the safety of food products derived from them are jeopardised by mycotoxins in animal feed. To control them, feed additives are...
INTRODUCTION
The productivity of domestic animals and the safety of food products derived from them are jeopardised by mycotoxins in animal feed. To control them, feed additives are used, which limit the absorption of mycotoxins in the gastrointestinal tract of animals by binding to them. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a new model in experiments on the binding of mycotoxins from buffers and contaminated feed and to confirm the effect of a single sorbent or mixture in binding them.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Nine mineral sorbents were tested for their efficiency binding eight mycotoxins. Two experiments were conducted to indicate the mycotoxin-binding capacity of sorbents, each specifying a buffer with one of two different pH levels reflecting gastrointestinal conditions (pH 3.5 and 7.0). The first investigated the sorbent with only the buffer and mycotoxin standards, while the second did so with the sorbent, buffer and feed naturally contaminated with mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and ochratoxin A).
RESULTS
The sorption was significantly lower in the trial with feed. In the first experiment at gastric pH (pH 3.5), activated charcoal bound deoxynivalenol and sepiolite bound zearalenone at 70% and 96%, respectively, whereas in the second experiment with feed, the binding was only 3% and 6%.
CONCLUSION
The study underlines the challenge of finding a feed additive that would work comprehensively, binding all mycotoxins regulated by law.
PubMed: 38947151
DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2024-0023 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Jun 2024Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a common mycotoxin that causes intestinal injury in humans and various animal species. OTA may lead to intestinal injury in offspring due to the...
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a common mycotoxin that causes intestinal injury in humans and various animal species. OTA may lead to intestinal injury in offspring due to the maternal effect. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of embryo injected with OTA induced jejunum injury in ducklings. The results showed that OTA disrupted the jejunum tight junctions in hatching ducklings, and promoted the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. And this inflammatory response was caused by the activation of the TLR4 signaling pathway. Moreover, embryo injected with OTA could cause damage to the intestinal barrier in 21-day-old ducks, characterized by shortened villi, crypt hyperplasia, disrupted intestinal tight junctions, increased level of LPS in the jejunum, activation of the TLR4 signaling pathway, and increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Meanwhile, OTA induced oxidative stress in the jejunum. And dysbiosis of gut microbiota was mainly characterized by an increased the relative abundance of Bacteroides, Megamonas, Fournierella, and decreased the relative abundance of Alistipes and Weissella. Interestingly, embryo injected with OTA did not induce these changes in the jejunum of antibiotics-treated 21-day-old ducks. In conclusion, embryo injected with OTA induced jejunum injury in ducklings by activating the TLR4 signaling pathway, which involvement of intestinal microbiota.
PubMed: 38945100
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116666 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Jun 2024Fusarium head blight caused by is a devastating disease in wheat that seriously endangers food security and human health. Previous studies have found that the secondary...
Fusarium head blight caused by is a devastating disease in wheat that seriously endangers food security and human health. Previous studies have found that the secondary metabolite phenazine-1-carboxamide produced by biocontrol bacteria inhibited by binding to and inhibiting the activity of histone acetyltransferase Gcn5 (FgGcn5). However, the detailed mechanism of this inhibition remains unknown. Our structural and biochemical studies revealed that phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN) binds to the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) domain of FgGcn5 at its cosubstrate acetyl-CoA binding site, thus competitively inhibiting the histone acetylation function of the enzyme. Alanine substitution of the residues in the binding site shared by PCN and acetyl-CoA not only decreased the histone acetylation level of the enzyme but also dramatically impacted the development, mycotoxin synthesis, and virulence of the strain. Taken together, our study elucidated a competitive inhibition mechanism of Fusarium fungus by PCN and provided a structural template for designing more potent phenazine-based fungicides.
PubMed: 38943677
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03936 -
Mycotoxin Research Jun 2024
PubMed: 38941063
DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00542-5 -
Journal of Biochemical and Molecular... Jul 2024
Short communication on "new insights into the combined toxicity of aflatoxin B1 and Fumonisin B1 in HepG2 cells using Seahorse respirometry analysis and RNA transcriptome sequencing".
Topics: Humans; Aflatoxin B1; Fumonisins; Hep G2 Cells; Transcriptome; Sequence Analysis, RNA
PubMed: 38940674
DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23756 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Elite Edition) May 2024Fungi are a large group of eukaryotic microorganisms that can readily adapt to diverse environments and occur in almost all climatic zones and continents. Although some... (Review)
Review
Fungi are a large group of eukaryotic microorganisms that can readily adapt to diverse environments and occur in almost all climatic zones and continents. Although some fungi are inevitable in the environment for the decay and recycling of organic material, many species are known to produce secondary metabolites, and these mycotoxins, when ingested with food or feed materials, can adversely affect animal and human health. Among the toxigenic fungi, species are recognized as so-called field fungi, invading crops and producing mycotoxins predominantly before harvest. produces a wide array of mycotoxins, causing different plant diseases. Fusariosis causes significant economic losses in a wide range of crops. secondary metabolites, particularly trichothecenes, are potent toxins in mammalian species and cause diverse adverse effects in humans and animals. Other prominent toxins with entirely different chemical structures are zearalenone and its derivatives and fumonisins. With an entirely different life cycle, toxins of endophytes belonging to the genus Epichloë and and comprise an animal health risk, particularly for grazing animals. This review aimed to summarize the adverse effects of selected and toxins, with a special emphasis on their occurrence in roughages and their mechanisms of action, and describe their effect on animal health and welfare and the potentially related public health risks.
Topics: Fusarium; Mycotoxins; Animals; Mycotoxicosis; Hypocreales
PubMed: 38939909
DOI: 10.31083/j.fbe1602012 -
Analytical Methods : Advancing Methods... Jun 2024Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin, a water-soluble metabolite produced by , which mainly contaminates grain and its products and is acutely toxic and potentially...
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin, a water-soluble metabolite produced by , which mainly contaminates grain and its products and is acutely toxic and potentially carcinogenic to certain domestic animals. In this work, plasma nanocomposites of FeO@Cu@CuO with magnetic and optoelectronic properties were synthesized as a sensing platform. On one hand, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of metallic Cu accelerates the electron transfer rate. On the other hand, plasma-induced resonance energy transfer of metals and semiconductors can improve the utilization efficiency of light energy. A split photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor based on FeO@Cu@CuO was proposed for the detection of FB1. The sensor has a wide linear range of 1.0-10 000 pg mL and a low detection limit of 0.28 pg mL (LOD, S/N = 3), which can realize the specific detection of FB1 in real samples.
PubMed: 38938173
DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00971a -
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Jun 2024Humans are exposed to a cocktail of food-related and environmental contaminants, potentially contributing to the etiology of chronic diseases. Better characterizing the...
Humans are exposed to a cocktail of food-related and environmental contaminants, potentially contributing to the etiology of chronic diseases. Better characterizing the "exposome" is a challenging task and requires broad human biomonitoring (HBM). Veterinary drugs (VDs)/antibiotics, widely used and regulated in food and animal production, however, are typically not yet included in exposomics workflows. Therefore, in this work, a previously established multianalyte liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method covering >80 diverse xenobiotics was expanded by >40 VDs/antibiotics and pesticides. It was investigated if the generic workflow allowed for the successful integration of a high number of new analytes in a proof-of-principle study. The expanded method was successfully in-house validated and specificity, matrix effects, linearity, intra- and inter-day precision, accuracy, limits of quantification, and detection were evaluated. The optimized method demonstrated satisfactory recovery (81-120%) for most of the added analytes with acceptable RSDs (<20%) at three spiking levels. The majority of VDs/antibiotics and pesticides (69%) showed matrix effects within a range of 50-140%. Moreover, sensitivity was excellent with median LODs and LOQs of 0.10 ng/mL and 0.31 ng/mL, respectively. In total, the expanded method can be used to detect and quantify more than 120 highly diverse analytes in a single analytical run. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this work represents the first targeted biomonitoring method integrating VDs with various other classes of pollutants including plasticizers, PFAS, bisphenols, mycotoxins, and personal care products. It demonstrates the potential to expand targeted multianalyte methods towards additional groups of potentially toxic chemicals.
PubMed: 38937289
DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05374-x