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Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Sep 2021The inclusion of feed additives and the implementation of various nutritional strategies are studied to modify the rumen microbiome and consequently its function....
The inclusion of feed additives and the implementation of various nutritional strategies are studied to modify the rumen microbiome and consequently its function. Nevertheless, rumen enzymatic activity and its intermediate products are not always matched with the microbiome structure. To further elucidate such differences a two-phase trial using twenty-two dairy goats was carried out. During the first phase, both groups (20HF n = 11; high forage and 20HG n = 11; high grain) were supplemented with 20 g spp./goat/day. The 20HF group consumed a diet with a forage:concentrate (F:C) ratio of 60:40 and the 20HG-diet consisted of a F:C = 40:60. In the second phase, the supplementation level of spp. was increased to 40 g/day/goat while the F:C ratio between the two groups were remained identical (40HF n = 11; high forage and 40HG n = 11; high grain). By utilizing a next-generation sequencing technology, we monitored that the high microalgae inclusion level and foremost in combination with a high grains diet increased the unmapped bacteria within the rumen. Bacteroidetes and were increased in the 40HG -fed goats as observed by using a qPCR platform. Additionally, methanogens and Methanomassiliicoccales were increased in high microalgae-fed goats, while and Methanobacteriales were decreased. Fibrolytic bacteria were decreased in high microalgae-fed goats, while cellulolytic activity was increased. Ammonia was decreased in high grains-fed goats, while docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids showed a lower degradation rate in the rumen of high forage-fed goats. The alteration of the F:C ratio in goats supplemented with spp. levels modified both ruminal microbiota and enzymatic activity. However, there was no significant consistency in the relations between them.
PubMed: 34573711
DOI: 10.3390/ani11092746 -
Microbiome May 2021The objective of this study was to increase understanding of the complex interactions between diet, obesity, and the gut microbiome of adult female non-human primates...
BACKGROUND
The objective of this study was to increase understanding of the complex interactions between diet, obesity, and the gut microbiome of adult female non-human primates (NHPs). Subjects consumed either a Western (n=15) or Mediterranean (n=14) diet designed to represent human dietary patterns for 31 months. Body composition was determined using CT, fecal samples were collected, and shotgun metagenomic sequencing was performed. Gut microbiome results were grouped by diet and adiposity.
RESULTS
Diet was the main contributor to gut microbiome bacterial diversity. Adiposity within each diet was associated with subtle shifts in the proportional abundance of several taxa. Mediterranean diet-fed NHPs with lower body fat had a greater proportion of Lactobacillus animalis than their higher body fat counterparts. Higher body fat Western diet-fed NHPs had more Ruminococcus champaneliensis and less Bacteroides uniformis than their low body fat counterparts. Western diet-fed NHPs had significantly higher levels of Prevotella copri than Mediterranean diet NHPs. Western diet-fed subjects were stratified by P. copri abundance (P. copri versus P. copri), which was not associated with adiposity. Overall, Western diet-fed animals in the P. copri group showed greater proportional abundance of B. ovatus, B. faecis, P. stercorea, P. brevis, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii than those in the Western P. copri group. Western diet P. copri subjects had a greater proportion of Eubacterium siraeum. E. siraeum negatively correlated with P. copri proportional abundance regardless of dietary consumption. In the Western diet group, Shannon diversity was significantly higher in P. copri when compared to P. copri subjects. Furthermore, gut E. siraeum abundance positively correlated with HDL plasma cholesterol indicating that those in the P. copri population may represent a more metabolically healthy population. Untargeted metabolomics on urine and plasma from Western diet-fed P. copri and P. copri subjects suggest early kidney dysfunction in Western diet-fed P. copri subjects.
CONCLUSIONS
In summary, the data indicate diet to be the major influencer of gut bacterial diversity. However, diet and adiposity must be considered together when analyzing changes in abundance of specific bacterial taxa. Interestingly, P. copri appears to mediate metabolic dysfunction in Western diet-fed NHPs. Video abstract.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Bacteroides; Diet; Feces; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Lactobacillus; Obesity; Prevotella; Primates
PubMed: 33952353
DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01069-y -
International Journal of Environmental... Oct 2020Obesity is becoming a pandemic and percutaneous electrical stimulation (PENS) of dermatome T6 has been demonstrated to reduce stomach motility and appetite, allowing...
Obesity is becoming a pandemic and percutaneous electrical stimulation (PENS) of dermatome T6 has been demonstrated to reduce stomach motility and appetite, allowing greater weight loss than isolated hypocaloric diets. However, modulation of intestinal microbiota could improve this effect and control cardiovascular risk factors. Our objective was to test whether addition of probiotics could improve weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors in obese subjects after PENS and a hypocaloric diet. A pilot prospective study was performed in patients ( = 20) with a body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m. Half of them underwent ten weeks of PENS in conjunction with a hypocaloric diet (PENS-Diet), and the other half was treated with a PENS-Diet plus multistrain probiotics (, , and ) administration. Fecal samples were obtained before and after interventions. The weight loss and changes in blood pressure, glycemic and lipid profile, and in gut microbiota were investigated. Weight loss was significantly higher (16.2 vs. 11.1 kg, = 0.022), whereas glycated hemoglobin and triglycerides were lower (-0.46 vs. -0.05%, = 0.032, and -47.0 vs. -8.5 mg/dL, = 0.002, respectively) in patients receiving PENS-Diet + probiotics compared with those with a PENS-Diet. Moreover, an enrichment of anti-obesogenic bacteria, including , and the attenuation of the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio were noted in fecal samples after probiotics administration. In obese patients, the addition of probiotics to a PENS intervention under a hypocaloric diet could further improve weight loss and glycemic and lipid profile in parallel to the amelioration of gut dysbiosis.
Topics: Diet, Reducing; Electric Stimulation; Female; Humans; Male; Obesity; Pilot Projects; Probiotics; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 33023060
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197239 -
BMC Veterinary Research Jul 2020Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP) on rumen microbiota were determined in vitro and in vivo under a high and a depressed pH. The in vitro...
BACKGROUND
Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP) on rumen microbiota were determined in vitro and in vivo under a high and a depressed pH. The in vitro trial determined the effects of Original XPC and NutriTek (Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA) at doses of 1.67 and 2.33 g/L, respectively, on the abundances of rumen bacteria under a high pH (> 6.3) and a depressed pH (5.8-6.0) using quantitative PCR (qPCR). In the in vivo trial eight rumen-cannulated lactating dairy cows were used in a cross-over design. Cows were randomly assigned to SCFP treatments (Original XPC, Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA) or control (No SCFP) before two 5-week experimental periods. During the second period, SCFP treatments were reversed. Cows on the SCFP treatment were supplemented with 14 g/d of SCFP and 126 g/d of ground corn. Other cows received 140 g/d ground corn. During the first 4 wk. of each period, cows received a basal diet containing 153 g/kg of starch. During week 5 of both periods, the rumen pH was depressed by a SARA challenge. This included replacing 208 g/kg of the basal diet with pellets of ground wheat and barley, resulting in a diet that contained 222 g/kg DM of starch. Microbial communities in rumen liquid digesta were examined by pyrosequencing, qPCR, and shotgun metagenomics.
RESULTS
During the in vitro experiment, XPC and NutriTek increased the relative abundances of Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and Fibrobacter succinogenes determined at both the high and the depressed pH, with NutriTek having the largest effect. The relative abundances of Prevotella brevis, R. flavefaciens, ciliate protozoa, and Bifidobacterium spp. were increased by XPC in vivo. Adverse impacts of the in vivo SARA challenge included reductions of the richness and diversity of the rumen microbial community, the abundances of Bacteroidetes and ciliate protozoa in the rumen as determined by pyrosequencing, and the predicted functionality of rumen microbiota as determined by shotgun metagenomics. These reductions were attenuated by XPC supplementation.
CONCLUSIONS
The negative effects of grain-based SARA challenges on the composition and predicted functionality of rumen microbiota are attenuated by supplementation with SCFP.
Topics: Acidosis; Animal Feed; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Ciliophora; Diet; Female; Fermentation; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lactation; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Rumen; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Stomach Diseases
PubMed: 32653000
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02437-w -
World Journal of Microbiology &... Jun 2019Preparation of curd vary worldwide due to which its taste, texture and impact on human health also differ. In Assam, curd prepared from raw milk (RMC) is preferred over...
Preparation of curd vary worldwide due to which its taste, texture and impact on human health also differ. In Assam, curd prepared from raw milk (RMC) is preferred over curd prepared from boiled milk (BMC), a tradition believed to have originated from the Mongoloid customs. Microbial diversity of raw milk (RM), boiled milk (BM), RMC and BMC collected from three farms were investigated by culture dependent and independent techniques. Additionally, metabolite profiles of RMC and BMC were studied by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. A total of 59 bacterial isolates were identified from the four different dairy products. In RM, lactic acid bacteria such as Lactococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc were obtained along with the environmental bacteria like Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Acetobacter, Chryseobacterium, Streptococcus, Acinetobacter, Kocuria, Klebsiella and Macrococcus. Additionally, Prevotella, Oscillospira, Phascolarctobacterium and Akkermansia were also detected in BM by culture independent technique. In RMC and BMC, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc and Lactobacillus were prevalent. RM and RMC shared Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Streptococcus and Acinetobacter as common bacterial genera. However, no bacterial genus was common in BM and BMC. The correlation analysis revealed that Lactobacillus was negatively correlated to other bacterial genera. Oligotyping analysis revealed that Lactobacillus brevis and L.fermentum were abundant in RMC and BMC, respectively. In metabolomic study, ascorbic acid, dodecanoic acid and hexadecanoic acid were found to be significantly higher in RMC. Presence of different types of probiotics in these curds samples opens a new avenue to understand their effects on human health.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Biodiversity; DNA, Bacterial; Enterococcus; Fermentation; Food Handling; Food Microbiology; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Lactobacillales; Lactobacillus; Lactococcus; Leuconostoc; Metagenomics; Milk; Multivariate Analysis; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 31236715
DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2677-y -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Nov 2018To identify differences in rumen function as a result of feeding monensin to beef cattle, rumen fluid metagenomics and metabolomics analyses were used to evaluate the...
To identify differences in rumen function as a result of feeding monensin to beef cattle, rumen fluid metagenomics and metabolomics analyses were used to evaluate the functional attributes and metabolites of rumen microbiota in beef steers fed no or 200 mg/d of monensin. Eight rumen-fistulated steers were used in the study for a period of 53 days. Rumen fluid samples were collected on the last day of the experiment. Monensin increased the relative abundance of sp. ND2010, , , , , and , but reduced the relative abundance of sp. KNHs210, , , , sp. LMG29324, and . Monensin increased the relative abundance of functional genes involved in amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism. A total of 245 metabolites were identified. Thirty-one metabolites were found to be differentially expressed. Pathway analysis of the differentially expressed metabolites revealed upregulated metabolic pathways associated with metabolism of linoleic acid and some amino acids. These findings confirm that monensin affects rumen fermentation of forage-fed beef cattle by modulating the rumen microbiome, and by reducing amino acid degradation and biohydrogenation of linoleic acid in the rumen.
PubMed: 30453603
DOI: 10.3390/ani8110211 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2016For decades, babies were thought to be born germ-free, but recent evidences suggest that they are already exposed to various bacteria . However, the data on population...
For decades, babies were thought to be born germ-free, but recent evidences suggest that they are already exposed to various bacteria . However, the data on population levels of such pioneer gut bacteria, particularly in context to birth mode, is sparse. We herein aimed to quantify such bacteria from the meconium of 151 healthy term Japanese infants born vaginally or by C-section. Neonatal first meconium was obtained within 24-48 h of delivery; RNA was extracted and subjected to reverse-transcription-quantitative PCR using specific primers for group, subgroup, group, cluster, , , , Enterobacteriaceae, , , , , and . We detected several bacterial groups in both vaginally- and cesarean-born infants. group, Enterobacteriaceae, , , and were detected in more than 50% of infants, with counts ranging from 10 to 10 cells/g sample. About 30-35% samples harbored and (10-10 cells/g); whereas group, subgroup and were detected in 10-20% infants (10-10 cells/g). Compared to vaginally-born babies, cesarean-born babies were significantly less often colonized with genus (6% vs. 37%; = 0.01) and subgroup (6% vs. 31%; = 0.04). Overall, seven subgroups/species, i.e., subgroup, subgroup, subgroup, subgroup, subgroup, subgroup, and were detected in the samples from vaginally-born group, whereas only two members, i.e., subgroup and were detected in the cesarean group. These data corroborate that several bacterial clades may already be present before birth in term infants' gut. Further, lower detection rate of lactobacilli in cesarean-born babies suggests that the primary source of lactobacilli in infant gut is mainly from maternal vaginal and-to a lesser extent-anal microbiota during vaginal delivery, and that the colonization by some important species is delayed in babies delivered via cesarean-section.
PubMed: 28018325
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01997 -
Anaerobe Dec 2016Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) is an active biogenic substance synthesized in plants, fungi, vertebrate animals and bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria are considered the...
Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) is an active biogenic substance synthesized in plants, fungi, vertebrate animals and bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria are considered the main producers of GABA among bacteria. GABA-producing lactobacilli are isolated from food products such as cheese, yogurt, sourdough, etc. and are the source of bioactive properties assigned to those foods. The ability of human-derived lactobacilli and bifidobacteria to synthesize GABA remains poorly characterized. In this paper, we screened our collection of 135 human-derived Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains for their ability to produce GABA from its precursor monosodium glutamate. Fifty eight strains were able to produce GABA. The most efficient GABA-producers were Bifidobacterium strains (up to 6 g/L). Time profiles of cell growth and GABA production as well as the influence of pyridoxal phosphate on GABA production were studied for L. plantarum 90sk, L. brevis 15f, B. adolescentis 150 and B. angulatum GT102. DNA of these strains was sequenced; the gadB and gadC genes were identified. The presence of these genes was analyzed in 14 metagenomes of healthy individuals. The genes were found in the following genera of bacteria: Bacteroidetes (Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Alistipes, Odoribacter, Prevotella), Proteobacterium (Esherichia), Firmicutes (Enterococcus), Actinobacteria (Bifidobacterium). These data indicate that gad genes as well as the ability to produce GABA are widely distributed among lactobacilli and bifidobacteria (mainly in L. plantarum, L. brevis, B. adolescentis, B. angulatum, B. dentium) and other gut-derived bacterial species. Perhaps, GABA is involved in the interaction of gut microbiota with the macroorganism and the ability to synthesize GABA may be an important feature in the selection of bacterial strains - psychobiotics.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Bacteroidetes; Bifidobacterium; DNA, Bacterial; Firmicutes; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastrointestinal Tract; Gene Expression; Glutamate Decarboxylase; Humans; Lactobacillus; Membrane Proteins; Metagenome; Proteobacteria; Pyridoxal Phosphate; Sodium Glutamate; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
PubMed: 27794467
DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.10.011 -
BMC Veterinary Research Feb 2016The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two feed supplements on rumen bacterial communities of heifers fed a high grain diet. Six Holstein-Friesian...
BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two feed supplements on rumen bacterial communities of heifers fed a high grain diet. Six Holstein-Friesian heifers received one of the following dietary treatments according to a Latin square design: no supplement (control, C), 60 g/day of fumarate-malate (organic acid, O) and 100 g/day of polyphenol-essential oil (P). Rumen fluid was analyzed to assess the microbial population using Illumina sequencing and quantitative real time PCR.
RESULTS
The P treatment had the highest number of observed species (P < 0.10), Chao1 index (P < 0.05), abundance based coverage estimated (ACE) (P < 0.05), and Fisher's alpha diversity (P < 0.10). The O treatment had intermediate values between C and P treatments with the exception of the Chao1 index. The PCoA with unweighted Unifrac distance showed a separation among dietary treatments (P = 0.09), above all between the C and P (P = 0.05). The O and P treatments showed a significant increase of the family Christenenellaceae and a decline of Prevotella brevis compared to C. Additionally, the P treatment enhanced the abundance of many taxa belonging to Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Tenericutes phyla due to a potential antimicrobial activity of flavonoids that increased competition among bacteria.
CONCLUSIONS
Organic acid and polyphenols significantly modified rumen bacterial populations during high-grain feeding in dairy heifers. In particular the polyphenol treatment increased the richness and diversity of rumen microbiota, which are usually high in conditions of physiological rumen pH and rumen function.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Biodiversity; Cattle; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dietary Supplements; Edible Grain; Metagenomics; Microbiota; Polyphenols; Rumen
PubMed: 26896166
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0653-4 -
Oral Diseases Oct 2014To evaluate the ability of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus brevis CD2 to inhibit the opportunistic anaerobe Prevotella melaninogenica (PM1), a well-known causative...
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the ability of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus brevis CD2 to inhibit the opportunistic anaerobe Prevotella melaninogenica (PM1), a well-known causative agent of periodontitis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus CD2 on Prevotella PM1 biofilm was assessed both by exposing the anaerobe to the supernatant of the probiotic strain and by growing the two strains to obtain single or mixed biofilms. The inhibitory effect of CD2 on PM1 was also checked by the agar overlay method.
RESULTS
The development of PM1 biofilm was strongly affected (56% decrease in OD value) by the CD2 supernatant after 96 h. A dose-dependent biofilm reduction was also observed at 1/10 and 1/100 dilutions of supernatant. Confocal microscopy on the mixed biofilms revealed the ability of CD2 to prevail on PM1, greatly reducing the biofilm of the latter.
CONCLUSIONS
It has been hypothesized a multifactorial nature of the inhibition mechanism, the strong adherence ability of CD2 strain together with the released metabolites presumably contributing to the reduction in the PM1 biofilm detected by confocal microscopy.
Topics: Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Biofilms; Levilactobacillus brevis; Prevotella melaninogenica; Probiotics
PubMed: 24118283
DOI: 10.1111/odi.12186