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The Journal of Rheumatology Jul 2023This posthoc analysis investigated the relationship between paraoxonase-1 (PON1) genotype and activity, and risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and...
Relationship Between Paraoxonase-1 Genotype and Activity, and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events and Malignancies in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Receiving Tofacitinib.
OBJECTIVE
This posthoc analysis investigated the relationship between paraoxonase-1 (PON1) genotype and activity, and risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and malignancies in clinical studies of tofacitinib in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
METHODS
Data were pooled from 9 phase II/III studies and the associated long-term extension studies (all completed by October 2017). PON1 activities in plasma were measured using paraoxon (paraoxonase activity), dihydrocoumarin (lactonase activity), and phenylacetate (arylesterase activity) as substrates. PON1 Q192R genotype effect on baseline PON1 activity was assessed using linear regression for each study, with fixed-effects metaanalysis across studies. MACE and malignancy risk by time-varying enzyme activity was determined using Cox proportional hazards regression.
RESULTS
The analysis included 1969 patients with RA. Compared with the QQ genotype, the RR genotype had a significant positive association with baseline paraoxonase activity and a significant negative association with baseline lactonase and arylesterase activity (all < 0.001). Time-varying models demonstrated a significant association of increased paraoxonase activity over time with lower risk of MACE ( < 0.001) and malignancies (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]; ≤ 0.05), even after controlling for risk factors identified in univariate analysis and RA disease activity. A similar trend was observed for lactonase and arylesterase for MACE.
CONCLUSION
Higher paraoxonase activity over time was associated with significantly reduced risk of future MACE and malignancies (excluding NMSC), but not NMSC, in patients with RA receiving tofacitinib. Further investigation of PON1 as a novel functional lipid biomarker of MACE/malignancy risk in patients with RA is warranted. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01059864, NCT00550446, NCT00687193, NCT00960440, NCT00814307, NCT00856544, NCT00853385, NCT00847613, NCT01039688, NCT00413699, NCT00661661).
PubMed: 37453736
DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.2023-0112 -
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces Jul 2023The development of bio-MOFs or MOF biocomposites through the combination of MOFs with biopolymers offers the possibility of expanding the potential applications of MOFs,...
The development of bio-MOFs or MOF biocomposites through the combination of MOFs with biopolymers offers the possibility of expanding the potential applications of MOFs, making use of more environmentally benign processes and reagents and giving rise to a new generation of greener and more bio-oriented composite materials. Now, with the increasing use of MOFs for biotechnological applications, the development of new protocols and materials to obtain novel bio-MOFs compatible with biomedical or biotechnological uses is needed. Herein, and as a proof of concept, we have explored the possibility of using short-peptide supramolecular hydrogels as media to promote the growth of MOF particles, giving rise to a new family of bio-MOFs. Short-peptide supramolecular hydrogels are very versatile materials that have shown excellent in vitro and in vivo biomedical applications such as tissue engineering and drug delivery vehicles, among others. These peptides self-assemble by noncovalent interactions, and, as such, these hydrogels are easily reversible, being more biocompatible and biodegradable. These peptides can self-assemble by a multitude of stimuli, such as changes in pH, temperature, solvent, adding salts, enzymatic activity, and so forth. In this work, we have taken advantage of this ability to promote peptide self-assembly with some of the components required to form MOF particles, giving rise to more homogeneous and well-integrated composite materials. Hydrogel formation has been triggered using Zn salts, required to form ZIF-8, and formic acid, required to form MOF-808. Two different protocols for the in situ MOF growth have been developed. Finally, the MOF-808 composite hydrogel has been tested for the decontamination of water polluted with phosphate ions as well as for the catalytic degradation of toxic organophosphate methyl paraoxon in an unbuffered solution.
Topics: Metal-Organic Frameworks; Hydrogels; Salts; Peptides; Drug Delivery Systems
PubMed: 37390355
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06943 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2023Herein, a novel completely green biosensor was designed exploiting both the biological and instrumental components made of eco-friendly materials for the detection of...
Herein, a novel completely green biosensor was designed exploiting both the biological and instrumental components made of eco-friendly materials for the detection of herbicides encapsulated into biodegradable nanoparticles for a sustainable agriculture. Similar nanocarriers, indeed, can deliver herbicides to the correct location, reducing the amount of active chemicals deposited in the plant, impacting the agricultural and food industries less. However, handling measurements of nanoherbicides is crucial to provide comprehensive information about their status in the agricultural fields to support farmers in decision-making. In detail, whole cells of the unicellular green photosynthetic alga UV180 mutant were immobilized by a green protocol on carbonized lignin screen-printed electrodes and integrated into a photo-electrochemical transductor for the detection of nanoformulated atrazine. Specifically, atrazine encapsulated into zein and chitosan doped poly-ε-caprolactone nanoparticles (atrazine-zein and atrazine-PCL-Ch) were analyzed following the current signals at a fixed applied potential of 0.8 V, in a range between 0.1 and 5 µM, indicating a linear relationship in the measured dose-response curves and a detection limit of 0.9 and 1.1 nM, respectively. Interference studies resulted in no interference from 10 ppb bisphenol A, 1 ppb paraoxon, 100 ppb arsenic, 20 ppb copper, 5 ppb cadmium, and 10 ppb lead at safety limits. Finally, no matrix effect was observed on the biosensor response from wastewater samples and satisfactory recovery values of 106 ± 8% and 93 ± 7% were obtained for atrazine-zein and atrazine-PCL-Ch, respectively. A working stability of 10 h was achieved.
Topics: Atrazine; Lignin; Microalgae; Zein; Herbicides; Biosensing Techniques; Electrodes
PubMed: 37373233
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210088 -
Chemico-biological Interactions Sep 2023Human paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is the most studied member of the paraoxonases (PONs) family and catalyzes the hydrolysis of various substrates (lactones, aryl esters, and...
Human paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is the most studied member of the paraoxonases (PONs) family and catalyzes the hydrolysis of various substrates (lactones, aryl esters, and paraoxon). Numerous studies link PON1 to oxidative stress-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, HIV infection, autism, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's, where the kinetic behavior of an enzyme is characterized by initial rates or by modern methods that obtain enzyme kinetic parameters by fitting the computed curves over the entire time-courses of product formation (progress curves). In the analysis of progress curves, the behavior of PON1 during hydrolytically catalyzed turnover cycles is unknown. Hence, progress curves for enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of the lactone substrate dihydrocoumarin (DHC) by recombinant PON1 (rePON1) were analyzed to investigate the effect of catalytic DHC turnover on the stability of rePON1. Although rePON1 was significantly inactivated during the catalytic DHC turnover, its activity was not lost due to the product inhibition or spontaneous inactivation of rePON1 in the sample buffers. Examination of the progress curves of DHC hydrolysis by rePON1 led to the conclusion that rePON1 inactivates itself during catalytic DHC turnover hydrolysis. Moreover, human serum albumin or surfactants protected rePON1 from inactivation during this catalytic process, which is significant because the activity of PON1 in clinical samples is measured in the presence of albumin.
Topics: Humans; Aryldialkylphosphatase; Surface-Active Agents; HIV Infections; Hydrolysis; Catalysis
PubMed: 37286155
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110563 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2023Agrichemicals such as organophosphorus pesticides' metabolites (OPPMs) are more hazardous and pervasive than their parent pesticides. Parental germline exposure to such...
Agrichemicals such as organophosphorus pesticides' metabolites (OPPMs) are more hazardous and pervasive than their parent pesticides. Parental germline exposure to such xenobiotics leads to an elevated susceptibility towards reproductive failures e.g. sub- or in-fertility. This study sought to examine the effects of low-dose, acute OPPM exposure on mammalian sperm function using buffalo as the model organism. The buffalo spermatozoa were briefly (2 h) exposed to metabolites of the three most prevalent organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) viz. Omethoate (from Dimethoate), paraoxon-methyl (from methyl/ethyl parathion) and 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (from chlorpyrifos). Exposure to OPPMs resulted in compromised structural and functional integrity (dose-dependent) of the buffalo spermatozoa typified by elevated membrane damage, increased lipid peroxidation, precocious capacitation and tyrosine phosphorylation, perturbed mitochondrial activity and function and (P < 0.05). This led to a decline in the in vitro fertilizing ability (P < 0.01) of the exposed spermatozoa, as indicated by reduced cleavage and blastocyst formation rates. Preliminary data indicate that acute exposure to OPPMs, akin to their parent pesticides, induces biomolecular and physiological changes in spermatozoa that compromise their health and function ultimately affecting their fertility. This is the first study demonstrating the in vitro spermatotoxic effects of multiple OPPMs on male gamete functional integrity.
Topics: Animals; Male; Buffaloes; Fertility; Methyl Parathion; Organophosphorus Compounds; Pesticides; Semen; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 37277402
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35541-6 -
Analytical Sciences : the International... Sep 2023Fusion proteins composed of an organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) and pHluorin, a pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein variant, were constructed as whole-cell biosensors...
Fusion proteins composed of an organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) and pHluorin, a pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein variant, were constructed as whole-cell biosensors to measure organophosphorus pesticides. pHluorin was used to detect the pH changes because of the hydrolase of paraoxon by OPH. To examine the order of fusion of OPH and pHluorin, pHluorin-OPH and OPH-pHluorin fusion proteins were constructed. In addition, a peptide linker consisting of 15 amino acid was inserted between pHluorin and OPH to reduce steric hindrance. OPH and pHluorin activities were evaluated in cells expressing the four fusion proteins. The both activities of pHluorin-OPH and pHluorin-linker-OPH were higher than that of OPH-pHluorin and OPH-linker-pHluorin. Effects of the peptide linker on the activities were slight. Therefore, pHluorin-OPH and pHluorin-linker-OPH were found to be suitable for organophosphorus pesticide measurements. Using cells expressing pHluorin-linker-OPH, 0.5 μg/mL of paraoxon could be measured.
Topics: Pesticides; Biosensing Techniques; Paraoxon; Single-Cell Analysis
PubMed: 37264267
DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00369-7 -
Cognitive and Cellular Effects of Combined Organophosphate Toxicity and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.Biomedicines May 2023Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is considered the most common neurological disorder among people under the age of 50. In modern combat zones, a combination of TBI and...
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is considered the most common neurological disorder among people under the age of 50. In modern combat zones, a combination of TBI and organophosphates (OP) can cause both fatal and long-term effects on the brain. We utilized a mouse closed-head TBI model induced by a weight drop device, along with OP exposure to paraoxon. Spatial and visual memory as well as neuron loss and reactive astrocytosis were measured 30 days after exposure to mild TBI (mTBI) and/or paraoxon. Molecular and cellular changes were assessed in the temporal cortex and hippocampus. Cognitive and behavioral deficits were most pronounced in animals that received a combination of paraoxon exposure and mTBI, suggesting an additive effect of the insults. Neuron survival was reduced in proximity to the injury site after exposure to paraoxon with or without mTBI, whereas in the dentate gyrus hilus, cell survival was only reduced in mice exposed to paraoxon prior to sustaining a mTBI. Neuroinflammation was increased in the dentate gyrus in all groups exposed to mTBI and/or to paraoxon. Astrocyte morphology was significantly changed in mice exposed to paraoxon prior to sustaining an mTBI. These results provide further support for assumptions concerning the effects of OP exposure following the Gulf War. This study reveals additional insights into the potentially additive effects of OP exposure and mTBI, which may result in more severe brain damage on the modern battlefield.
PubMed: 37239152
DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051481 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2023A cDNA encoding a novel cholinesterase (ChE, EC 3.1.1.8) from the larvae of (Linnaeus) was identified, sequenced, and expressed in insect cell culture using the...
A cDNA encoding a novel cholinesterase (ChE, EC 3.1.1.8) from the larvae of (Linnaeus) was identified, sequenced, and expressed in insect cell culture using the baculoviral expression vector pBlueBac4.5/V5-His. The open reading frame (1746 nucleotides) of the cDNA encoded 581 amino acids beginning with the initiation codon. Identical cDNA sequences were amplified from the total RNA of adult tick synganglion and salivary gland, strongly suggesting expression in both tick synganglion and saliva. The recombinant enzyme (rAaChE1) was highly sensitive to eserine and BW284c51, relatively insensitive to tetraisopropyl pyrophosphoramide (iso-OMPA) and ethopropazine, and hydrolyzed butyrylthiocholine (BuTCh) 5.7 times as fast as acetylthiocholine (ATCh) at 120 µM, with calculated values for acetylthiocholine (ATCh) and butyrylthiocholine of 6.39 µM and 14.18 µM, respectively. The recombinant enzyme was highly sensitive to inhibition by malaoxon, paraoxon, and coroxon in either substrate. Western blots using polyclonal rabbit antibody produced by immunization with a peptide specific for rAaChE1 exhibited reactivity in salivary and synganglial extract blots, indicating the presence of AaChE1 antigenic protein. Total cholinesterase activities of synganglial or salivary gland extracts from adult ticks exhibited biochemical properties very different from the expressed rAaACh1 enzyme, evidencing the substantial presence of additional cholinesterase activities in tick synganglion and saliva. The biological function of AaChE1 remains to be elucidated, but its presence in tick saliva is suggestive of functions in hydrolysis of cholinergic substrates present in the large blood mean and potential involvement in the modulation of host immune responses to tick feeding and introduced pathogens.
Topics: Animals; Rabbits; Ixodidae; Amblyomma; Cholinesterases; DNA, Complementary; Acetylthiocholine; Butyrylthiocholine; Ticks; Antibodies
PubMed: 37175388
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097681 -
PloS One 2023Organophosphate intoxication via acetylcholinesterase inhibition executes neurotoxicity via hyper stimulation of acetylcholine receptors. Here, we use the...
Organophosphate intoxication via acetylcholinesterase inhibition executes neurotoxicity via hyper stimulation of acetylcholine receptors. Here, we use the organophosphate paraoxon-ethyl to treat C. elegans and use its impact on pharyngeal pumping as a bio-assay to model poisoning through these neurotoxins. This assay provides a tractable measure of acetylcholine receptor mediated contraction of body wall muscle. Investigation of the time dependence of organophosphate treatment and the genetic determinants of the drug-induced inhibition of pumping highlight mitigating modulation of the effects of paraoxon-ethyl. We identified mutants that reduce acetylcholine receptor function protect against the consequence of intoxication by organophosphates. Data suggests that reorganization of cholinergic signalling is associated with organophosphate poisoning. This reinforces the under investigated potential of using therapeutic approaches which target a modulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function to treat the poisoning effects of this important class of neurotoxins.
Topics: Animals; Organophosphate Poisoning; Paraoxon; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Caenorhabditis elegans; Acetylcholinesterase; Receptors, Nicotinic; Neurotoxins; Organophosphates
PubMed: 37083685
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284786 -
Biochemistry. Biokhimiia Feb 2023Exposure to paraoxon (POX) and leptin (LP) could cause an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in an organism, which can be prevented by introduction of exogenous...
Exposure to paraoxon (POX) and leptin (LP) could cause an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in an organism, which can be prevented by introduction of exogenous antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC). The aim of this study was to evaluate synergic or additive effects of administration of exogenous LP plus POX on the antioxidant status, as well as the prophylactic and therapeutic roles of NAC in various rat tissues. Fifty-four male Wistar rats were divided into nine groups treated with different compounds: Control (no treatment), POX (0.7 mg/kg), NAC (160 mg/kg), LP (1 mg/kg), POX+LP, NAC-POX, POX-NAC, NAC-POX+LP, and POX+LP-NAC. In the last five groups, only the order of administered compounds differed. After 24 h, plasma and tissues were sampled and examined. The results showed that administration of POX plus LP significantly increased biochemical indices in plasma and antioxidant enzymes activities and decreased glutathione content in the liver, erythrocytes, brain, kidney, and heart. In addition, cholinesterase and paraoxonase 1 activities in the POX+LP-treated group were decreased and malondialdehyde level was increased in the liver, erythrocytes, and brain. However, administration of NAC rectified induced changes although not to the same extent. Our study suggests that POX or LP administration engage the oxidative stress system per se; however, their combination did not produce significantly greater effects. Moreover, both prophylactic and therapeutic treatments of rats with NAC supported the antioxidant defense against oxidative damage in tissues, most probably through both its free radical scavenging ability and maintaining intracellular GSH levels. It can therefore be suggested that NAC has particularly protective effects against POX or/and LP toxicity.
Topics: Rats; Male; Animals; Antioxidants; Acetylcysteine; Paraoxon; Rats, Wistar; Leptin; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 37072331
DOI: 10.1134/S0006297923020013