-
Cell Reports Jun 2024Beliefs-attitudes toward some state of the environment-guide action selection and should be robust to variability but sensitive to meaningful change. Beliefs about...
Beliefs-attitudes toward some state of the environment-guide action selection and should be robust to variability but sensitive to meaningful change. Beliefs about volatility (expectation of change) are associated with paranoia in humans, but the brain regions responsible for volatility beliefs remain unknown. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is central to adaptive behavior, whereas the magnocellular mediodorsal thalamus (MDmc) is essential for arbitrating between perceptions and action policies. We assessed belief updating in a three-choice probabilistic reversal learning task following excitotoxic lesions of the MDmc (n = 3) or OFC (n = 3) and compared performance with that of unoperated monkeys (n = 14). Computational analyses indicated a double dissociation: MDmc, but not OFC, lesions were associated with erratic switching behavior and heightened volatility belief (as in paranoia in humans), whereas OFC, but not MDmc, lesions were associated with increased lose-stay behavior and reward learning rates. Given the consilience across species and models, these results have implications for understanding paranoia.
Topics: Animals; Prefrontal Cortex; Male; Paranoid Disorders; Macaca mulatta; Humans; Thalamus; Reward; Female; Culture
PubMed: 38870010
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114355 -
PCN Reports : Psychiatry and Clinical... Jun 2023In the 1960s and 1970s, there was widespread discussion in Japan about the pathological experience of "unpleasant odors emanating from one's body." This symptom is... (Review)
Review
In the 1960s and 1970s, there was widespread discussion in Japan about the pathological experience of "unpleasant odors emanating from one's body." This symptom is called "Jikoshu," and this term was used in combination with various words, such as "Genkaku" (hallucination) and "Moso" (delusion), reflecting its symptomatological ambiguity. The best-known term in the English-language literature is ( phobia). By further abstracting this symptom and viewing it as a delusion-like experience of "something leaking out of me," egorrhea syndrome (Fujinawa) was proposed, which was considered to be partly a pathology of schizophrenia. Similar cases were characteristically observed during adolescence, and a study emerged suggesting that the syndrome was "adolescent paranoia" (Murakami), distinct from schizophrenia. However, the terms "Jikoshu-Taiken" ( experience; Kasahara et al.) and "Jikoshu-Sho" ( syndrome; Miyamoto) were proposed to emphasize the nosological ambiguity. Considered a culture-bound syndrome unique to Japan or East Asia, received little attention in the English-language literature apart from a 1971 study of olfactory reference syndrome (Pryse-Phillips), which presents with similar symptoms. In recent years, research has placed this disorder within the obsessive-compulsive spectrum, and it has been adopted as an ICD-11 disorder under the term "olfactory reference disorder."
PubMed: 38868136
DOI: 10.1002/pcn5.112 -
Actas Espanolas de Psiquiatria Jun 2024The neurobiological basis of delusional disorder is less explored through neuroimaging techniques than in other psychotic disorders. This study aims to provide...
BACKGROUND
The neurobiological basis of delusional disorder is less explored through neuroimaging techniques than in other psychotic disorders. This study aims to provide information about the neural origins of delusional disorder (DD) by examining the neuroanatomical features of some basal nuclei with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) texture analysis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twenty DD patients and 20 healthy individuals were included in the study. Globus pallidus, putamen, and caudate nuclei were selected individually with a region of interest (ROI) on the axial MRI images. The entire texture analysis algorithm applied to all selected ROIs was done with an in-house software. Nuclei on both sides were taken as separate samples.
RESULTS
There were no significant differences between groups in terms of age and gender. The average "mean, median and maximum" values of all three nuclei were decreased in DD patients. The small putamen area and the differences detected in different tissue parameters for all three nuclei in delusional disorder patients indicate that they differ in delusional disorder from normal controls (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
The differences detected in the texture parameters for all three nuclei indicate that there is something different in the DD from in the normal controls. Neuroimaging studies with larger samples and different techniques in the future may shed light on the etiology of delusional disorder.
Topics: Humans; Female; Putamen; Male; Globus Pallidus; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Caudate Nucleus; Middle Aged; Schizophrenia, Paranoid; Adult; Case-Control Studies; Neuroimaging
PubMed: 38863052
DOI: 10.62641/aep.v52i3.1604 -
The International Journal on Drug Policy Jun 2024Methamphetamine frequently causes substance-induced psychosis and related symptoms. There are currently no interventions to prevent or assist in self-management of these...
BACKGROUND
Methamphetamine frequently causes substance-induced psychosis and related symptoms. There are currently no interventions to prevent or assist in self-management of these symptoms.
METHODS
We evaluated a program providing "Methamphetamine Assist Packs" to patients who were seen in a psychiatric emergency services program for methamphetamine-induced psychosis. Methamphetamine Assist Packs included a small number of tablets of an antipsychotic medication (olanzapine), administration instructions, and referral information. We reviewed medical charts of patients who received Methamphetamine Assist Packs from January 2022 through May 2023 for sociodemographic and emergency visit characteristics. We assessed the changes between the number of psychiatric emergency visits before and after Methamphetamine Assist Pack receipt at two, six, and 12 months using generalized estimating equations.
RESULTS
Ninety-two patients received a Methamphetamine Assist Pack, with a mean age of 40 years; 79 % were male and 49 % Black/African American; 77 % experienced housing instability or homelessness. The most common symptoms were suicidal ideation (54 %), paranoia or delusions (45 %), and hallucinations (40 %); 55 % were on involuntary psychiatric hold, 38 % required medications for agitation, and 18 % required seclusion or physical restraints. The rate of psychiatric emergency visits after Methamphetamine Assist Pack receipt was 0.68 and 0.87 times the rate prior to receipt at two and six months, respectively (p < 0.001). There was no difference at 12 months.
CONCLUSIONS
Methamphetamine Assist Packs were associated with fewer psychiatric emergency visits for six months after receipt, and represent a promising intervention to address acute psychiatric toxicity from methamphetamine in need of further research.
PubMed: 38861841
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104480 -
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Jun 2024Virtual Reality cognitive behavioral therapy (VR-CBT) has proven to be an effective treatment method for paranoia and anxiety in psychosis. However, it is unknown, which...
BACKGROUND
Virtual Reality cognitive behavioral therapy (VR-CBT) has proven to be an effective treatment method for paranoia and anxiety in psychosis. However, it is unknown, which individuals benefit most from VR-CBT. Previous studies examined factors affecting the treatment effect of regular CBTp, including illness duration, paranoia, depression, and pre-therapy avoidance behaviors, but results are inconsistent. The study aims to investigate the factors that influence the effectiveness of VR-CBT.
METHODS
A total of 95 participants with a psychotic disorder and at least moderate paranoia (GTPS >40) were included in this explorative study. Data were collected as part of a multicenter randomized controlled trial in which participants were assigned to VR-CBT or treatment as usual (TAU). The VR-CBT group received 16 sessions of individual treatment. A moderator analysis was conducted to examine the influence of baseline demographic (age, gender, and education level) and clinical characteristics (duration of illness, paranoia, anxiety, depression, safety behavior, self-esteem, and social functioning) on treatment effects of paranoia and anxiety as measured with questionnaires and the experience sampling method (ESM) directly after treatment (12 weeks after baseline).
RESULTS
More use of safety behavior at baseline resulted in greater benefits of VR-CBT on paranoid ideation and ESM paranoia. A higher age was associated with greater benefits of VR-CBT on social anxiety but not paranoia outcomes. There was no consistent evidence of moderation by any of the other sociodemographic or clinical variables for paranoid ideation and social anxiety.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that a diverse spectrum of patients, with different backgrounds and symptom severity may be able to benefit from VR-CBT. VR-CBT can be recommended to a broad spectrum of patients with psychotic disorders, and particularly those with high levels of safety behaviors, including severe avoidance, seem to benefit more.
PubMed: 38853472
DOI: 10.1111/acps.13713 -
The Mental Health Clinician Jun 2024Catatonia is a syndrome characterized by psychomotor and behavioral disturbances and is associated with a substantially increased mortality risk in adolescent patients....
INTRODUCTION
Catatonia is a syndrome characterized by psychomotor and behavioral disturbances and is associated with a substantially increased mortality risk in adolescent patients. There is a dearth of published literature describing treatment strategies for pediatric patients with catatonia. This dual-case series will describe the treatment course of 2 adolescent patients with catatonia at our pediatric inpatient psychiatric facility.
CASE SERIES
This case series presents 2 adolescent patients (a 17-year-old male and a 16-year-old female) who initially presented with worsening agitation and paranoia, later developing catatonia. Both patients required long durations of hospitalization and were treated with high-dose lorazepam before requiring the addition of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).
DISCUSSION
Treatment of pediatric patients with catatonia creates a significant burden on patients, families, and the healthcare system. Treatment with high-dose benzodiazepines is high risk, while ECT is both difficult to access and comes with its own risks. Both patients discussed are transitional age, meaning they will soon be young adults who will continue to require high-level psychiatric care. Psychiatric pharmacists have a large role to play in ensuring safe medication management for these complex patients.
CONCLUSIONS
This case series of 2 adolescent patients with catatonia demonstrates marginal reduction in symptoms with high-dose lorazepam in conjunction with ECT, with minimal side effects. This case series adds to the limited available literature regarding treatment of catatonia in pediatric patients and highlights the need for further study into effective treatment alternatives.
PubMed: 38835818
DOI: 10.9740/mhc.2024.06.215 -
Translational Psychiatry Jun 2024There is a lack of knowledge regarding the relationship between proneness to dimensional psychopathological syndromes and the underlying pathogenesis across major...
There is a lack of knowledge regarding the relationship between proneness to dimensional psychopathological syndromes and the underlying pathogenesis across major psychiatric disorders, i.e., Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Bipolar Disorder (BD), Schizoaffective Disorder (SZA), and Schizophrenia (SZ). Lifetime psychopathology was assessed using the OPerational CRITeria (OPCRIT) system in 1,038 patients meeting DSM-IV-TR criteria for MDD, BD, SZ, or SZA. The cohort was split into two samples for exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. All patients were scanned with 3-T MRI, and data was analyzed with the CAT-12 toolbox in SPM12. Psychopathological factor scores were correlated with gray matter volume (GMV) and cortical thickness (CT). Finally, factor scores were used for exploratory genetic analyses including genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and polygenic risk score (PRS) association analyses. Three factors (paranoid-hallucinatory syndrome, PHS; mania, MA; depression, DEP) were identified and cross-validated. PHS was negatively correlated with four GMV clusters comprising parts of the hippocampus, amygdala, angular, middle occipital, and middle frontal gyri. PHS was also negatively associated with the bilateral superior temporal, left parietal operculum, and right angular gyrus CT. No significant brain correlates were observed for the two other psychopathological factors. We identified genome-wide significant associations for MA and DEP. PRS for MDD and SZ showed a positive effect on PHS, while PRS for BD showed a positive effect on all three factors. This study investigated the relationship of lifetime psychopathological factors and brain morphometric and genetic markers. Results highlight the need for dimensional approaches, overcoming the limitations of the current psychiatric nosology.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Adult; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder, Major; Schizophrenia; Psychotic Disorders; Gray Matter; Middle Aged; Genome-Wide Association Study; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Brain; Psychopathology; Multifactorial Inheritance; Cerebral Cortex
PubMed: 38830892
DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02936-6 -
Community Mental Health Journal Jun 2024Co-occurring mental health concerns are prevalent among substance use recovery housing residents. We sought to explore how residents with co-occurring mental health and...
"And Now that I Feel Safe…I'm Coming Out of Fight or Flight": A Qualitative Exploration of Challenges and Opportunities for Residents' Mental Health in Substance Use Recovery Housing.
Co-occurring mental health concerns are prevalent among substance use recovery housing residents. We sought to explore how residents with co-occurring mental health and substance use needs experience recovery housing. We conducted semi-structured interviews with residents (N = 92) in recovery homes across Texas and developed themes through thematic analysis. Residents note that living in a group home can exacerbate anxiety and paranoia, especially during periods of high turnover. Overwhelmingly, however, residents believe recovery housing improves their mental health. Residents use their shared lived experiences to support one another. Residents also express appreciation for the transition period offered by recovery housing, allowing them to solidify their recoveries before fully re-entering society. Participants describe recovery homes as a critical support for their co-occurring mental health and substance use concerns. These results provide key insights on how to better support mental health in recovery housing.
PubMed: 38822922
DOI: 10.1007/s10597-024-01301-7 -
Alpha Psychiatry Jan 2024Schizophrenia patients often have personality disorders; schizophrenia patients with personality disorders are more difficult to treat and have a worse prognosis. Early...
OBJECTIVE
Schizophrenia patients often have personality disorders; schizophrenia patients with personality disorders are more difficult to treat and have a worse prognosis. Early identification of this group of patients and early intervention can achieve better prognosis. Therefore, it is very important to explore effective biomarkers and early diagnosis for the prognosis of schizophrenia. The primary purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between plasma miRNA expression level and personality disorder with schizophrenia.
METHODS
Gene microarrays in miRNA files were employed, and the plasma of peripheral blood of 82 schizophrenic patients and 43 healthy control subjects were examined. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction detection were performed to explore the results. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between expression level of miRNAs and Personality Diagnosis Questionnaire-4 score.
RESULTS
The results showed that miR-1273d, miR-1303, miR-3064-5p, miR-3131, miR-3687, miR-4428, miR-4725-3p, and miR-5096 were up-regulated in schizophrenic patients. Compared to healthy control subjects, the difference was statistically significant ( < .05). Schizophrenic patients with schizoid, paranoid, schizotypal, and obsessive compulsive traits had negative correlation with miR-1303, miR-3131, miR-4428, and miR-5096 expression level ( = -0.40 to -0.62, < .05); there were no significant differences in the other miRNAs. Correlation with other personality traits was not significant ( > .05). The stepwise regression analysis indicated that miR-5096, miR-3131, and miR-1273d have a significant predictive effect on the schizoid trait ( < .01). MiR-4428 and miR-1303 had a significant predictive effect on the schizotypal trait ( < .01). MiR-5096, miR-4428, and miR-4725-3P had a significant predictive effect on the paranoid trait ( < .05). MiR-4428, miR-1303, and miR-5096 had a significant predictive effect on the obsessive compulsive trait ( < .05).
CONCLUSION
The expression levels of miR-1273d, miR-1303, miR-3064-5p, miR-3131, miR-3687, miR-4428, miR-4725-3p, and miR-5096 were up-regulated in the peripheral blood of patients with schizophrenia, and these miRNAs are expected to be diagnostic biomarkers for accurate diagnosis of schizophrenia. The expression levels of miR-1303, miR-3131, miR-1273d, miR-4428, miR-4725-3p, and miR-5096 have significant predictive effects on personality disorder in schizophrenia.
PubMed: 38799488
DOI: 10.5152/alphapsychiatry.2024.231216 -
Trends in Cognitive Sciences May 2024Barnby et al. investigated the effects of haloperidol, a D2/D3 dopamine antagonist, on social attributions. Using computational modeling, they demonstrate that...
Barnby et al. investigated the effects of haloperidol, a D2/D3 dopamine antagonist, on social attributions. Using computational modeling, they demonstrate that haloperidol increases belief flexibility, reducing paranoia-like interpretations by enhancing sensitivity to social context and reducing self-relevant perspective taking, offering a mechanistic explanation for its therapeutic potential in schizophrenia.
PubMed: 38797602
DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.05.008