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Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2019The poultice formulation is a patch containing a large amount of water. It is known that the water contained in the adhesive polymer layer (ADPL) of poultice affects the...
Evaluation of the Water Content and Skin Permeability of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Ketoprofen Poultice Formulations Removed from Their Airtight Containers and Left at Room Temperature.
The poultice formulation is a patch containing a large amount of water. It is known that the water contained in the adhesive polymer layer (ADPL) of poultice affects the cooling sensation and skin permeability of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). In this study, we evaluated the relationship between the water content in a ketoprofen poultice formulation and the amount of time the poultice was left out at room temperature after removal from the airtight container, as well as the influence of the decreasing water content on the skin permeability of the API. After removing the poultice from the container for 1 h, the mass of the ADPL decreased by approximately 40%. When the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum of the ADPL of poultice was measured, the peaks reflecting the hydroxyl group were attenuated depending on the time left out at room temperature. It is suggested that the changes in the mass and NIR spectrum of the ADPL are caused by the change in the water content. Moreover, when the permeability of API was evaluated on hairless mouse skin, the cumulative skin permeation amount and flux decreased, while the lag time was prolonged as the time left out increased. These results suggest that the skin permeability of the API is impaired by water evaporation and that maintaining the water in the ADPL in poultice is very important from not only the viewpoint of cooling sensation, tackiness and moisturizing but also the skin permeability of the API.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Drug Stability; Drug Storage; In Vitro Techniques; Ketoprofen; Mice, Hairless; Permeability; Skin; Skin Absorption; Temperature; Transdermal Patch; Water
PubMed: 31787725
DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00758 -
Journal of Ethnopharmacology Jan 2020Medical or hygienic uses of peat mosses dates back to the 18th century. Peat was used externally (as poultices) in the early 19th century. The peat preparation invented... (Review)
Review
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
Medical or hygienic uses of peat mosses dates back to the 18th century. Peat was used externally (as poultices) in the early 19th century. The peat preparation invented by Stanisław Tołpa (Tołpa peat preparation, TPP) was patented in Poland in 1991; its concept had emerged in the 1980s. It raised high therapeutic expectations still being researched in the early 1990s. Profound expectations for peat, a natural product well known in Central European (and Polish) spas (for medicated baths and poultices), earned Tołpa's preparation great renown before any actual benefits (internal actions) were scientifically confirmed.
AIM OF THE REVIEW
We study the origins of medical interest in peat in Polish science against the background of the historical ethnopharmacy of peat and Sphagnum moss in Central Europe. It is aimed at shedding a new light on the history of TPP, its connections with local ethnopharmacological traditions and inspirations for local medical studies on peat products and peat-derived drugs of the 1980s and early 1900s.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The literature on peat baths was found and reviewed including the information and data about the studies of TPP from published though unknown sources as well as from Polish patents, unpublished typescripts, press interviews and reports.
RESULTS
Tołpa's research team missed the historical data about external and topical actions of Sphagnum peat or its preparations which were published in the 19th- and early 20th-century. This is strange because folk medicine based on peat emanated eastwards from ethnic Austria along the Vistula river and the Carpathians. Tołpa ignored balneotherapeutic (external) applications as well as the action of sphagnan from Sphagnum herb, and rejected this kind of peat as scientifically not promising, based on a single biological test on plants. The concept of an active principle in peat or its preparations evolved, and speculation concerning its nature was not followed by adequate basic research. The active principle was not found. Results concerning plant meristem growth were too readily applied in animal production and finally human medicine. The natural ingredient in TPP production was never defined botanically. Anti-cancer properties ascribed to the TPP on the basis of bio-stimulation tests stirred powerful social emotions.
CONCLUSIONS
Topical peat cure originated in Austria in about 1820. It evolved as a whole branch of Central European balneotherapy which had been completely scientifically described by the 1950s. At that time an undefined peat extract was once successfully used in ear infections in paediatrics. Stanisław Tołpa's research project to find any internal application of peat ignored the achievements of ethnobiology, balneotherapy, surgery and otorhinolaryngology known at that time. His strenuous and insistent efforts, carried out in isolation, crucially failed pre-clinical and clinical tests in any branch of his therapy. Three commercial drugs were allowed for 3 years before substantial clinical proofs of peat efficacy were achieved. Social impact was high and resulted in the birth of the Polish legend of Tołpa's marvellous drug.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Drug Combinations; Europe; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Humic Substances; Medicine, Traditional; Soil; Uronic Acids
PubMed: 31550503
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112248 -
Soft Matter Aug 2019We provide a first approach of the mechanisms of liquid imbibition in a porous medium from a wet paste in contact with this substrate. Through Magnetic Resonance Imaging...
We provide a first approach of the mechanisms of liquid imbibition in a porous medium from a wet paste in contact with this substrate. Through Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) we first show that, in contrast with intuition, the liquid can invade the substrate even if it has a larger pore size than the paste, which induces a lower capillary pressure in the substrate. This phenomenon happens because the paste can easily shrink. We then show that the imbibition stops when the capillary pressure in the substrate balances the stress needed to further contract the paste. The dynamics of the process then mainly results from the competition of these two effects plus the pressure gradient associated with the liquid flow through the paste. This in particular shows that the liquid penetration in a porous medium, from a poultice in contact with this medium, may be controlled by adjusting the poultice characteristics.
PubMed: 31397468
DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01345h -
Evidence-based Complementary and... 2019Wounds, burns, cuts, and scarring may cause a serious problem for human health if left untreated, and medicinal plants are identified as potentially useful for wound...
Wounds, burns, cuts, and scarring may cause a serious problem for human health if left untreated, and medicinal plants are identified as potentially useful for wound healing. Therefore, the study focused on ethnophytotherapy practices for wound healing from an unexplored area, Pakistan. Ethnophytotherapeutic information was collected through well-planned questionnaire and interview methods by targeting 80 informants (70 males and 10 females), in the study area. Data was analyzed through quantitative tools like use value (UV) and credibility level (CL). A total of forty wound healing plant species, belonging to twenty-nine families, were being used in forty-six recipes. Herbs constitute (35%), shrubs (30%), trees (30%), and climbers (5%) in the treatment of multiple human injuries. For remedies preparations, leaves were most frequently utilized (52%) followed by whole plant, flowers, twigs, roots, bulb, bark, rhizome, resin, oil, leaf gel, latex, gum, and creeper. The most form of herbal preparation was powder (34.7%) and poultice (32.6%), followed by decoction, bandaged and crushed, in which 40% internally and 60 % externally applied. The drugs from these plants seem to be widely used to cure wounds: , , , , and with higher use values (0.75). Local people are still connected with ethnophytotherapies practices for curing wounds for several reasons. This ethnomedicine and the wound healing plants are under severe threats; thus conservation must be considered. Further research should be directed towards implementing pharmacological activity on these invaluable botanical drugs.
PubMed: 31379961
DOI: 10.1155/2019/4591675 -
Journal of Ethnopharmacology Oct 2019Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl (Cyperaceae) is a grass like herb usually grows as a weed in rice fields and is mainly distributed in tropical or sub-tropical countries...
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl (Cyperaceae) is a grass like herb usually grows as a weed in rice fields and is mainly distributed in tropical or sub-tropical countries of south and south-east Asia, central America, northern Australia and west Africa. The plant has been traditionally used to treat fever as a form of poultice.
AIM OF THE STUDY
The present study aimed to investigate antipyretic and anti-nociceptive effects of methanol extract of leaves of Fimbristylis miliacea in mice model.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Antipyretic effect of Fimbristylis miliacea was examined using Baker's yeast induced hyperthermia test. Anti-nociceptive effect was investigated using acetic acid induced writhing test, formalin induced hind paw licking test and hot plate test.
RESULTS
The extract at concentration of 400 mg/kg produced significant reduction in body temperature after 0.5 h of administration (4.12 °F, p ≤ 0.001) and continued to decrease (after 4 h, 5.92 °F, p ≤ 0.001). Extracts at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg decreased the temperature by about 2.77 °F (from 99.47 °F to 96.7 °F) and 5.58 °F (98.2 °F-92.62 °F) respectively after 4 h whereas paracetamol dropped by about 7.2 °F (p ≤ 0.001). The extract showed significant decrease in number of writhes at all concentrations. Highest effect was found at 200 mg/kg having 35.7 writhes (p ≤ 0.001), much lower than control (89.2); standard drug diclofenac showed 23.2 writhes. Percent inhibition of writhing were 54.26 and 73.99 for 200 mg/kg and diclofenac respectively. The result of hind paw licking test also corroborated writhing test. Significant reduction in percent inhibition of licking was observed mainly in late phase. Percent inhibition of licking were 93.77 and 51.55 for 400 mg/kg extract and diclofenac respectively. In hot plate test, extract at 400 mg/kg showed significant increase in latency from 10.77 s to 13.59 s (p ≤ 0.05). Extract at this dose after 2 h demonstrated greater percent maximal effect (43.26%) compared to ketorolac (40.19%).
CONCLUSION
The experiment confirmed the traditional use of F. miliacea in the treatment of fever with possible anti-nociceptive effects.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Analgesics; Animals; Antipyretics; Cyperaceae; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Fever; Formaldehyde; Male; Methanol; Mice; Pain; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Solvents
PubMed: 31306693
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112080 -
Ayu 2019(low back pain) is a condition where low back is afflicted either with or ( involved with the toxins released due to altered digestion and metabolism) and present...
BACKGROUND
(low back pain) is a condition where low back is afflicted either with or ( involved with the toxins released due to altered digestion and metabolism) and present with symptoms such as pain with stiffness. About 60%-80% population in India suffer from this condition. (poultice) is one of the (sudation) treatment modalities mentioned for . As (affected with toxins released from impaired digestion) and (without toxins) are two stages of , hence, the specific type of is required for such condition.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVE
The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of in (low back pain) as per the presentation of stages of .
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Selected patients were categorized into two groups. In group A, patients having , were given once a day till it became , then shifted to for 7 days and patients who had was used once a day for 7 days. In group B was used once a day for 7 days irrespective of stages. Subjective parameters assessed were pain in the low back, stiffness, and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) was also used. The Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed‑rank test were used to assess results.
RESULTS
Patients who were treated considering the and phases had 78.88% better results in relieving pain, stiffness, and in ODI change than the patients treated without considering the phases.
CONCLUSION
The present study showed significant results in both the groups, but patients treated as per stage wise treatment showed better effect in treating than the patients treated with out considering the stage.
PubMed: 33281392
DOI: 10.4103/ayu.AYU_71_18 -
Health Economics Review Jun 2019Although a high number of wet compresses are prescribed daily in medical institutions in Japan, our understanding of the national burden of the cost of wet compresses...
BACKGROUND
Although a high number of wet compresses are prescribed daily in medical institutions in Japan, our understanding of the national burden of the cost of wet compresses and the details regarding their prescription is far from complete. We investigated the national burden of the annual pharmaceutical cost of wet compresses prescribed in Japan and estimated the predictors of this cost using nationwide health insurance claims data.
METHODS
We extracted the records on wet compress products from summary table files obtained from the second version of the "NDB Open Data Japan" website and calculated the annual pharmaceutical cost of wet compresses by patients' 5-year age group, sex, and prefecture. We also conducted an ecological study treating each prefecture as an individual unit and multiple linear regression analyses using the age-standardized cost of wet compresses per resident as a dependent variable.
RESULTS
The annual pharmaceutical cost of wet compresses prescribed in Japan in fiscal year 2015 was 149.0 billion Japanese yen (1.18 billion euros; 1.33 billion USD). Multiple linear regression analyses showed that the number of orthopedists and rehabilitation physicians per 100,000 residents were significantly positively associated with the annual pharmaceutical cost of wet compresses per resident (P = 0.042 and P = 0.008, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
The annual pharmaceutical cost of wet compresses prescribed in Japan has a considerable impact on the nation's limited healthcare resources. The number of orthopedists and rehabilitation physicians per 100,000 residents may be independent predictors of the wet compress cost in Japan.
PubMed: 31256264
DOI: 10.1186/s13561-019-0238-6 -
Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2019A nano-silica consolidant and nano-titania modified tetraethyl-orthosilicate were applied on two building stones, a carbonate and a silicate, by brush, poultice or...
A nano-silica consolidant and nano-titania modified tetraethyl-orthosilicate were applied on two building stones, a carbonate and a silicate, by brush, poultice or capillary absorption. Neutron radiography was used to monitor capillary water absorption, and to analyse changes in physical properties caused by heat treatment of specimens for the purposes of artificially ageing and different treatment applications with stone consolidants. Moreover, ultrasonic pulse velocity and gravimetrically determined water absorption were analysed to cross-validate neutron radiography. The results reveal that reactive systems like tetraethyl-orthosilicates need an unknown period for polymerisation, which makes nano-silica consolidants more favourable for construction follow-up work. While polymerisation is incomplete, hydrophobic behaviour, water trapping and pore clogging are evident. Within the tetraethyl-orthosilicate treatment, poultice and brushing are strongly influenced by the applicant, which results in wide ranging amounts of water absorbed and anomalous water distributions and kinetics. The carbonate lithotype displays polymerisation initiated in the core of the specimen, while the lateral surfaces are still mostly hydrophobic. Reaction time differences can be attributed to the different amounts of consolidants applied, which is a result of the chosen application settings. Artificial ageing of stone specimens is a prerequisite when mechanical strength gain is studied, as demonstrated by sound speed propagation.
PubMed: 31010167
DOI: 10.3390/nano9040635 -
Eye (London, England) Sep 2019Orbital sparganosis represents an extremely rare condition with only a few cases being reported in literature. Here we describe cases of orbital sparganosis, including...
PURPOSE/BACKGROUND
Orbital sparganosis represents an extremely rare condition with only a few cases being reported in literature. Here we describe cases of orbital sparganosis, including their etiology, clinical findings, and surgical outcomes.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
A retrospective review was performed on patients with orbital sparganosis, who were treated at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, of Sun Yat-sen University, China between 2000 and 2012.
RESULTS
Five patients (three males and two females, one right orbit and four left orbits) were identified. Their mean age was 14.8 years (range = 6-33 years). Four cases were contracted from eating raw snakes and fishes, or placing poultices of frog on open wounds. All cases showed a swelling and/or redness of the eyelid and conjunctiva, and a migrating inflammation was present in one of the cases. High levels of blood eosinophils were observed in three of these cases. Of the two patients examined using computed tomography, one showed a diffuse soft tissue infiltration and a punctate calcification, while one of the three patients examined using magnetic resonance imaging displayed an annular "tunnel sign" within the lesion. All patients underwent an anterior orbitotomy and the entire worm was removed with no surgical complications.
CONCLUSIONS
Orbital sparganosis should be highly suspected in patients with a history of eating raw snakes and frogs, a migrating orbital inflammation and the presence of eosinophilia. Orbital imaging examinations play an important role in the diagnosis of orbital sparganosis. Surgical removal of the entire worm is required.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Asian People; Child; China; Eye Infections, Parasitic; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; Orbital Diseases; Retrospective Studies; Sparganosis; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Visual Acuity; Young Adult
PubMed: 30944463
DOI: 10.1038/s41433-019-0427-x -
Clinical Rheumatology Jul 2019This randomized controlled intervention study investigated the effect of flaxseed poultice compress application on pain and hand functions in patients with primary... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES
This randomized controlled intervention study investigated the effect of flaxseed poultice compress application on pain and hand functions in patients with primary interphalangeal hand osteoarthritis (OA).
METHOD
The study sample consisted of 82 patients who met the inclusion criteria in the Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic at a University Hospital between January 15, 2017, and May 15, 2018. Patients included in the sample groups were selected randomly. Three sample groups were formed: intervention group I (flaxseed poultice compress) (n = 33), intervention group II (hot compress) (n = 29), and control group (n = 20). The interventions were applied once a day for 7 days in a row. These patients also continued their routine pharmacological treatment. descriptive characteristics identification form, visual analog scale (VAS), Australian-Canadian (AUSCAN) Osteoarthritis (OA) Hand Index, and side effect evaluation form were used as data collection tools.
RESULTS
The means of VAS scores of patients in the intervention group I were 6.03 ± 0.25 on day 0, 2.2 ± 0.30 on day 8, and 3.39 ± 0.32 on day 15. The means of AUSCAN total scores of patients in the intervention group I were 40.84 ± 1.76 on day 0, 14.03 ± 1.66 on day 8, and 15.78 ± 1.66 on day 15. The present study showed that pain significantly decreased and the hand function efficiency increased in patients treated with flaxseed poultice compress compared with the hot compress and control groups.
CONCLUSIONS
In addition to pharmacological treatment, flaxseed poultice compress intervention is recommended to be used as a nursing intervention for reducing pain and increasing hand functions for patients with hand OA in cooperation with the physicians and other health professionals.
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Administration, Topical; Aged; Female; Flax; Gels; Hand; Hand Joints; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Osteoarthritis; Pain; Pain Measurement; Phytotherapy; Plant Preparations; Recovery of Function; Severity of Illness Index; Single-Blind Method; Turkey; Visual Analog Scale
PubMed: 30806856
DOI: 10.1007/s10067-019-04484-7