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Current Pharmaceutical Design 2023The comparative pharmacokinetics (PK) and PK/pharmacodynamics (PD) ratios of a new pharmaceutical design of enrofloxacin-alginate in dried beads (EADBs) and the...
INTRODUCTION
The comparative pharmacokinetics (PK) and PK/pharmacodynamics (PD) ratios of a new pharmaceutical design of enrofloxacin-alginate in dried beads (EADBs) and the reference enrofloxacin 10% solution was determined in broiler chickens. Also, the same parameters were determined after administering enrofloxacin with a double dosing scheme (through drinking water and as an in-feed medication of EADBs). 500 Arbor-Acres broiler chickens were randomly divided into five groups (n=100), adjusting in all cases, a dose of 10 mg/kg based on water and feed intake as follows: group EADBs receiving enrofloxacin through EADBs added to their feed as dressing; group EADBs forcing the beads into the proventriculus using a semi-rigid gavage; group Enroad-lib dosed through their drinking water; group Enro also administered into the proventriculus by gavage; group Enro administering 5 mg/kg as EADBs in their feed, plus 5 mg/kg of enrofloxacin through their drinking water.
METHODS
The PK parameters and the key PK/PD ratios were determined (C/MIC and AUC/MIC). Only group Enro could achieve the PK/PD ratios regarded as mutant-prevention.
RESULTS
This trial is the first one in which an in-feed medication of enrofloxacin, combined with water dosing, can result in PK/PD parameters superior to those obtained after administering the drug through drinking water at a dose of 10 mg/kg.
CONCLUSION
Contrary to expectations, groups Enro and Enro failed to achieve the desired PK/PD ratios when the breakpoint was established at 0.5 μg/mL but did so when MIC was set at 0.1 μg/mL. In contrast, EADBs and Enro achieved an adequate AUC/MIC ratio for both MIC levels.
Topics: Animals; Enrofloxacin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Drinking Water; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 37491855
DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666230724145657 -
Die Naturwissenschaften Jul 2023The ability to share and store food is paramount in group-living animals, allowing a finely tuned distribution of resources over time and individuals and an enhanced...
The ability to share and store food is paramount in group-living animals, allowing a finely tuned distribution of resources over time and individuals and an enhanced survival over periods of food scarcity. Ants have several ways to store food: one of them is their gastral crop, also known as a "social stomach." Nutrients in the crop can be regurgitated to nestmates through oral trophallaxis (mouth-to-mouth) or proceed to the midgut by opening the proventriculus, a valve connecting the crop to the midgut. However, some ants are also known to have a so-called "thoracic crop," an extension of the esophagus that allows for additional storage space. In this study, we provide the first evidence of a thoracic crop in the genus Carebara, in reproductive (queen) and sterile (soldier and worker) castes. We discuss how the ant body plan allowed for the evolution of a novel food storage structure in the mesothorax.
Topics: Animals; Ants; Reproduction; Thorax
PubMed: 37462726
DOI: 10.1007/s00114-023-01866-5 -
International Urogynecology Journal Dec 2023The number of robotically assisted sacrocolpopexy procedures are increasing; therefore, experienced clinicians are needed. Simulation-based cadaver models are...
BACKGROUND
The number of robotically assisted sacrocolpopexy procedures are increasing; therefore, experienced clinicians are needed. Simulation-based cadaver models are challenging in aspects of cost and availability. Therefore, we need to look at alternative and more cost-effective models.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this video was to design a new surgical model for the training of robotic-assisted sacrocolpopexy, which is affordable and accessible.
METHODS
We used a whole chicken model to simulate the female pelvic floor. We used Medtronic's Hugo™ RAS system as the robotic console in that procedure. A vaginal cuff was prepared from the proventriculus (stomach), and a Y shaped mesh was secured to the ischium to simulate the sacrocolpopexy procedure.
CONCLUSION
This model is easily constructed and in our view is cost-effective. We have demonstrated a new valuable education tool that can serve as a practical simulation model to teach the sacrocolpopexy procedure and to improve trainees' skills. A larger cohort study size is essential to demonstrate the learning curve among young trainees using this simulation model.
Topics: Animals; Female; Humans; Robotics; Robotic Surgical Procedures; Gynecologic Surgical Procedures; Cohort Studies; Pelvic Organ Prolapse; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Laparoscopy
PubMed: 37453031
DOI: 10.1007/s00192-023-05604-3 -
Parasites & Vectors Jul 2023Tsetse-transmitted African animal trypanosomiasis is recognised as an important disease of ruminant livestock in sub-Saharan Africa, but also affects domestic pigs, with...
BACKGROUND
Tsetse-transmitted African animal trypanosomiasis is recognised as an important disease of ruminant livestock in sub-Saharan Africa, but also affects domestic pigs, with Trypanosoma simiae notable as a virulent suid pathogen that can rapidly cause death. Trypanosoma simiae is widespread in tsetse-infested regions, but its biology has been little studied compared to T. brucei and T. congolense.
METHODS
Trypanosoma simiae procyclics were cultured in vitro and transfected using protocols developed for T. brucei. Genetically modified lines, as well as wild-type trypanosomes, were transmitted through tsetse flies, Glossina pallidipes, to study T. simiae development in the tsetse midgut, proventriculus and proboscis. The development of proventricular trypanosomes was also studied in vitro. Image and mensural data were collected and analysed.
RESULTS
A PFR1::YFP line successfully completed development in tsetse, but a YFP::HOP1 line failed to progress beyond midgut infection. Analysis of image and mensural data confirmed that the vector developmental cycles of T. simiae and T. congolense are closely similar, but we also found putative sexual stages in T. simiae, as judged by morphological similarity to these stages in T. brucei. Putative meiotic dividers were abundant among T. simiae trypanosomes in the proboscis, characterised by a large posterior nucleus and two anterior kinetoplasts. Putative gametes and other meiotic intermediates were also identified by characteristic morphology. In vitro development of proventricular forms of T. simiae followed the pattern previously observed for T. congolense: long proventricular trypanosomes rapidly attached to the substrate and shortened markedly before commencing cell division.
CONCLUSIONS
To date, T. brucei is the only tsetse-transmitted trypanosome with experimentally proven capability to undergo sexual reproduction, which occurs in the fly salivary glands. By analogy, sexual stages of T. simiae or T. congolense are predicted to occur in the proboscis, where the corresponding portion of the developmental cycle takes place. While no such stages have been observed in T. congolense, for T. simiae putative sexual stages were abundant in the tsetse proboscis. Although our initial attempt to demonstrate expression of a YFP-tagged, meiosis-specific protein was unsuccessful, the future application of transgenic approaches will facilitate the identification of meiotic stages and hybrids in T. simiae.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Tsetse Flies; Livestock; Trypanosoma; Trypanosomiasis, African; Meiosis
PubMed: 37434196
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05847-5 -
Veterinary Research Jul 2023Despite vaccine use, novel strains and variants of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) have emerged continuously, leading to economic losses to the poultry industry...
Despite vaccine use, novel strains and variants of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) have emerged continuously, leading to economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. This study aimed to characterize the IBV isolate CK/CH/GX/202109 from three yellow broilers in Guangxi, China. Recombination was shown to have occurred in regions of the 1ab gene. Compared to the whole genome of ck/CH/LGX/130530, which is genotypically related to tl/CH/LDT3-03, the 202109 strain had 21 mutations. The pathological assessment showed that this variant caused 30% and 40% mortality in 1-day-old chicks infected with oral and ocular inoculum, respectively. Nephritis, enlarged proventriculus, inflammation of the gizzard, and atrophy of the bursa of Fabricius were also observed at both 7 and 14 days post-infection (dpi). Viral loads in the trachea, proventriculus, gizzard, kidney, bursa, and cloacal swabs were higher at 7 dpi than at 14 dpi. Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that this virus exhibited multiple organ tropisms capable of infecting the trachea, proventriculus, gizzard, kidney, bursa, ileum, jejunum, and rectum. Almost none of the 1-day-old infected chicks seroconverted until 14 dpi. While the virus was found in the ileum, jejunum, and rectum in the 28-day-old ocular group, the majority of 28-day-old infected chickens seroconverted at 10 dpi. These study findings demonstrate that recombination events and mutations during the evolution of IBV may greatly alter tissue tropism and emphasize the need for the continued surveillance of novel strains and variants in order to control this infection.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Infectious bronchitis virus; Genome, Viral; China; Tropism; Coronavirus Infections; Poultry Diseases; Phylogeny
PubMed: 37400928
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01182-w -
Archives of Razi Institute Feb 2023Phytic acid is a stored form of phosphorus in cereals, 65 to 70% of phosphorus in plant sources is phytate, and broilers are only able to use part of the phosphorus in...
Phytic acid is a stored form of phosphorus in cereals, 65 to 70% of phosphorus in plant sources is phytate, and broilers are only able to use part of the phosphorus in plant sources. To meet the needs of chickens, it is necessary to use other artificial resources, which not only impose part of the cost of the breeding period because of its presence in the manure but is one of the factors polluting the environment. This study aimed to use different levels of phytase enzyme to reduce dietary phosphorus levels. 600 Ross 308 broilers were used in this experiment with five treatments and six replications, and in each replication, 20 chickens were used in a completely randomized design (CRD). Experimental treatments include 1) basal diet (control) 2) basal diet with 15% less phosphorus 3) basal diet with 15% less phosphorus + 1250 (FTU) phytase enzyme 4) basal diet with 15% less phosphorus + 2500 (FTU) phytase enzyme 5) basal diet with 15% less phosphorus + 5000 (FTU) phytase enzyme. The evaluated traits included weekly feed intake, weekly weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass characteristics, ash, calcium, and bone phosphorus. The use of phytase enzyme in different diets had no significant effect on food intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio (>0.05). However, the use of phytase in different diets significantly affected the percentage of Gizzard, Heart, Liver, Proventriculus, and Spleen (<0.05). The most changes were the increase in the ratio of feed intake and weight gain in the fourth week compared to the third week so that the changes in the ratio of feed intake ranged from 1.85 to 1.91, and this ratio for weight gain also ranged from 3.12 to 3.86 was recorded, and the lowest feed conversion ratio was obtained at the same age. The percentage of raw ash in broiler chickens was significantly increased by adding dietary phytase. The lowest amount of ash, calcium, and phosphorus belonged to the second group (diets with low phosphorus and no enzyme). The difference between the other groups and the control was not significant. Feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio with the addition of phytase enzyme were not affected by phosphorus reduction and had no significant effect on carcass characteristics. Environmental pollution can be prevented by reducing the level of dietary phosphorus and reducing excreted phosphorus.
Topics: Animals; 6-Phytase; Calcium; Chickens; Phosphorus; Phosphorus, Dietary; Phytic Acid
PubMed: 37312704
DOI: 10.22092/ARI.2022.359524.2443 -
Open Veterinary Journal Apr 2023Newcastle disease is very pathogenic in chickens, whereas in ducks, the disease does not show any clinical symptoms.
BACKGROUND
Newcastle disease is very pathogenic in chickens, whereas in ducks, the disease does not show any clinical symptoms.
AIMS
To compare the clinical symptoms features, pathological lesions, viral distribution, and apoptosis response caused by the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in domestic chicken and Alabio duck.
METHODS
Forty domestic chickens and 40 Alabio ducks were separated into four groups: domestic chicken and Alabio duck treatment groups, where each was infected by NDV velogenic ducks/Aceh Besar_IND/2013/eoAC080721 in 10ELD dosage. The domestic chicken and Alabio duck control groups were each inoculated with Phosphate Buffer Saline. The infection route was intraorbital, 0.1 ml in volume. Symptoms were observed from day 1 until day 7 post-infection (PI). Necropsy was performed on days 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 PI for organ collection.
RESULTS
Symptoms observed were disorders in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems, followed by 100% mortality in domestic chickens. In Alabio ducks, there were only depression and slight lethargy. The lesion in domestic chicken day 1 appeared by the lungs, thymus, Fabricius bursa, spleen, and kidney. On day 3 PI, lesions were also found in the heart, proventriculus, duodenum, and cecal tonsil. On days 5 and 7 PI, the trachea and brain lesions were found. In Alabio ducks, lesions were found in the lungs, thymus, spleen, and proventriculus on day 1. Afterward, on day 3, light lesions were found in the heart. On day 5, lesions were found in the trachea and brain; finally, on day 7, light lesions were only found in the thymus, spleen, and brain. Immunopositive reaction NDV in domestic chicken was highest in the proventriculus, duodenum, cecal tonsil, and lymphoreticular organs. In the Alabio duck, it was highest in the duodenum and cecal tonsil. The caspase-3 percentage in domestic chicken increased on day 3 PI; in Alabio ducks, on day 2 PI.
CONCLUSION
Clinical symptoms and pathological lesions were faster and more severe in domestic chickens. The immunopositive reaction NDV in domestic chicken continued to increase, while in Alabio ducks, it decreased until the last observation day. Apoptosis percentage increased earlier in the Alabio duck than in domestic chicken.
Topics: Animals; Newcastle Disease; Ducks; Chickens; Immunohistochemistry; Borneo; Newcastle disease virus
PubMed: 37251268
DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2023.v13.i4.5 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2023is a neglected avian enoplid nematode (superfamiliy Dioctophymatoidea) and known to parasitize various species of the Anatidae ( spp. and spp.) from the northern...
is a neglected avian enoplid nematode (superfamiliy Dioctophymatoidea) and known to parasitize various species of the Anatidae ( spp. and spp.) from the northern hemisphere, inducing mainly proventriculitis in domestic and wild waterfowl. Here, we focus on the pathological findings of naturally -infected Egyptian geese () and a neozoan shelduck (Tandorninae) of Germany. Nowadays, this species is considered the fastest-spreading alien waterfowl species within Western Europe. Additionally, molecular sequencing coupled with phylogenetic characterization of is reported. analyses unveiled patent gastric infections in eight of twelve infected birds (8/12; 66.7%), inducing proventriculitis resulting in large visible nodular lesions. Histopathological findings point to chronic host pro-inflammatory immune reactions. These results demonstrate the potential role of Egyptian geese as natural reservoir hosts of and highlight their possible role in parasite transmission (i.e., spillback) into endemic waterfowl species. Due to avian health concerns, the occurrence of hystrichiosis should be monitored in native waterfowl in the future, introducing appropriate management practices in conservation strategies of endemic wild birds not only in Germany but elsewhere in Europe.
PubMed: 37242333
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050663 -
Translational Animal Science Jan 2023This study investigated the effects of varying levels of sprouted whole grain pearl millet (SPM) on growth performance, intestinal morphology, microbial count, and blood...
This study investigated the effects of varying levels of sprouted whole grain pearl millet (SPM) on growth performance, intestinal morphology, microbial count, and blood indices of broiler chickens. A maize-soybean meal basal diet was formulated and fed to broiler chickens as starter (0 to 21 d) and finisher (22 to 42 d) diets. The diets comprised of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of SPM incorporated as whole grain. On 0 d, 180 unsexed broiler chickens were allocated to experimental diets in a completely randomized design. Each treatment was replicated three times; each replicate had 12 chicks. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric to meet the nutrient requirements of broiler chickens. Diets and water were provided ad libitum for 42 d. Results showed that the body weight gain (BWG) of broiler chickens on SPM compared favorably with those on the control diet. BWG showed trends in increment ( < 0.10) while FCR showed decreased trends ( < 0.10) with partial inclusion of SPM at 42 d and 0 to 42 d. The drumstick weight showed quadratic effect ( = 0.044) while the wing weight showed linear effect ( = 0.047) to treatment diets at 21 d. The liver weights of broiler chickens showed linear response ( = 0.018) at 21 d and ( = 0.004) at 42 d to SPM inclusion in diets. Sprouted whole PM consistently increased low-density lipoprotein concentration and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration ( < 0.05). Length and weight of small intestine and ceca showed decreasing trends on SPM levels in the treatment diets. Digesta pH assessment revealed that pH in the crop was lower ( < 0.05) on partial SPM while pH in proventriculus was reduced ( < 0.05) with inclusion of SPM in treatment diets. Lactobacilli count decreased linearly ( = 0.010) with SPM inclusion. This study suggests that SPM could be used as an alternative source of energy in production of broiler chickens. Therefore, partial replacement of maize with SPM in broiler diet had no negative effect on performance, physiological status, and overall health of broiler chickens.
PubMed: 37216186
DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad045 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a vital pathogen in poultry farms, which can induce respiratory, nephropathogenic, oviduct, proventriculus, and intestinal diseases.... (Review)
Review
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a vital pathogen in poultry farms, which can induce respiratory, nephropathogenic, oviduct, proventriculus, and intestinal diseases. Based on the phylogenetic classification of the full-length S1 gene, IBV isolates have been categorized into nine genotypes comprising 38 lineages. GI (GI-1, GI-2, GI-3, GI-4, GI-5, GI-6, GI-7, GI-13, GI-16, GI-18, GI-19, GI-22, GI-28, and GI-29), GVI-1 and GVII-1 have been reported in China in the past 60 years. In this review, a brief history of IBV in China is described, and the current epidemic strains and licensed IBV vaccine strains, as well as IBV prevention and control strategies, are highlighted. In addition, this article presents unique viewpoints and recommendations for a more effective management of IBV. The recombinant Newcastle Disease virus (NDV) vector vaccine expressed S gene of IBV QX-like and 4/91 strains may be the dominant vaccine strains against NDV and IBV.
PubMed: 37215473
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1139089