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Aging May 2024We investigated the effects and targets of gastrodin (GAS) for improving cognitive ability in Alzheimer's disease (AD).
AIM
We investigated the effects and targets of gastrodin (GAS) for improving cognitive ability in Alzheimer's disease (AD).
METHODS
The targets and mechanisms of GAS were analyzed by network pharmacology. Morris water and eight-arm radial mazes were used to detect the behaviors of 7-months-old APP/PS1 mice. The levels of IBA-1 and PPARγ were examined by histochemical staining, nerve cells were detected by Nissl staining, inflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA, and protein expressions were monitored by Western blotting. The neurobehavioral effects of GAS on mice were detected after siRNA silencing of PPARγ. Microglia were cultured and Aβ1-42 was used to simulate the pathology of AD. After treatment with GAS, the levels of inflammatory cytokines and proteins were assayed.
RESULTS
Network pharmacological analysis revealed that PPARγ was the action target of GAS. By stimulating PPARγ, GAS inhibited NF-κB signaling activation and decreased neuroinflammation and microglial activation, thereby ameliorating the cognitive ability of AD mice. After silencing PPARγ, GAS could not further improve such cognitive ability. Cellular-level results demonstrated that GAS inhibited microglial injury, reduced tissue inflammation, and activated PPARγ.
CONCLUSIONS
GAS can regulate microglia-mediated inflammatory response by stimulating PPARγ and inhibiting NF-κB activation, representing a mechanism whereby it improves the cognitive behavior of AD.
Topics: Animals; Alzheimer Disease; Glucosides; PPAR gamma; Benzyl Alcohols; NF-kappa B; Mice; Signal Transduction; Microglia; Mice, Transgenic; Neuroinflammatory Diseases; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Amyloid beta-Peptides
PubMed: 38752930
DOI: 10.18632/aging.205831 -
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.... May 2024Wartenberg syndrome, also known as Cheiralgia paresthetica, is an uncommon neuropathy affecting the superficial branch of the radial nerve. Typically caused by external...
Wartenberg syndrome, also known as Cheiralgia paresthetica, is an uncommon neuropathy affecting the superficial branch of the radial nerve. Typically caused by external compression, it manifests as paresthesia or pain in the radial side of the hand. We present a case of Wartenberg syndrome resulting from combat shrapnel injury, illustrating an uncommon etiology. A 21-year-old soldier was presented with allodynia and paresthesia after a shrapnel explosion, with positive clinical findings and radiographic evidence supporting the diagnosis. Nonoperative management led to significant improvement, highlighting the importance of conservative treatment in such cases. This report underscores the significance of considering unconventional causes in nerve entrapment syndromes post combat trauma, emphasizing adherence to established therapeutic guidelines.
PubMed: 38752214
DOI: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000005818 -
Case Reports in Plastic Surgery & Hand... 2024Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common entrapment neuropathy in the upper extremity. Palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, and lumbricals have infrequently...
Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common entrapment neuropathy in the upper extremity. Palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, and lumbricals have infrequently been reported as causes of nerve compression. During routine Korean cadaver dissection, we incidentally identified an anatomic variant of first lumbrical muscle within the carpal tunnel in both wrists. The aberrant musculature originated from the radial side of the second FDS muscle at distal forearm level, running separately across the wrist beneath the flexor retinaculum. The dissected anomalous muscle was identified as an additional muscle belly of the first lumbrical muscle. Compression of the median nerve at the wrist might rarely be caused by the presence of such a tendon or muscle anomaly found in this study. Surgeons should be aware of possible anatomic variations in the carpal tunnel, and be prepared to modify their surgical plan accordingly.
PubMed: 38751547
DOI: 10.1080/23320885.2024.2351130 -
JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan... Apr 2024Soft tissue swellings on the forearm can present with a range of clinical and histopathological diagnosis. Ancient Schawanoma is a rare benign condition that can develop...
Soft tissue swellings on the forearm can present with a range of clinical and histopathological diagnosis. Ancient Schawanoma is a rare benign condition that can develop over the flexor surface of the forearm as a cystic swelling and can involve the median or the ulnar nerve. However, the presentation of this condition on the extensor surface with involvement of the radial nerve is an extremely uncommon diagnosis. A 69 year old female presented at the outpatient department with a swelling on the extensor aspect of her right forearm for the past 2 years. Ultrasound examination showed a mixed cystic solid mass and MRI report revealed a complex predominantly cystic mass in the extensor compartment of the forearm, measuring 4.3 x 5.3 x 7.2 cm size. After obtaining informed consent, the patient was operated under tourniquet control and the mass was removed sparing the radial nerve that was adherent to its capsule. The final histopathological report confirmed the diagnosis as Ancient Schawanoma.
Topics: Humans; Female; Aged; Radial Nerve; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Radial Neuropathy; Forearm; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 38751285
DOI: 10.47391/JPMA.9610 -
Anaesthesia Reports 2024The anaesthetic management of multiple traumatic injuries poses numerous challenges. In this report, we present the cases of two patients with polytrauma including...
The anaesthetic management of multiple traumatic injuries poses numerous challenges. In this report, we present the cases of two patients with polytrauma including pneumothoraces and multiple rib fractures. The first patient, a 39-year-old man, presented with multiple left upper limb fractures, multiple bilateral rib fractures, bilateral pneumothoraces and fractures of multiple facial and cranial bones. The second patient, a 39-year-old woman, presented with right-sided radial and ulnar fractures, a right-sided pelvic fracture, and multiple right-sided rib fractures with an associated pneumothorax. We used ultrasound-guided superficial cervical plexus, interscalene and supraclavicular blocks in the first case and a combined spinal and epidural after ultrasound-guided fascia iliaca and supraclavicular blocks in the second case. In both cases, the use of multiple regional techniques allowed us to avoid the risks of general anaesthesia in patients with conservatively managed pneumothoraces.
PubMed: 38737502
DOI: 10.1002/anr3.12299 -
The Journal of Hand Surgery... Jun 2024Bennett fractures are traditionally fixed with percutaneous K-wires from dorsal to volar, or with a volar to dorsal screw via a volar open approach. While volar to...
Bennett fractures are traditionally fixed with percutaneous K-wires from dorsal to volar, or with a volar to dorsal screw via a volar open approach. While volar to dorsal screw fixation is biomechanically advantageous, an open approach requires extensive soft tissue dissection, thus increasing morbidity. This study aims to investigate the practicality and safety of Bennett fracture fixation using a percutaneous, volar to dorsal screw, particularly with regard to the median nerve and its motor branch during wire and screw insertion. Fifteen fresh frozen forearm and hand specimens were obtained from the University of Auckland human cadaver laboratory. A guidewire is placed under image intensifier from volar to dorsal with the thumb held in traction, abduction and pronation. The wire is passed through the skin volarly under image intensifier, then the median nerve is dissected from the carpal tunnel and the motor branch of the median nerve (MBMN) is dissected from its origin to where it supplies the thenar musculature. The distance between the K-wire to the MBMN is measured. In 14 of 15 specimens, the wire was superficial and radial to the carpal tunnel. The mean distance to the origin of the MBMN is 6.2 mm (95% CI 4.1-8.3) with the closest specimen 1 mm away. The mean closest distance the wire gets to any part of the MBMN is 3.7 mm (95% CI 1.6-5.8); in two specimens, the wire was through the MBMN. Wire placement, although done under image intensifier, is subject to significant variation in exiting location. While research has shown the thenar portal in arthroscopic thumb surgery is safe, our guidewire needs to exit further ulnar to capture the Bennett fracture fragment, placing the MBMN at risk. This cadaveric study has demonstrated the proposed technique is unsafe for use.
Topics: Humans; Cadaver; Fracture Fixation, Internal; Bone Screws; Bone Wires; Fracture Dislocation; Median Nerve; Fractures, Bone
PubMed: 38726491
DOI: 10.1142/S2424835524500188 -
Annals of Plastic Surgery Jul 2024Nerve transfers to restore or augment function after spinal cord injury is an expanding field. There is a paucity of information, however, on the use of nerve transfers...
PURPOSE
Nerve transfers to restore or augment function after spinal cord injury is an expanding field. There is a paucity of information, however, on the use of nerve transfers for patients having undergone spine surgery. The incidence of neurologic deficit after spine surgery is rare but extremely debilitating. The purpose of this study was to describe the functional benefit after upper extremity nerve transfers in the setting of nerve injury after cervical spine surgery.
METHODS
A single-center retrospective review of all patients who underwent nerve transfers after cervical spine surgery was completed. Patient demographics, injury features, spine surgery procedure, nerve conduction and electromyography study results, time to referral to nerve surgeon, time to surgery, surgical technique and number of nerve transfers performed, complications, postoperative muscle testing, and subjective outcomes were reviewed.
RESULTS
Fourteen nerve transfers were performed in 6 patients after cervical spine surgery. Nerve transfer procedures consisted of a transfer between a median nerve branch of flexor digitorum superficialis into a biceps nerve branch, an ulnar nerve branch of flexor carpi ulnaris into a brachialis nerve branch, a radial nerve branch of triceps muscle into the axillary nerve, and the anterior interosseous nerve into the ulnar motor nerve. Average patient age was 55 years; all patients were male and underwent surgery on their left upper extremity. Average referral time was 7 months, average time to nerve transfer was 9 months, and average follow-up was 21 months. Average preoperative muscle grading was 0.9 of 5, and average postoperative muscle grading was 4.1 of 5 ( P < 0.00001).
CONCLUSIONS
Upper extremity peripheral nerve transfers can significantly help patients regain muscle function from deficits secondary to cervical spine procedures. The morbidity of the nerve transfers is minimal with measurable improvements in muscle function.
Topics: Humans; Retrospective Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Nerve Transfer; Cervical Vertebrae; Upper Extremity; Adult; Aged; Treatment Outcome; Female; Peripheral Nerve Injuries; Recovery of Function; Spinal Cord Injuries
PubMed: 38723041
DOI: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000003877 -
Current Biology : CB May 2024Relatively little is known about how peripheral nervous systems (PNSs) contribute to the patterning of behavior in which their role transcends the simple execution of...
Relatively little is known about how peripheral nervous systems (PNSs) contribute to the patterning of behavior in which their role transcends the simple execution of central motor commands or mediation of reflexes. We sought to draw inferences to this end in the aeolid nudibranch Berghia stephanieae, which generates a rapid, dramatic defense behavior, "bristling." This behavior involves the coordinated movement of cerata, dozens of venomous appendages emerging from the animal's mantle. Our investigations revealed that bristling constitutes a stereotyped but non-reflexive two-stage behavior: an initial adduction of proximate cerata to sting the offending stimulus (stage 1) followed by a coordinated radial extension of remaining cerata to create a pincushion-like defensive screen around the animal (stage 2). In decerebrated specimens, stage 1 bristling was preserved, while stage 2 bristling was replaced by slower, uncoordinated ceratal movements. We conclude from these observations that, first, the animal's PNS and central nervous system (CNS) mediate stages 1 and 2 of bristling, respectively; second, the behavior propagates through the body utilizing both peripheral- and central-origin nerve networks that support different signaling kinetics; and third, the former network inhibits the latter in the body region being stimulated. These findings extend our understanding of the PNS' computational capacity and provide insight into a neuroethological scheme in which the CNS and PNS both independently and interactively pattern different aspects of non-reflexive behavior.
Topics: Animals; Central Nervous System; Peripheral Nervous System; Behavior, Animal; Invertebrates
PubMed: 38718797
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.038 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... May 2024During development, neural stem cells in the cerebral cortex, also known as radial glial cells (RGCs), generate excitatory neurons, followed by production of cortical...
During development, neural stem cells in the cerebral cortex, also known as radial glial cells (RGCs), generate excitatory neurons, followed by production of cortical macroglia and inhibitory neurons that migrate to the olfactory bulb (OB). Understanding the mechanisms for this lineage switch is fundamental for unraveling how proper numbers of diverse neuronal and glial cell types are controlled. We and others recently showed that Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling promotes the cortical RGC lineage switch to generate cortical oligodendrocytes and OB interneurons. During this process, cortical RGCs generate intermediate progenitor cells that express critical gliogenesis genes , and . The increased expression and appearance of Egfr and Olig2 cortical progenitors are concurrent with the switch from excitatory neurogenesis to gliogenesis and OB interneuron neurogenesis in the cortex. While Shh signaling promotes expression in the developing spinal cord, the exact mechanism for this transcriptional regulation is not known. Furthermore, the transcriptional regulation of and has not been explored. Here, we show that in cortical progenitor cells, multiple regulatory programs, including Pax6 and Gli3, prevent precocious expression of , a gene essential for production of cortical oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. We identify multiple enhancers that control expression in cortical progenitors and show that the mechanisms for regulating expression are conserved between the mouse and human. Our study reveals evolutionarily conserved regulatory logic controlling the lineage switch of cortical neural stem cells.
Topics: Animals; Neurogenesis; Cerebral Cortex; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors; ErbB Receptors; Mice; Oligodendrocyte Transcription Factor 2; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Hedgehog Proteins; PAX6 Transcription Factor; Neural Stem Cells; Homeodomain Proteins; Zinc Finger Protein Gli3; Eye Proteins; Repressor Proteins; Paired Box Transcription Factors; Neuroglia; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Signal Transduction; Olfactory Bulb; Cell Lineage; Humans
PubMed: 38713624
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321711121 -
The Journal of Hand Surgery May 2024The upper limb has a complex anatomy comprised of many nerve and vascular structures, making humeral shaft fractures extremely important. Injury to the humeral shaft... (Review)
Review
The upper limb has a complex anatomy comprised of many nerve and vascular structures, making humeral shaft fractures extremely important. Injury to the humeral shaft commonly occurs due to trauma and affects younger male or older female patients. The radial nerve travels along the spiral groove of the humerus, placing it at an increased risk of damage in humeral shaft fractures. If injured, there are a variety of classifications of radial nerve injury, different indications for exploration, and treatment methods that orthopedic surgeons have available in treating these injuries. This review aims to discuss the etiology of humeral shaft fracture-associated radial nerve palsy, tools for diagnosis, and treatment.
PubMed: 38713112
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2024.03.013