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Frontiers in Immunology 2021Levels of type 2 cytokines are elevated in the blood and intestinal tissues of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients in the active phase; this phenomenon indicates the...
Levels of type 2 cytokines are elevated in the blood and intestinal tissues of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients in the active phase; this phenomenon indicates the participation of type 2 immune response in UC progression. The beneficial effects of melatonin in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) colitis models have been illustrated, but its role in the oxazolone (Oxa)-induced colitis model (driven by type 2 immune response) remains relatively unknown. We investigated the relationship between melatonin concentration and the severity of UC, revealing a significantly negative correlation. Subsequently, we investigated the effects of melatonin in Oxa-induced colitis mice and the potential underlying mechanisms. Administration of melatonin significantly counteracted body weight loss, colon shortening, and neutrophil infiltration in Oxa-induced colitis mice. Melatonin treatment mitigated Oxa-induced colitis by suppressing type 2 immune response. In addition, melatonin attenuated intestinal permeability by enhancing the expression of ZO-1 and occludin in colitis mice. Interestingly, the protective effect of melatonin was abolished when the mice were co-housed, indicating that the regulation of gut microbiota by melatonin was critical in alleviating Oxa-induced colitis. Subsequently, 16S rRNA sequencing was performed to explore the microbiota composition. Decreased richness and diversity of intestinal microbiota at the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level resulted from melatonin treatment. Melatonin also elevated the abundance of , a well-known probiotic, and reduced proportions of several harmful bacterial genera, such as , Peptococcaceae, and Lachnospiraceae. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was used to explore the role of microbiota in the function of melatonin in Oxa-induced colitis. Microbiota transplantation from melatonin-treated mice alleviated Oxa-induced colitis, suggesting that the microbiome participates in the relief of Oxa-induced colitis by melatonin. Our findings demonstrate that melatonin ameliorates Oxa-induced colitis in a microbiota-dependent manner, suggesting the therapeutic potential of melatonin in treating type 2 immunity-associated UC.
Topics: Animals; Colitis, Ulcerative; Colon; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Melatonin; Mice; Oxazolone
PubMed: 35116024
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.783806 -
Microbiology Spectrum Jan 2022Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a nonpathogenic microorganism whose highly active amylase is widely isolated from soil and plants. TL106 is an isolate of Bacillus...
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a nonpathogenic microorganism whose highly active amylase is widely isolated from soil and plants. TL106 is an isolate of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens isolated from cold- and disease-resistant Tibetan pigs in Linzhi, Tibet. Here, we report that TL106 not only could survive in acidic environments, high bile salt concentrations, and high-temperature conditions but also was resistant to antibiotics. It significantly improved the growth performance of weaned piglets, especially in the prevention of diarrhea. The crude fiber and crude ash digestibility in weaned piglets after TL106 administration was considerably higher than that in other groups. The results of 16S rRNA sequencing conveyed that TL106 stabilized gut microbiota that was disturbed by the weaning process with an increased level of , , , and . Hence, this study proved that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TL106 might be a candidate for antibiotics in Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire weaned piglets. Antibiotics are often used to promote animal growth and prevent diarrhea in weanling piglets. Nevertheless, intestinal pathogenic bacterial resistance and drug residues caused by antibiotic overuse are worthy of concern and demand an urgent solution. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TL106 has been isolated from cold- and disease-resistant Tibetan pigs in Linzhi, Tibet. It significantly improved the growth performance, decreased diarrhea, increased the absorption of crude substances, and regulated the gut flora homeostasis in Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire weaned piglets. As an antibiotic candidate, TL106 perfectly displayed its probiotic potential and pollution-free properties.
PubMed: 35080439
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01205-21 -
Frontiers in Medicine 2021Intestinal microbial colonization in early life plays a crucial role in immune development and mucosal homeostasis in later years. Antibiotic exposure in early life...
Intestinal microbial colonization in early life plays a crucial role in immune development and mucosal homeostasis in later years. Antibiotic exposure in early life increases the risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Ginger acts like a prebiotic and has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for colitis. We investigated the protective effect of ginger against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice exposed to antibiotic in their early years. A weaned mouse model exposed to azithromycin (AZT) for 2 weeks was used to mimic antibiotic exposure in childhood among humans. A diet containing ginger extract was administered to mice for 4 weeks after antibiotic exposure. The susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis was evaluated in terms of weight loss, disease activity index (DAI) score, colon length, colitis biomarkers, and intestinal barrier function. The gut microbiota was analyzed in terms of 16S rRNA levels. Ginger extract prevented weight loss, colon shortening, inflammation, and intestinal barrier dysfunction in mice exposed to antibiotics in early life. Ginger increased the bacterial diversity and changed the abundance of bacterial belonging to family and species to modulate microbiota structure and composition adversely affected by early antibiotic exposure. Ginger has a protective effect in potentially decreasing the susceptibility to colitis in mice exposed to antibiotics early in life.
PubMed: 35071260
DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.755969 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Apr 2022How benzene is metabolized by microbes under anoxic conditions is not fully understood. Here, we studied the degradation pathways in a benzene-mineralizing,...
AIMS
How benzene is metabolized by microbes under anoxic conditions is not fully understood. Here, we studied the degradation pathways in a benzene-mineralizing, nitrate-reducing enrichment culture.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Benzene mineralization was dependent on the presence of nitrate and correlated to the enrichment of a Peptococcaceae phylotype only distantly related to known anaerobic benzene degraders of this family. Its relative abundance decreased after benzene mineralization had terminated, while other abundant taxa-Ignavibacteriaceae, Rhodanobacteraceae and Brocadiaceae-slightly increased. Generally, the microbial community remained diverse despite the amendment of benzene as single organic carbon source, suggesting complex trophic interactions between different functional groups. A subunit of the putative anaerobic benzene carboxylase previously detected in Peptococcaceae was identified by metaproteomic analysis suggesting that benzene was activated by carboxylation. Detection of proteins involved in anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) indicates that benzene mineralization was accompanied by anammox, facilitated by nitrite accumulation and the presence of ammonium in the growth medium.
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that benzene was activated by carboxylation and further assimilated by a novel Peptococcaceae phylotype.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
The results confirm the hypothesis that Peptococcaceae are important anaerobic benzene degraders.
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Benzene; Microbiota; Nitrates; Oxidation-Reduction; Peptococcaceae
PubMed: 34995421
DOI: 10.1111/jam.15443 -
The American Journal of Chinese Medicine 2021Ginsenosides of orally administered red ginseng (RG) extracts are metabolized and absorbed into blood. Here, we examined the pharmacokinetic profiles of ginsenosides Rd...
Ginsenosides of orally administered red ginseng (RG) extracts are metabolized and absorbed into blood. Here, we examined the pharmacokinetic profiles of ginsenosides Rd and Rg3 in mice orally gavaged with RG, then investigated the correlations between these and gut microbiota composition. RG water extract (RGw), RG ethanol extract (RGe), or fermented RGe (fRGe) was orally gavaged in mice. The plasma concentrations of the ginsenosides were determined, and the gut microbiota composition was analyzed. RGe and fRGe-treated mice showed higher plasma concentration levels of ginsenoside Rd compared with RGw-treated mice; particularly, ginsenoside Rd absorbed was substantially high in fRGe-treated mice. Oral administration of RG extracts modified the gut microbiota composition; the modified gut microbiota, such as Peptococcaceae, Rikenellaceae, and Hungateiclostridiaceae, were closely correlated with the absorption of ginsenosides, such as Rd and Rg3. These results suggest that oral administration of RG extracts can modify gut microbiome, which may consequently affect the bioavailability of RG ginsenosides.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Ginsenosides; Mice; Panax
PubMed: 34961415
DOI: 10.1142/S0192415X21500890 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Feb 2022Chloroform (CF) and dichloromethane (DCM) are among the more commonly identified chlorinated aliphatic compounds found in contaminated soil and groundwater. Complete...
Chloroform (CF) and dichloromethane (DCM) are among the more commonly identified chlorinated aliphatic compounds found in contaminated soil and groundwater. Complete dechlorination of CF has been reported under anaerobic conditions by microbes that respire CF to DCM and others that biodegrade DCM. The objectives of this study were to ascertain if a commercially available bioaugmentation enrichment culture (KB-1 Plus CF) uses an oxidative or fermentative pathway for biodegradation of DCM and to determine if the products from DCM biodegradation can support organohalide respiration of CF to DCM in the absence of an exogenous electron donor. In various treatments with the KB-1 Plus CF culture to which C-CF was added, the predominant product was CO, indicating that oxidation is the predominant pathway for DCM. Recovery of C-DCM when biodegradation was still in progress confirmed that CF first undergoes reductive dechlorination to DCM. C-labeled organic acids, including acetate and propionate, were also recovered, suggesting that synthesis of organic acids provides a sink for the electron equivalents from oxidation of DCM. When the biomass was washed to remove organic acids from prior additions of exogenous electron donor and only CF and DCM were added, the culture completely dechlorinated CF. The total amount of DCM added was not sufficient to provide the electron equivalents needed to reduce CF to DCM. Thus, the additional reducing power came via the DCM generated from CF reduction. Nevertheless, the rate of CF consumption was considerably lower compared to that of treatments that received an exogenous electron donor. Chloroform (CF) and dichloromethane (DCM) are among the more commonly identified chlorinated aliphatic compounds found in contaminated soil and groundwater. One way to address this problem is to add microbes to the subsurface that can biodegrade these compounds. While microbes are known that can accomplish this task, less is known about the pathways used under anaerobic conditions. Some use an oxidative pathway, resulting mainly in carbon dioxide. Others use a fermentative pathway, resulting in formation of organic acids. In this study, a commercially available bioaugmentation enrichment culture (KB-1 Plus CF) was evaluated using carbon-14 labeled chloroform. The main product formed was carbon dioxide, indicating the use of an oxidative pathway. The reducing power gained from oxidation was shown to support reductive dechlorination of CF to DCM. The results demonstrate the potential to achieve full dechlorination of CF and DCM to nonhazardous products that are difficult to identify in the field.
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Biodegradation, Environmental; Carbon Radioisotopes; Chloroform; Methylene Chloride; Peptococcaceae
PubMed: 34936839
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01970-21 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2021Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has become the major cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) associated with the progression of renal fibrosis. As gut microbiota...
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has become the major cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) associated with the progression of renal fibrosis. As gut microbiota dysbiosis is closely related to renal damage and fibrosis, we investigated the role of gut microbiota and microbiota-related serum metabolites in DKD progression in this study. Fecal and serum samples obtained from predialysis DKD patients from January 2017 to December 2019 were detected using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. Forty-one predialysis patients were divided into two groups according to their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): the DKD non-ESRD group (eGFR ≥ 15 ml/min/1.73 m) (n = 22), and the DKD ESRD group (eGFR < 15 ml/min/1.73 m) (n = 19). The metabolic pathways related to differential serum metabolites were obtained by the KEGG pathway analysis. Differences between the two groups relative to gut microbiota profiles and serum metabolites were investigated, and associations between gut microbiota and metabolite concentrations were assessed. Correlations between clinical indicators and both microbiota-related metabolites and gut microbiota were calculated by Spearman rank correlation coefficient and visualized by heatmap. Eleven different intestinal floras and 239 different serum metabolites were identified between the two groups. Of 239 serum metabolites, 192 related to the 11 different intestinal flora were mainly enriched in six metabolic pathways, among which, phenylalanine and tryptophan metabolic pathways were most associated with DKD progression. Four microbiota-related metabolites in the phenylalanine metabolic pathway [hippuric acid (HA), L-(-)-3-phenylactic acid, -3-hydroxy-cinnamate, and dihydro-3-coumaric acid] and indole-3 acetic acid (IAA) in the tryptophan metabolic pathway positively correlated with DKD progression, whereas L-tryptophan in the tryptophan metabolic pathway had a negative correlation. Intestinal flora and were positively correlated with the increase in renal function indicators and serum metabolite HA. was negatively correlated with the increase in renal function indicators and serum metabolites [L-(-)-3-phenyllactic acid and IAA]. This study highlights the interaction among gut microbiota, serum metabolites, and clinical indicators in predialysis DKD patients, and provides new insights into the role of gut microbiota and microbiota-related serum metabolites that were enriched in the phenylalanine and tryptophan metabolic pathways, which correlated with the progression of DKD.
PubMed: 34899312
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.757508 -
International Journal of Systematic and... Dec 2021A new strictly anaerobic bacterium, strain DYL19, was enriched and isolated with phosphite as the sole electron donor and CO as a single carbon source and electron...
A new strictly anaerobic bacterium, strain DYL19, was enriched and isolated with phosphite as the sole electron donor and CO as a single carbon source and electron acceptor from anaerobic sewage sludge sampled at a sewage treatment plant in Constance, Germany. It is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, slightly curved, rod-shaped bacterium which oxidizes phosphite to phosphate while reducing CO to biomass and small amounts of acetate. Optimal growth is observed at 30 °C, pH 7.2, with a doubling time of 3 days. Beyond phosphite, no further inorganic or organic electron donor can be used, and no other electron acceptor than CO is reduced. Sulphate inhibits growth with phosphite and CO. The G+C content is 45.95 mol%, and dimethylmenaquinone-7 is the only quinone detectable in the cells. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and other chemotaxonomic properties, strain DYL19 is described as the type strain of a new genus and species, gen. nov., sp. nov.
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Composition; DNA, Bacterial; Fatty Acids; Germany; Oxidation-Reduction; Peptococcaceae; Phosphites; Phylogeny; Quinones; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sewage
PubMed: 34878375
DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005142 -
FEMS Microbiology Letters Dec 2021Peatlands are responsible for over half of wetland methane emissions, yet major uncertainties remain regarding carbon flow, especially when increased availability of...
Peatlands are responsible for over half of wetland methane emissions, yet major uncertainties remain regarding carbon flow, especially when increased availability of electron acceptors stimulates competing physiologies. We used microcosm incubations to study the effects of sulfate on microorganisms in two temperate peatlands, one bog and one fen. Three different electron donor treatments were used (13C-acetate, 13C-formate and a mixture of 12C short-chain fatty acids) to elucidate the responses of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and methanogens to sulfate stimulation. Methane production was measured and metagenomic sequencing was performed, with only the heavy DNA fraction sequenced from treatments receiving 13C electron donors. Our data demonstrate stimulation of dissimilatory sulfate reduction in both sites, with contrasting community responses. In McLean Bog (MB), hydrogenotrophic Deltaproteobacteria and acetotrophic Peptococcaceae lineages of SRB were stimulated, as were lineages with unclassified dissimilatory sulfite reductases. In Michigan Hollow Fen (MHF), there was little stimulation of Peptococcaceae populations, and a small stimulation of Deltaproteobacteria SRB populations only in the presence of formate as electron donor. Sulfate stimulated an increase in relative abundance of reads for both oxidative and reductive sulfite reductases, suggesting stimulation of an internal sulfur cycle. Together, these data indicate a stimulation of SRB activity in response to sulfate in both sites, with a stronger growth response in MB than MHF. This study provides valuable insights into microbial community responses to sulfate in temperate peatlands and is an important first step to understanding how SRB and methanogens compete to regulate carbon flow in these systems.
Topics: Carbon; Deltaproteobacteria; Ecosystem; Formates; Methane; New York; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidoreductases Acting on Sulfur Group Donors; Peptococcaceae; Soil Microbiology; Sulfates
PubMed: 34875060
DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab153 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Oct 2021Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders in humans and dogs. The structure and composition of gut microbiome associated to this disorder has not yet...
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders in humans and dogs. The structure and composition of gut microbiome associated to this disorder has not yet been analyzed in depth but there is evidence that suggests a possible influence of gut bacteria in controlling seizures. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in gut microbiota associated to canine idiopathic epilepsy (IE) and the possible influence of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on the modulation of this microbiota. Faecal microbiota composition was analyzed using sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene in a group of healthy controls ( = 12) and a group of epileptic dogs both before ( = 10) and after a 30-day single treatment with phenobarbital or imepitoin ( = 9). Epileptic dogs showed significantly reduced abundance of GABA (, and ) and SCFAs-producing bacteria ( and ) as well as bacteria associated with reduced risk for brain disease () than control dogs. The administration of AEDs during 30 days did not modify the gut microbiota composition. These results are expected to contribute to the understanding of canine idiopathic epilepsy and open up the possibility of studying new therapeutic approaches for this disorder, including probiotic intervention to restore gut microbiota in epileptic individuals.
PubMed: 34827852
DOI: 10.3390/ani11113121