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Minerva Dental and Oral Science Jul 2024Oral cancer is a serious health issue in both the developing and developed worlds, and it is one of the most common forms of cancer of the head and neck. In accordance...
BACKGROUND
Oral cancer is a serious health issue in both the developing and developed worlds, and it is one of the most common forms of cancer of the head and neck. In accordance with the 2017 World Health Organization classification, oral cancer can affect any part of the mouth, including the buccal mucosa, the front two-thirds of the tongue, the lip, the palate, the vestibule, the alveolus, the floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. Hematology and electrolyte balance have been proposed as tumor indicators and paths into cancer's genesis. Examining the patient's blood count and electrolyte levels in order to better understand their oral cancer.
METHODS
Electrolyte abnormalities are common in cancer patients and may be caused by the disease itself or by treatment. Hyponatremia is the most frequent electrolyte problem in cancer patients, and it is typically caused by the syndrome of improper ADH secretion. Although electrolyte problems are associated with a worse prognosis for cancer patients, timely and effective therapy has the potential to enhance both short- and long-term results and quality of life. Hematological tests on patients with oral cancer, including differential cell count, white blood cell count, and hemoglobin level.
RESULTS
Compared to healthy controls, oral cancer patients show statistically significant differences in a number of biochemical parameters, including electrolytes (sodium, P<0.05; potassium, P=0.89; chloride, P<0.05); differential count (neutrophils, P<0.05; basophils, P<0.05). A significant risk factor for cancer patients is an electrolyte imbalance, which has been linked to inappropriate anti-diabetic hormone release.
CONCLUSIONS
Clinicians will find these shifts in electrolytic level helpful in diagnosing and tracking oral cancer. Potentially malignant oral disorders and Oral squamous cell carcinoma may be better predicted using a combination of TLC, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts, as shown in this study.
PubMed: 38953794
DOI: 10.23736/S2724-6329.24.04902-7 -
MBio Jul 2024Nasopharyngeal carriage of staphylococci spreads potentially pathogenic strains into (peri)oral regions and increases the chance of cross-infections. Some laboratory...
UNLABELLED
Nasopharyngeal carriage of staphylococci spreads potentially pathogenic strains into (peri)oral regions and increases the chance of cross-infections. Some laboratory strains can also move rapidly on hydrated agar surfaces, but the biological relevance of these observations is not clear. Using soft-agar [0.3% (wt/vol)] plate assays, we demonstrate the rapid surface dispersal of (peri)oral isolates of and and closely related laboratory strains in the presence of mucin glycoproteins. Mucin-induced dispersal was a stepwise process initiated by the passive spreading of the growing colonies followed by their rapid branching (dendrites) from the colony edge. Although most spreading strains used mucin as a growth substrate, dispersal was primarily dependent on the lubricating and hydrating properties of the mucins. Using JE2 as a genetically tractable representative, we demonstrate that mucin-induced dendritic dispersal, but not colony spreading, is facilitated by the secretion of surfactant-active phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) in a process regulated by the quorum-sensing system. Furthermore, the dendritic dispersal of JE2 colonies was further stimulated in the presence of surfactant-active supernatants recovered from the most robust (peri)oral spreaders of and . These findings suggest complementary roles for lubricating mucins and staphylococcal PSMs in the active dispersal of potentially pathogenic strains from perioral to respiratory mucosae, where gel-forming, hydrating mucins abound. They also highlight the impact that interspecies interactions have on the co-dispersal of with other perioral bacteria, heightening the risk of polymicrobial infections and the severity of the clinical outcomes.
IMPORTANCE
Despite lacking classical motility machinery, nasopharyngeal staphylococci spread rapidly in (peri)oral and respiratory mucosa and cause cross-infections. We describe laboratory conditions for the reproducible study of staphylococcal dispersal on mucosa-like surfaces and the identification of two dispersal stages (colony spreading and dendritic expansion) stimulated by mucin glycoproteins. The mucin type mattered as dispersal required the surfactant activity and hydration provided by some mucin glycoproteins. While colony spreading was a passive mode of dispersal lubricated by the mucins, the more rapid and invasive form of dendritic expansion of and required additional lubrication by surfactant-active peptides (phenol-soluble modulins) secreted at high cell densities through quorum sensing. These results highlight a hitherto unknown role for gel-forming mucins in the dispersal of staphylococcal strains associated with cross-infections and point at perioral regions as overlooked sources of carriage and infection by staphylococci.
PubMed: 38953351
DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01562-24 -
Drug and Chemical Toxicology Jul 2024The increase in the incidence of gastric ulcer (GU) has posed major threat on public health. This research aimed to evaluate gastroprotective properties of the aqueous...
The increase in the incidence of gastric ulcer (GU) has posed major threat on public health. This research aimed to evaluate gastroprotective properties of the aqueous leaf extract of (AETT) in ethanol-induced gastric ulceration. GU was induced oral administration of single dose of 5 mLkg of 90% ethanol in rats and protection of 200 mgkg bw of AETT and 20 mgkg bw of omeprazole was investigated for 14 d oral treatment. Influence of AETT on anti-inflammatory, redox assays, ulcer index (UI), and gastric mucosa histological alterations were evaluated. Significant increase in myeloperoxidase (MPO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels compared to untreated group established gastric inflammation in rats induced by ethanol. Gastric ulcerated group exhibited heightened oxidative stress with concurrent decline in activities of antioxidant enzymes. Ethanol exposure to rats resulted in induction of lipid peroxidation, prominently elevating gastric malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. Nevertheless, treatment with AETT or omeprazole exhibited substantial anti-inflammatory effects within gastric mucosa by attenuating expression of markers associated with inflammation. AETT demonstrated reduction in concentrations of MDA and HO, thereby alleviating progression of lipid peroxidation cascades. Also, AETT exhibited mitigating effect on ethanol-induced oxidative harm by enhancing the functionality of protective enzymes and elevating glutathione (GSH) concentration. Overall, AETT exhibited enhancements in activities of cytoprotective antioxidant enzymes, mitigated impact of oxidative stress and inflammation, inhibited lipid peroxidation, and decreased UI score. These beneficial effects could be attributed to phytochemicals present in AETT including 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone and Phytol. Outcome of this study established the traditional herbal claims of AETT.
PubMed: 38953232
DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2024.2365435 -
The Journal of Oral Implantology Jul 2024Cases of relatively safe dental implant treatment in patients with low-volume bisphosphonate (BP) have been gradually reported. Although bone augmentation is commonly...
Cases of relatively safe dental implant treatment in patients with low-volume bisphosphonate (BP) have been gradually reported. Although bone augmentation is commonly used when the bone volume is insufficient for implant placement, the studies and case reports regarding the safety of bone augmentation in patients treated with BP remain insufficient. Herein, we report a case wherein bone augmentation was performed after BP treatment, with bone healing realized according to imaging, and we review the literature regarding BP and bone augmentation. A sixty-seven-year-old Japanese woman requested implant treatment for a hopeless lower right second molar. She had been taking minodronic acid hydrate (50 mg/4 wk) for 18 mo to treat steroid-induced osteoporosis. After obtaining informed consent, tooth extraction and bone augmentation within the extraction socket were performed. The tooth was extracted atraumatically to preserve the surrounding alveolar bone, and the extraction socket was intensely curetted. Subsequently, the socket was filled with carbonate apatite granules and covered with a biodegradable membrane, and the wound was sutured without tension. Although protracted wound healing without any symptoms of infection was observed, the wound healed completely. No clinical symptoms were observed, the color of the mucosa at the site was healthy, and imaging findings at a six month post-operation indicated that osteogenesis had progressed uneventfully.
PubMed: 38953229
DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-D-24-00077 -
Frontiers in Oral Health 2024Oral herpes infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) are one of the most common in the human population. Recently, they have been classified as an...
INTRODUCTION
Oral herpes infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) are one of the most common in the human population. Recently, they have been classified as an increasing problem in immunocompromised patients and those suffering from chronic inflammation of the oral mucosa and gums. Treatment mainly involves nucleoside analogues, such as acyclovir and its derivatives, which reduce virus replication and shedding. As drug-resistant strains of herpes emerge rapidly, there is a need for the development of novel anti-herpes agents. The aim of the study was to design an antiviral peptide, based on natural compounds, non-toxic to the host, and efficient against drug-resistant HSV-1. Here, we designed a lysine-rich derivative of amphibian temporin-1CEb conjugated to peptides penetrating the host cell membrane and examined their activity against HSV-1 infection of oral mucosa.
METHODS
We assessed the antiviral efficiency of the tested compound in simple 2D cell models (VeroE6 and TIGKs cells) and a 3D organotypic model of human gingiva (OTG) using titration assay, qPCR, and confocal imaging. To identify the molecular mechanism of antiviral activity, we applied the Azure A metachromatic test, and attachment assays techniques. Toxicity of the conjugates was examined using XTT and LDH assays.
RESULTS
Our results showed that temporin-1CEb analogues significantly reduce viral replication in oral mucosa. The mechanism of peptide analogues is based on the interaction with heparan sulfate, leading to the reduce attachment of HSV-1 to the cell membrane. Moreover, temporin-1CEb conjugates effectively penetrate the gingival tissue being effective against acyclovir-resistant strains. Collectively, we showed that temporin-1CEb can be regarded as a novel, naturally derived antiviral compound for HSV-1 treatment.
PubMed: 38953010
DOI: 10.3389/froh.2024.1430077 -
BMC Oral Health Jun 2024Oral cancer, including malignancies of the tongue, lips, floor of the mouth, cheek mucosa, gums, palate, and oropharynx, is life-threatening. Early diagnosis and...
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE
Oral cancer, including malignancies of the tongue, lips, floor of the mouth, cheek mucosa, gums, palate, and oropharynx, is life-threatening. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for long-term survival. Dentists frequently encounter oral cancers due to the nature of their work. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and experience of dentists in Turkey regarding oral cancers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 361 participants were included in the study, and survey questions were sent via email. The survey consisted of 16 questions measuring demographic data and knowledge about oral cancerous lesions. Participants were grouped based on their specialization and knowledge level, and differences in responses among groups were examined.
RESULTS
Only 21.3% of the participants felt they had sufficient knowledge and experience about oral cancerous lesions. Overall, the correct answer rates indicated a moderate level of knowledge and experience. When grouped by specialization, oral surgeons had the highest accuracy in their responses (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
Dentists are the professional group that most frequently encounters clinically oral cancerous lesions. Therefore, it is critically important for them to be knowledgeable and experienced to reduce morbidity and mortality through early diagnosis. This study evaluated the knowledge status of dentists in Turkey regarding oral cancer and highlighted the need for improved education.
Topics: Humans; Turkey; Mouth Neoplasms; Dentists; Female; Male; Adult; Middle Aged; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Surveys and Questionnaires; Clinical Competence; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 38951844
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04533-x -
Journal of Applied Toxicology : JAT Jul 2024The present systematic review (SR) aims to evaluate manuscripts in order to help further elucidate the following question: is the micronucleus assay (MA) also a useful... (Review)
Review
Is micronucleus assay a useful marker in gingiva, tongue, and palate for evaluating cytogenetic damage induced by chemical, physical, and biological agents in vivo? A systematic review with meta-analysis.
The present systematic review (SR) aims to evaluate manuscripts in order to help further elucidate the following question: is the micronucleus assay (MA) also a useful marker in gingiva, tongue, and palate for evaluating cytogenetic damage in vivo? A search was performed through the electronic databases PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science, all studies published up to December 2023. The comparisons were defined as standardized mean difference (SMD), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were established. Full manuscripts from 34 studies were carefully selected and reviewed in this setting. Our results demonstrate that the MA may be a useful biomarker of gingival tissue damage in vivo, and this tissue could be a useful alternative to the buccal mucosa. The meta-analysis analyzing the different sites regardless of the deleterious factor studied, the buccal mucosa (SMD = 0.69, 95% CI, - 0.49 to 1.88, p = 0.25) and gingiva (SMD = 0.31, 95% CI, - 0.11 to 0.72, p = 0.15), showed similar results and different outcome for the tongue (SMD = 1.19, 95% CI, 0.47 to 1.91, p = 0.001). In summary, our conclusion suggests that the MA can be a useful marker for detecting DNA damage in gingiva in vivo and that this tissue could be effective site for smearing.
PubMed: 38951124
DOI: 10.1002/jat.4662 -
Cureus May 2024Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) stands as a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by blistering and erosion of mucocutaneous membranes. The pathogenesis of PV implicates both B...
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) stands as a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by blistering and erosion of mucocutaneous membranes. The pathogenesis of PV implicates both B and T cells, which target cell-to-cell adhesion molecules within the epithelia of the skin and oral mucosa, leading to acantholysis. Typically, the presentation involves blistering of the oral mucosa, often followed by cutaneous lesions. Given the considerable risk of morbidity and mortality associated with PV, early diagnosis is crucial, typically relying on a combination of clinical features, histopathology, and direct immunofluorescence. Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases and inflammation. Herein, we present a case of PV that demonstrated resistance to first-line therapy with steroids. Subsequently, treatment with the BTK inhibitor ibrutinib was initiated, yielding favorable outcomes. This case underscores the potential of targeted therapies, such as BTK inhibitors, in managing PV refractory to conventional treatment modalities.
PubMed: 38947690
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61317 -
Veterinary and Animal Science Sep 2024Previously, we demonstrated unique insertion/deletion polymorphisms of equine histidine-rich glycoprotein with five genotypes composed of 45-bp or 90-bp deletions in...
Previously, we demonstrated unique insertion/deletion polymorphisms of equine histidine-rich glycoprotein with five genotypes composed of 45-bp or 90-bp deletions in the histidine-rich region of in Thoroughbred horses. Although leukocytes are typically used to collect DNA for genotyping, blood sampling from animals is sometimes difficult and invasive. Moreover, the method for extracting DNA from blood leukocytes involves complicated steps and must be performed soon after blood sampling for sensitive gene analysis. In the present study, we performed genotyping using DNA, isolated from oral mucosa swabs collected by rubbing the mucosa on the underside of the upper lip of horses and 100 mg of freshly excreted feces obtained by scraping their surface. In the present study, we performed genotyping using DNA isolated from oral mucosa swabs and feces of horses (18 Thoroughbreds, 17 mixed breeds, 2 warm bloods), and compared the accuracy of this method with that of the method using DNA from leukocytes. The DNA derived from oral mucosa swabs was sufficient in quantity and quality for genotyping. However, DNA derived from fecal samples requires a more sensitive detection system because of contamination with non-horse DNA, and the test quality is low. Collection of oral mucosa swabs is less invasive than blood sampling; further, oral swabs can be stored for a longer period in a specified high-quality solution. Therefore, collecting DNA samples from oral mucosa swabs is recommended for the genetic analysis of not only horses but also other animals that are not accustomed to humans.
PubMed: 38947185
DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2024.100361 -
Yakugaku Zasshi : Journal of the... 2024It is well known that the oral bioavailability of hydrophilic and macromolecular drugs is generally very poor due to their poor membrane permeability characteristics.... (Review)
Review
It is well known that the oral bioavailability of hydrophilic and macromolecular drugs is generally very poor due to their poor membrane permeability characteristics. Among these poorly absorbed drugs, peptide and protein drugs are typical poorly absorbed drugs which have low stability and poor permeability in the gastrointestinal tract. Consequently, the clinical administration of peptide and protein drugs is presently limited to administration by injection. However, such frequent administration subjects the patients to considerable pain, and there is also the possibility of the manifestation of serious side effects. Therefore, various approaches have been examined to overcome the poor absorption characteristics of these drugs. These approaches include (1) to use additives including absorption enhancers and protease inhibitors, (2) to modify the chemical structure of peptide and protein drugs, and (3) to apply dosage forms to these drugs, (4) to develop a novel administration method for these drugs that can serve as an alternative to oral and injection administration. We demonstrated that intestinal and transmucosal absorption of peptide and protein drugs could be improved by using these approaches. These approaches may give us useful basic information to improve the intestinal and transmucosal absorption of peptide and protein drugs.
Topics: Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Peptides; Proteins; Biological Availability; Protease Inhibitors; Permeability; Administration, Oral; Intestinal Mucosa; Dosage Forms
PubMed: 38945845
DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.23-00199