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Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za... Jun 2024To investigate the origin of in China, so as to provide insights into assessment of schistosomiasis mansoni transmission risk and control.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the origin of in China, so as to provide insights into assessment of schistosomiasis mansoni transmission risk and control.
METHODS
Guanlan River, Dasha River, Shenzhen Reservoir, upper and lower reaches of Kuiyong River, and Xinzhen River in Shenzhen, China, were selected as sampling sites. Ten samples were collected from each site, and genomic DNA was extracted from samples. DNA samples were obtained from 15 sampled from 5 sampling sites in Minas Gerais State, Pará State, Federal District, Pernambuco State, and Sao Paulo State in Brazil, South America. Cytochrome c oxidase I () and mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA () genes were sampled using the above DNA templates, and the amplified products were sequenced. The and gene sequences were downloaded from GenBank, and the sampling sites were acquired. All and 1 gene sequences were aligned and evolutionary trees of were created based on and gene sequences to identify the genetic similarity and evolutionary relationship between samples from China and South America.
RESULTS
A total of 60 gene sequences with a length of 529 bp and 3 haplotypes were obtained from sampled from China. There were 165 gene sequences of retrieved from GenBank, and following alignment with the above 60 gene sequences, a total of 33 haplotypes were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the three haplotypes of from China were clustered into one clade, among which the haplotype China11 and three samples from Brazil retrieved from GenBank belonged to the same haplotype. Geographical evolution analysis showed that the samples from three sampling sites along eastern coasts of Brazil had the same haplotype with China11, and samples from other two sampling sites were closely, genetically related to China11. A total of 60 gene sequences with approximately 322 bp in length were amplified from in China, with 2 haplotypes identified. A total of 70 gene sequences of were captured from GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis showed that snails collected from China were clustered into a clade, and the haplotype China64 and the haplotype 229BS from Brazil shared the same haplotype. The 49 gene sequences of from 25 sampling sites in southern Brazil, which were captured from GenBank, were included in the present analysis, and the from 3 sampling sites shared the same haplotype with China64 in China. Geographical evolution analysis based on and gene sequences showed that sampled from eastern coastal areas of Brazil shared the same haplotypes in two gene fragment sequences with snails collected from China.
CONCLUSIONS
The snails in China are characterized as , which have a low genetic diversity. The snails in China have a high genetic similarity with sampled from eastern coastal areas of Brazil, which may have originated from the eastern coastal areas of Brazil.
Topics: Animals; China; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Biomphalaria; Electron Transport Complex IV; Haplotypes
PubMed: 38952313
DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2024069 -
Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za... Jun 2024To investigate the feasibility of constructing the risk index of infection based on the classification of echinococcosis lesions, so as to provide insights into the...
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the feasibility of constructing the risk index of infection based on the classification of echinococcosis lesions, so as to provide insights into the management of echinococcosis.
METHODS
The imaging data of echinococcosis cases were collected from epidemiological surveys of echinococcosis in China from 2012 to 2016, and the detection of incident echinococcosis cases was captured from the annual echinococcosis prevention and control reports across provinces (autonomous regions) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in China from 2017 to 2022. After echinococcosis lesions were classified, a risk index of infection was constructed based on the principle of discrete distribution marginal probability and multi-group classification data tests. The correlation between the risk index of infection and the detection of incident echinococcosis cases was evaluated in the provinces (autonomous regions and corps) from 2017 to 2022, and the correlations between the short and medium-term risk indices and between the medium and long-term risk indices of infection were examined using a univariate linear regression model.
RESULTS
A total of 4 014 echinococcosis cases in China from 2012 to 2016 were included in this study. The short-, medium- and long-term risk indices of infection varied in echinococcosis-endemic provinces (autonomous regions and corps) of China (χ = 4.12 to 708.65, all values < 0.05), with high short- (0.058), medium- (0.137) and long-term risk indices (0.104) in Tibet Autonomous Region, and the short-, medium- and long-term risk indices of infection varied in echinococcosis-endemic provinces (autonomous regions and corps) of China (χ = 6.74 to 122.60, all values < 0.05), with a high short-term risk index in Sichuan Province (0.016) and high medium- (0.009) and long-term risk indices in Qinghai Province (0.018). There were no significant correlations between the risk index of infection and the detection of incident cystic echinococcosis cases during the study period ( = -0.518 to 2.265, all values > 0.05), and strong correlations were found between the risk indices of infection and the detection of incident alveolar echinococcosis cases (including mixed type) in 2018, 2020, 2021, 2022, during the period from 2017 through 2020, from 2017 through 2021, from 2017 through 2022 (all values > 0.7, = 2.521 to 3.692, all values < 0.05). Linear regression models were established between the risk index of infection and the detection of alveolar echinococcosis cases (including mixed type), and the models were all statistically significant ( = 0.214 to 2.168, = 2.458 to 3.692, = 6.044 to 13.629, all values < 0.05). The regression coefficients for the correlations between the medium- and short-term, and between the long- and medium-term risk indices of infection were 2.339 and 0.765, and the regression coefficients for the correlations between the medium- and short-term, and between the long- and medium-term risk indices of infection were 0.280 and 1.842, with statistical significance seen in both the regression coefficients and regression models ( = 16.479 to 197.304, = 271.570 to 38 928.860, all values < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
The risk index of infection has been successfully established based on the classification of echinococcosis lesions, which may provide insights into the prevention and control, prediction, diagnosis and treatment, and classified management of echinococcosis.
Topics: Echinococcosis; Humans; China; Echinococcus; Risk Factors; Animals
PubMed: 38952312
DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2024068 -
Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za... Jun 2024To investigate the feasibility of developing a grading diagnostic model for schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis based on B-mode ultrasonographic images and clinical...
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the feasibility of developing a grading diagnostic model for schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis based on B-mode ultrasonographic images and clinical laboratory indicators.
METHODS
Ultrasound images and clinical laboratory testing data were captured from schistosomiasis patients admitted to the Second People's Hospital of Duchang County, Jiangxi Province from 2018 to 2022. Patients with grade I schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis were enrolled in Group 1, and patients with grade II and III schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis were enrolled in Group 2. The machine learning binary classification tasks were created based on patients'radiomics and clinical laboratory data from 2018 to 2021 as the training set, and patients'radiomics and clinical laboratory data in 2022 as the validation set. The features of ultrasonographic images were labeled with the ITK-SNAP software, and the features of ultrasonographic images were extracted using the Python 3.7 package and PyRadiomics toolkit. The difference in the features of ultrasonographic images was compared between groups with test or Mann-Whitney test, and the key imaging features were selected with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression algorithm. Four machine learning models were created using the Scikit-learn repository, including the support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), linear regression (LR) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). The optimal machine learning model was screened with the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), and features with the greatest contributions to the differentiation features of ultrasound images in machine learning models with the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method.
RESULTS
The ultrasonographic imaging data and clinical laboratory testing data from 491 schistosomiasis patients from 2019 to 2022 were included in the study, and a total of 851 radiomics features and 54 clinical laboratory indicators were captured. Following statistical tests ( = -5.98 to 4.80, = 6 550 to 20 994, all values < 0.05) and screening of key features with LASSO regression, 44 features or indicators were included for the subsequent modeling. The areas under ROC curve (AUCs) were 0.763 and 0.611 for the training and validation sets of the SVM model based on clinical laboratory indicators, 0.951 and 0.892 for the training and validation sets of the SVM model based on radiomics, and 0.960 and 0.913 for the training and validation sets of the multimodal SVM model. The 10 greatest contributing features or indicators in machine learning models included 2 clinical laboratory indicators and 8 radiomics features.
CONCLUSIONS
The multimodal machine learning models created based on ultrasound-based radiomics and clinical laboratory indicators are feasible for intelligent identification of schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis, and are effective to improve the classification effect of one-class data models.
Topics: Humans; Schistosomiasis; Liver Cirrhosis; Machine Learning; Ultrasonography; Male; Female; Middle Aged; Adult; Support Vector Machine; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Radiomics
PubMed: 38952311
DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2024110 -
Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za... Apr 2024Driven by international exchanges and climate changes, the invasion and spread of vector mosquitoes posed a new challenge to achieving global malaria elimination.... (Review)
Review
Driven by international exchanges and climate changes, the invasion and spread of vector mosquitoes posed a new challenge to achieving global malaria elimination. Taking the invasion of to exacerbate the malaria epidemic in Africa as an example, this article summarizes the current situation of global invasion, and estimates the potential risk of vector mosquitoes to unravel the difficulties and challenges in the global malaria elimination program, so as to provide insights into improved early earning and precision control of vector mosquito invasion across the world.
Topics: Malaria; Animals; Anopheles; Humans; Mosquito Vectors; Introduced Species; Disease Eradication
PubMed: 38952310
DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2024043 -
Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za... May 2024The insecticide resistance is becoming increasingly severe in malaria vectors and has become one of the most important threats to global malaria elimination. Currently,... (Review)
Review
The insecticide resistance is becoming increasingly severe in malaria vectors and has become one of the most important threats to global malaria elimination. Currently, malaria vectors not only have developed high resistance to conventional insecticides, including organochlorine, organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids, but also have been resistant to recently used neonicotinoids and pyrrole insecticides. This article describes the current status of global insecticide resistance in malaria vectors and global insecticide resistance management strategies, analyzes the possible major challenges in the insecticide resistance management, and proposes the response actions, so as to provide insights into global insecticide resistance management and contributions to global malaria elimination.
Topics: Insecticide Resistance; Malaria; Animals; Humans; Insecticides; Mosquito Vectors; Insect Vectors
PubMed: 38952309
DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2024088 -
Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za... May 2024The global malaria epidemic is still severe. Because of simple procedures, rapid detection and accuracy results, rapid diagnostic test (RDT) has become the most... (Review)
Review
The global malaria epidemic is still severe. Because of simple procedures, rapid detection and accuracy results, rapid diagnostic test (RDT) has become the most important and the most widely used diagnostic tool for malaria prevention and control. However, deletions in the RDT target histidine-rich protein 2/3 () genes may cause false-negative results of RDT, which has been included as one of the four biological threats to global malaria elimination. This article reviews the applications of RDT in the global malaria diagnosis, analyzes the threats and challenges caused by gene deletion, proposes methods for monitoring gene deletion, and summarizes the causes and countermeasures of negative RDT detections, so as to provide insights into consolidation of malaria elimination achievements in China and contributions to global malaria elimination.
Topics: Protozoan Proteins; Humans; Antigens, Protozoan; Plasmodium falciparum; Malaria, Falciparum; Gene Deletion; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; China; Rapid Diagnostic Tests
PubMed: 38952308
DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2024089 -
Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za... Apr 2024Malaria is one of the most serious mosquito-borne infectious diseases in the world. The global malaria control progress has stalled in recent years, which is largely due... (Review)
Review
Malaria is one of the most serious mosquito-borne infectious diseases in the world. The global malaria control progress has stalled in recent years, which is largely due to the biological threats from the malaria pathogen and the vector mosquitoes. This article provides an overview of biological threats to global malaria elimination, including antimalarial drug resistance, deletions in the malaria rapid diagnostic test target histidine-rich protein 2/3 () genes, vector insecticide resistance and emergence of invasive vector species, so as to provide insights into malaria and vector research and the formulation and adjustment of the malaria control and elimination strategy.
Topics: Animals; Malaria; Humans; Mosquito Vectors; Anopheles; Drug Resistance
PubMed: 38952306
DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2024095 -
Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za... Jun 2024To understand the progress of national schistosomiasis elimination program of China in 2023 and summarize the lessons and experiences, data on the endemic status of...
To understand the progress of national schistosomiasis elimination program of China in 2023 and summarize the lessons and experiences, data on the endemic status of schistosomiasis and national schistosomiasis surveillance results in the People's Republic of China were collected and analyzed at a national level. By the end of 2023, Shanghai Municipality, Zhejiang Province, Fujian Province, Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region continued to consolidate the achievements of schistosomiasis elimination, and Sichuan and Jiangsu provinces maintained the criteria of transmission interruption, while Yunnan and Hubei provinces were identified to achieve the criteria of transmission interruption in 2020, and Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces achieved the criteria of transmission interruption in 2023. A total of 451 counties (cites, districts) were found to be endemic for schistosomiasis in China in 2023, including 26 250 endemic villages covering 73 034 500 residents at risk of infections. Among the 451 endemic counties (cities, districts), 78.49% (354/451) achieved the criteria of schistosomiasis elimination and 21.51% (97/451) achieved the criteria of transmission interruption, respectively. In 2023, a total of 4 216 643 individuals received immunological tests, with 47 794 sero-positives identified, and a total of 184 216 individuals received parasitological examinations, with 4 egg-positives detected. A total of 27 768 cases with advanced schistosomiasis were documented in China by the end of 2023. In 2023, 539 548 bovines were raised in schistosomiasis-endemic areas of China, and 125 440 bovines received immunological tests, with 124 sero-positives detected, while no egg-positives were identified among the 133 508 bovines receiving parasitological examinations. In 2023, snail survey was performed at an area of 641 339.53 hm and 184 819.77 hm snail habitats were identified, including 51.53 hm emerging snail habitats and 642.25 hm reemerging snail habitats. In 2023, there were 20 198 schistosomiasis patients receiving praziquantel chemotherapy, and 598 183 person-time individuals and 283 954 herdtime bovines were given expanded chemotherapy. In 2023, snail control with chemical treatment was performed in 116 347.95 hm snail habitats, and the actual area of chemical treatment was 65 690.89 hm, while environmental improvements were performed in snail habitats covering an area of 1 334.62 hm. The national schistosomiasis surveillance results showed that the mean prevalence of infections were both zero among humans and bovines in 2023, and no infection was detected in snails. These data demonstrated that transmission interruption of schistosomiasis had been achieved across all endemic provinces in China in 2023, and the endemic status of schistosomiasis tended to be stable, while advanced cases were predominant among all schistosomiasis cases. However, the areas of snail habitats remained high and cattle re-raising was very common in some regions. Intensified schistosomiasis surveillance and forecast and snail control in high-risk areas are needed.
Topics: China; Humans; Schistosomiasis; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Communicable Disease Control
PubMed: 38952305
DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2024116 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Jul 2024Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is a complex clinical syndrome with various aetiologies. If untreated, AFP may lead to death due to failure of respiratory muscles. Tick...
BACKGROUND
Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is a complex clinical syndrome with various aetiologies. If untreated, AFP may lead to death due to failure of respiratory muscles. Tick paralysis, which is a noninfectious neurologic syndrome of AFP, occurs following tick attachment, engorgement, and injection of tick saliva toxins. There is no specific diagnostic test for tick paralysis, and mortality increases as definitive diagnosis is delayed. Although metabolomic investigation of tick saliva was conducted, there is a lack of research on metabolomic evaluation of hosts affected by tick paralysis.
OBJECTIVES
Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate metabolomic changes in serum samples of dogs with tick paralysis due to Rhipicephalus sanguineus using NMR-based metabolomics and to identify potential diagnostic/prognostic markers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Forty dogs infested with R. sanguineus, with clinical findings compatible with AFP and with a confirmed tick paralysis diagnosis ex juvantibus, constituted the Paralysis Group. Ten healthy dogs, which were admitted either for vaccination and/or check-up purposes, constituted the Control Group. After the confirmation tick paralysis, medical history, vaccination and nutritional status, body surface area and estimated tick numbers of all the dogs were noted. Physical examination included body temperature, heart and respiratory rate, capillary refill time evaluation and Modified Glasgow Coma Scale calculation. Serum samples were extracted from venous blood samples of all the dogs and were prepared for NMR analysis, and NMR-based metabolomics identification and quantification were performed.
RESULTS
NMR-based serum metabolomics of the present study revealed distinct up/down-regulated expressions, presenting a promising avenue. Moreover, it was observed that energy metabolism and especially liver functions were impaired in dogs with tick paralysis, and not only the respiratory system but also the kidneys were affected.
CONCLUSION
It was concluded that the present approach may help to better understand the pathological mechanisms developing in cases of AFP due to tick paralysis.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Tick Paralysis; Dog Diseases; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Metabolomics; Female; Male; Rhipicephalus sanguineus; Metabolome; Paralysis
PubMed: 38952268
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1528 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Jul 2024Sarcocystis is a food-borne zoonotic protozoan whose final hosts are humans, dogs, cats, and other carnivores and intermediate hosts are birds and mammals, especially...
BACKGROUND
Sarcocystis is a food-borne zoonotic protozoan whose final hosts are humans, dogs, cats, and other carnivores and intermediate hosts are birds and mammals, especially humans and herbivores. Humans become infected by eating raw and undercooked meat contaminated with bradyzoites or by consuming water or food contaminated with the sporocyst stage of the parasite.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of gamma radiation and electron beam on the survival rate of Sarcocystis bradyzoites in infected beef and to determine the effective dose.
METHODS
Three replicates of 100 g of infected meat were treated with different doses (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 kGy). As a control, 20 g of contaminated meat was stored separately at 4°C. The viability of the bradyzoites after digestion in pepsin solution was assessed, stained (trypan blue) and unstained, under a stereomicroscope. To assess survival of the bradyzoites, the irradiated meat samples were fed to 30 dogs. After 10 days, faecal samples were examined for sporocysts.
RESULTS
The results showed that the highest and lowest mortality rate of Sarcocystis bradyzoites in infected organs using electron beam at a dose of 2 kGy were 92.5% and 100%, respectively, and the lowest mortality rate at a dose of 0.5 kGy were 2.5% and 7.89%, respectively.
CONCLUSION
The results of statistical analysis showed that the mortality rate of Sarcocystis bradyzoites was significant between different doses of gamma ray and electron beam, so that gamma rays were better compared to electron beam in destroying Sarcocystis bradyzoites.
Topics: Sarcocystis; Animals; Cattle; Sarcocystosis; Red Meat; Gamma Rays; Dogs; Food Irradiation; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Cattle Diseases; Electrons
PubMed: 38952247
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1519