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Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy :... Apr 2024An increasing number of drug-resistant bacteria have been identified recently. In particular, drug-resistant bacteria have been linked to unfavorable prognoses in...
OBJECTIVES
An increasing number of drug-resistant bacteria have been identified recently. In particular, drug-resistant bacteria have been linked to unfavorable prognoses in patients with bacteremia, highlighting the need for rapid testing. Our previous studies have focused on the utility of a drug susceptibility testing microfluidic (DSTM) method using microfluidic channels. A system with this DSTM method for screening for β-lactamases can rapidly detect extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs). In this study, we have evaluated the clinical utility of pre-treatment for screening positive blood cultures using the DSTM method.
METHODS
A total of 178 positive blood cultures and five simulated samples of MBL-producing bacteria were prepared at Kochi University Hospital, Japan. The pretreatment consisted of a two-step centrifugation. The obtained sediments were screened with the DSTM method for the production of β-lactamase based on morphological changes in the bacteria after 3 h of incubation.
RESULTS
The pretreatment functioned properly for all samples. Of the 25 ESBL samples, 21 were positive for ESBLs. Four false-negative samples, all obtained from the same patient, contained CTX-M-2 enzyme-producing Proteus mirabilis and showed insusceptibility to an ESBL inhibitor. The simulated samples prepared for MBL screening were positive for MBLs.
CONCLUSIONS
When combined with a method for rapidly identifying bacterial species, DSTM may enable patients with bloodstream infections to start receiving appropriate treatment within 4 h after positive blood cultures are screened.
PubMed: 38697390
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2024.04.011 -
PloS One 2024Ticks are arachnid ectoparasites that rank second only to mosquitoes in the transmission of human diseases including bacteria responsible for anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis,...
Ticks are arachnid ectoparasites that rank second only to mosquitoes in the transmission of human diseases including bacteria responsible for anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, spotted fevers, and Lyme disease among other febrile illnesses. Due to the paucity of data on bacteria transmitted by ticks in Kenya, this study undertook a bacterial metagenomic-based characterization of ticks collected from Isiolo, a semi-arid pastoralist County in Eastern Kenya, and Kwale, a coastal County with a monsoon climate in the southern Kenyan border with Tanzania. A total of 2,918 ticks belonging to 3 genera and 10 species were pooled and screened in this study. Tick identification was confirmed through the sequencing of the Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit 1 (COI) gene. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene PCR amplicons obtained from the above samples were sequenced using the MinION (Oxford Nanopore Technologies) platform. The resulting reads were demultiplexed in Porechop, followed by trimming and filtering in Trimmomatic before clustering using Qiime2-VSearch. A SILVA database pretrained naïve Bayes classifier was used to classify the Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) taxonomically. The bacteria of clinical interest detected in pooled tick assays were as follows: Rickettsia spp. 59.43% of pools, Coxiella burnetii 37.88%, Proteus mirabilis 5.08%, Cutibacterium acnes 6.08%, and Corynebacterium ulcerans 2.43%. These bacteria are responsible for spotted fevers, query fever (Q-fever), urinary tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, eye infections, and diphtheria-like infections in humans, respectively. P. mirabilis, C. acnes, and C. ulcerans were detected only in Isiolo. Additionally, COI sequences allowed for the identification of Rickettsia and Coxiella species to strain levels in some of the pools. Diversity analysis revealed that the tick genera had high levels of Alpha diversity but the differences between the microbiomes of the three tick genera studied were not significant. The detection of C. acnes, commonly associated with human skin flora suggests that the ticks may have contact with humans potentially exposing them to bacterial infections. The findings in this study highlight the need for further investigation into the viability of these bacteria and the competency of ticks to transmit them. Clinicians in these high-risk areas also need to be appraised for them to include Rickettsial diseases and Q-fever as part of their differential diagnosis.
Topics: Kenya; Animals; Metagenomics; Ticks; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Bacteria; Humans; Phylogeny
PubMed: 38687700
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296597 -
Veterinary Research Apr 2024
PubMed: 38685104
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01317-7 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024Wall. Ex Besser is a folklore medicinal plant that belongs to Asteraceae family and a treasure trove of drugs. The aim of this research study was to investigate the...
Wall. Ex Besser is a folklore medicinal plant that belongs to Asteraceae family and a treasure trove of drugs. The aim of this research study was to investigate the phytoconstituents, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity and wound healing potential of leaf extract (ALE). Phytochemical analysis of the ALE was carried out by Soxhlet extraction and GCMS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis. Antimicrobial activity was performed by the agar well diffusion method against selected bacterial and fungal strains. Free radical scavenging potential was evaluated by DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) and FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays. Anti-inflammatory activity was performed by enzyme inhibition assay-COXII. The cytotoxicity of ALE on HaCaT cells was studied via MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. An in vitro scratch assay was performed for the evaluation of the wound healing property of ALE. It showed satisfactory antimicrobial activity against (14.2 ± 0.28 mm), (17.6 ± 0.52 mm), (13.1 ± 0.37 mm), (17.3 ± 0.64 mm), (9.4 ± 0.56 mm), (12.7 ± 0.53 mm), (15.3 ± 0.25 mm) and (17.6 ± 0.11 mm). In ALE, 36 phytochemicals were detected by GCMS analysis, but 22 were dominant. Moreover, the ALE was effective in scavenging free radicals with different assays and exhibited reasonable anti-inflammatory activity. The MTT assay revealed that ALE had a cytotoxic effect on the HaCaT cells. The scratch assay showed 94.6% wound closure (after 24 h incubation) compared to the positive control Cipladine, which is remarkable wound healing activity. This is the first report on the wound healing property of , which can serve as a potential agent for wound healing and extends knowledge on its therapeutic potential.
Topics: Artemisia; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Humans; Antioxidants; Phytochemicals; Anti-Infective Agents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Wound Healing; Candida albicans; HaCaT Cells; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cell Survival; Biphenyl Compounds; Picrates
PubMed: 38675649
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081829 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Apr 2024: Anorectal abscesses are a relatively rare pathology in childhood. Most often, male children under 1 year of age are affected. The importance of microbiological...
: Anorectal abscesses are a relatively rare pathology in childhood. Most often, male children under 1 year of age are affected. The importance of microbiological examination for the diagnosis and treatment of such patients remains debatable among surgeons, resulting in scarce data being available in the literature. We aimed to identify the aerobic microbiological spectrum and antibiotic resistance of isolates in children undergoing operation to treat anorectal abscesses. : We performed a case series of 102 children diagnosed and operated for anorectal abscesses over a period of 10 years (2010-2019). Purulent wound exudate was used for microbiological evaluation, which was subsequently cultured on 5% sheep-blood agar and eosin-methylene blue agar. For microbiological identification, conventional biochemical tests and semi-automated (API 20, bioMerieux, Marcy-l'Étoile, France) tests were used, as well as automated systems (Vitek-2 Compact, bioMerieux, France). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the disk diffusion method of Bauer-Kirby and by determining the minimal inhibitory concentrations for glycopeptides. The results were interpreted according to the EUCAST standard for the corresponding year. : Microbiological testing in children operated for anorectal abscesses mainly identified the gut commensals that normally reside in the rectal mucosa. Monocultures were found in just over half of the cases. , , and were the most frequently isolated. In addition, was found in 7% of patients. In Gram-negative bacteria, antibiotic resistance was most often observed in penicillins, cephalosporins, sulfonamides, and fluoroquinolones. : The increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance impose the need for the local monitoring of circulating commensal bacteria associated with anorectal abscesses in children to guide antibiotic therapy when indicated.
PubMed: 38673687
DOI: 10.3390/jcm13082414 -
Discovery Medicine Apr 2024Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common infections and can cause numerous complications of the renal system. This study aimed to assess the prevalence...
BACKGROUND
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common infections and can cause numerous complications of the renal system. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of uropathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia.
METHODS
Data was collected from patients with UTIs presented at King Fahad General Hospital in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, UTI microbial-causing agents and antimicrobial resistance profiles identified using automated systems, Phoenix and VITEK2, were collected between July 2022 and June 2023. In addition, minimal demographic data, including date of collection and sex and age of patients were collected and analyzed using Chi-square test.
RESULTS
The study included 1394 patients positive for UTI, comprising 50.57% males and 49.43% females (chi-square goodness-of-fit, > 0.999). Microbial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed on UTI-positive cultures. Among UTIs, mono-infection, caused by a single pathogen, was the most prevalent, accounting for 88.16% of cases, whereas poly-infection (caused by multiple pathogens) presented at 11.9%. The most prevalent UTIs' pathogens were (30.59%), followed by (21.40%), (8.46%), (7.81%), (6.35%), (3.01%), (3.01%), (2.52%), sp. (2.44%), (1.95%), (1.79%), and (1.30%). The most dominant pathogens that coexisted with other uropathogens to cause UTIs were and (9.32%, chi-square 5.550, = 0.018), and (8.07%, chi-square 6.285, = 0.012), and (7.45%, chi-square 5.785, = 0.016), sp. and (4.97%, chi-square 9.176, = 0.002, and sp. and (3.11%, chi-square 4.312, =0.038)). Among the uropathogens, gram-negative pathogens showed resistance to most of the tested antimicrobials (ampicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, aztreonam, and nitrofurantoin). High rates of resistance were identified to cephalosporins, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
CONCLUSION
This study reported UT mono-infection and poly-infection in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia, with a predominant representation from gram-negative bacteria, . Most of the UT microbial strains showed a highly resistant profile.
Topics: Urinary Tract Infections; Humans; Saudi Arabia; Retrospective Studies; Male; Female; Prevalence; Middle Aged; Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Aged; Young Adult; Adolescent; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Child; Child, Preschool
PubMed: 38665033
DOI: 10.24976/Discov.Med.202436183.80 -
Veterinary Research Communications Apr 2024Urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by antimicrobial resistant bacteria is common in dogs leading to serious health impact in pet animal as well as on human health....
Urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by antimicrobial resistant bacteria is common in dogs leading to serious health impact in pet animal as well as on human health. Understanding the prevalent uropathogens and their drug susceptibility is essential for limiting the antimicrobial resistance through implementation of stewardship policies. In view of this, present study was envisaged to determine the prevalent bacterial uropathogens and their antibiogram from clinical cases of canine UTI. Urine samples were collected from 35 dogs presented with clinical signs of UTI and a total of 27 bacterial isolates were recovered. Among that Escherichia coli was the most predominant isolate followed by Klebsiella aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus sp. and Citrobacter freundii. All isolates were found resistant to one or more 1st line antibiotics recommended by consensus guidelines and 70% of total isolates showed multidrug resistance. Additionally, this study evaluated the weightage of empirical therapy as per the consensus guidelines over antimicrobial susceptibility test guided treatment. Dogs with uncomplicated UTI were selected and categorized into three different groups (n = 6). Group 1 was treated with common empirical choice amoxycillin-clavulanic acid and dogs showed susceptible to ciprofloxacin were kept in Group 2 and treated with ciprofloxacin along with urinary alkalizer disodium hydrogen citrate. Nitrofurantoin susceptible cases were kept in Group 3 and treated with a combination of nitrofurantoin and urinary acidifier ammonium chloride. Therapeutic outcome was evaluated and success rate was higher in Group 2 and 3 than Group 1 suggested that selection of antibiotics with the use of local or institutional antibiogram data is more considerate than acknowledged international guidelines in the existing situation.
PubMed: 38647986
DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10387-z -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2024is a Gram-negative bacterium with exclusive molecular and biological features. It is a versatile pathogen acclaimed for its distinct urease production, swarming... (Review)
Review
is a Gram-negative bacterium with exclusive molecular and biological features. It is a versatile pathogen acclaimed for its distinct urease production, swarming behavior, and rapid multicellular activity. Clinically, is a frequent pathogen of the human urinary system where it causes urinary tract infections (UTIs) and catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). This review explores the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and treatment of infections, emphasizing its association with UTIs. The bacterium's genome analysis revealed the presence of resistance genes against commonly used antibiotics, an antibiotic-resistant phenotype that poses a serious clinical challenge. Particularly, the emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases resistant strains. On a molecular level, possesses a wide array of virulence factors including the production of fimbriae, urease, hemolysins, metallophores, and biofilm formation. This review thoroughly tackles a substantial gap in understanding the role of metallophores in shaping the virulence factors of virulence. Siderophores, iron metal chelating and transporting metallophores, particularly contribute to the complex pathogenic strategies, displaying a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
PubMed: 38646633
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1383618 -
Journal of Infection in Developing... Mar 2024The spread of Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPEs) has become a significant concern in Algeria, with limited data available on their presence in community...
INTRODUCTION
The spread of Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPEs) has become a significant concern in Algeria, with limited data available on their presence in community settings. This research investigated the resistance mechanisms of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CREs) collected from hospitals and the community in Skikda city, Algeria, between December 2020 and June 2022.
METHODOLOGY
The study collected Enterobacterales strains resistant to ertapenem from inpatient and outpatient populations. An automated system was used for identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing. β-lactamase production was evaluated through phenotypic tests and confirmed by standard PCR. Lastly, the carbapenemase genes were sequenced using the Sanger method.
RESULTS
17 CRE were isolated, with 9 from inpatients and 8 from outpatients. These isolates belonged to four species: Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 8), Escherichia coli (n = 6), Enterobacter cloacae (n = 1), and Proteus mirabilis (n = 1). Of 15 CPEs, 11 were extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) positive, 5 were plasmid-mediated cephalosporinase (AmpC) positive, and 1 harbored all three β-lactamases. All metallo-β-lactamase-producing strains carried the New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase gene (blaNDM), including 5 NDM-1 and 7 NDM-5 variants. The presence of blaOXA-48 and blaOXA-244 was observed in one outpatient strain each. NDM was associated with Cefotaximase Munich (CTX-M) ESBL in 8 isolates, while Cephamycinase (CMY) was detected in 3 NDM-5-producing E. coli.
CONCLUSIONS
This research highlights the rising prevalence of carbapenemases NDM-1 and NDM-5 among inpatients and outpatients and supports the notion that OXA-48 is becoming increasingly widespread beyond Algerian hospitals.
Topics: Humans; Escherichia coli; Outpatients; Inpatients; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Algeria; Prevalence; beta-Lactamases; Bacterial Proteins; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Carbapenems; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 38635605
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.18263 -
Current Pharmaceutical Design Apr 2024Surgical site infections are one of the major clinical problems in surgical departments that cost hundreds of millions of dollars to healthcare systems around the world.
BACKGROUND
Surgical site infections are one of the major clinical problems in surgical departments that cost hundreds of millions of dollars to healthcare systems around the world.
AIM
The study aimed to address the pressing issue of surgical site infections, which pose significant clinical and financial burdens on healthcare systems globally. Recognizing the substantial costs incurred due to these infections, the research has focused on understanding the role of lipase and protease production by multi-drug resistant bacteria isolated from surgical wounds in the development of post-surgical wound infections.
METHODS
For these purposes, 153 pus specimens were collected from patients with severe post-surgical wound infections having prolonged hospital stays. The specimens were inoculated on appropriate culture media. Gram staining and biochemical tests were used for the identification of bacterial growth on suitable culture media after 24 hours of incubation. The isolated pathogens were then applied for lipase and protease, key enzymes that could contribute to wound development, on tributyrin and skimmed milk agar, respectively. Following the CSLI guidelines, the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to assess antibiotic susceptibility patterns. The results revealed that a significant proportion of the samples (127 out of 153) showed bacterial growth of Gram-negative (n = 66) and Gram-positive (n = 61) bacteria. In total, isolated 37 subjects were declared MDR due to their resistance to three or more than three antimicrobial agents. The most prevalent bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus (29.13%), followed by S. epidermidis (18.89%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.89%), Escherichia coli (14.96%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.23%), and Proteus mirabilis (7.87%). Moreover, a considerable number of these bacteria exhibited lipase and protease activity with 70 bacterial strains as lipase positive on tributyrin agar, whereas 74 bacteria showed protease activity on skimmed milk agar with P. aeruginosa as the highest lipase (69.23%) and protease (76.92%) producer, followed by S. aureus (lipase 62.16% and protease 70.27%).
RESULTS
The antimicrobial resistance was evaluated among enzyme producers and non-producers and it was found that the lipase and protease-producing bacteria revealed higher resistance to selected antibiotics than non-producers. Notably, fosfomycin and carbapenem were identified as effective antibiotics against the isolated bacterial strains. However, gram-positive bacteria displayed high resistance to lincomycin and clindamycin, while gram-negative bacteria were more resistant to cefuroxime and gentamicin.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the findings suggest that lipases and proteases produced by bacteria could contribute to drug resistance and act as virulence factors in the development of surgical site infections. Understanding the role of these enzymes may inform strategies for preventing and managing post-surgical wound infections more effectively.
PubMed: 38629357
DOI: 10.2174/0113816128302189240402043330