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Journal of Vector Borne Diseases Apr 2024Vector-borne haemoprotozoan diseases comprise diverse group of single celled organism transmitted by haematophagus invertebrates. The current study was aimed at the...
BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES
Vector-borne haemoprotozoan diseases comprise diverse group of single celled organism transmitted by haematophagus invertebrates. The current study was aimed at the identification of major haemoprotozoan (Babesia, Theileria and Trypanosoma) in dromedary camel of North Gujarat region in India using microscopy and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
METHODS
A total of 234 blood samples were screened by the microscopic and molecular detection assays. Molecular prevalence studies of Theileria, Trypanosoma spp and Babesia was undertaken using 18s ribosomal DNA, RoTat 1.2 and SS rRNA gene respectively. The data relating to microscopic and molecular prevalence along with associated risk factors were analysed by statistical methods.
RESULTS
The overall prevalence of hamoprotozoan disease based on microscopic and molecular investigation was 23.50%. The sensitivity and specificity (95% Confidence Interval) of PCR assay was 100% in comparison to microscopy (45.45 % sensitive and 100 % specific). The kappa coefficient between PCR and microscopy indicated good level of agreement with a value of 0.704 and SE of 0.159.
INTERPRETATION CONCLUSION
Despite holding much significance to the animal sector, little work has been undertaken in regional parts of India regarding camel parasites. The present study offers first preliminary research data investigating haemoprotozoan disease using parasitological and molecular methods in camels in the region.
PubMed: 38922661
DOI: 10.4103/jvbd.jvbd_105_23 -
Parasitology Research Jun 2024Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by different species of Leishmania is transmitted by Phlebotominae sandflies. This disease remains a public health concern in Iran....
Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by different species of Leishmania is transmitted by Phlebotominae sandflies. This disease remains a public health concern in Iran. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine Leishmania infection in sandflies and reservoir rodents in six rural regions of Nahavand, located in western Iran. From May to October 2022, sandflies and rodents were collected and identified at the species level. Additionally, rodents' skin lesions and earlobe specimens were collected separately for microscopic and molecular examination. All specimens were tested for Leishmania DNA by PCRs targeting the parasite's ITS-2 and 18S rRNA gene and positive were Sanger sequenced. A total of 3396 sandflies belonging to seven subgenera and 11 species, i.e., Phlebotomus papatasi (42.7%), P. major (20.6%), P. mascitti (0.3%), P. neglectus (0.2%), P. alexandri (0.2%), P. turanicus (0.3%), Sergentomyia murgabiensis (18.1%), S. dentata (10.5%), S. theodori (5.8%), S. antennata (1.1%), and S. pawlowski (0.1%) were identified. Based on the species population, 29 pools of sandflies were examined for the presence of Leishmania DNA using conventional PCR (cPCR), and individual DNAs were tested when positive. Leishmania major DNA was detected in two P. papatasi and Leishmania sp. in one P. major individual sandfly. This is the first report of Leishmania infection in sandflies from Hamadan province. The captured rodents (n = 61) belonged to four families and seven species, i.e., Arvicola amphibius (37.7%), Mus musculus (29.5%), Microtus socialis (13.1%), Apodemus sylvaticus (11.5%), Talpa davidiana (4.9%), Apodemus witherbyi (1.6%), and Rattus norvegicus (1.6%). Microscopic and molecular examinations of the rodent lesions and earlobes scored negative results. The presence of Leishmania in the Phlebotominae sandflies in Nahavand indicates a potential threat to humans and animals in the region. Regular monitoring and examination of the sandflies' population and timely diagnosis and treatment of new patients are strongly recommended.
Topics: Animals; Iran; Psychodidae; Rodentia; Leishmania; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; DNA, Protozoan; Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Female; Male
PubMed: 38922451
DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08265-3 -
Plant Cell Reports Jun 2024We reported the mitochondrial genome of Cinnamomum camphora for the first time, revealing frequent rearrangement events in the non-coding regions of Magnoliids...
We reported the mitochondrial genome of Cinnamomum camphora for the first time, revealing frequent rearrangement events in the non-coding regions of Magnoliids mitochondrial genomes. As one of the representative species in the Lauraceae family of Magnoliids, Cinnamomum camphora holds significant economic and ecological value. In this study, the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of C. camphora was complete assembled and annotated using PacBio HiFi sequencing. The C. camphora mitogenome is characterized by a branch structure, spans 900,894 bp, and contains 43 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 24 tRNAs, and 3 rRNAs. Most of these PCGs are under purifying selection, with only two (ccmFc and rps7) exhibiting signs of positive selection. The C. camphora mitogenome contains numerous repetitive sequences and intracellular gene transfers, with a total of 36 mitochondrial plastid DNAs, amounting to a combined length of 23,816 bp. Comparative analysis revealed that the non-coding regions of Magnoliids mitogenomes have undergone frequent rearrangements during evolution, but the coding sequences remain highly conserved (more than 98% similarity for protein-coding sequences). Furthermore, a maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree was reconstructed based on 25 PCGs from 23 plant mitogenomes. The analysis supports the closest relationship between C. camphora and C. chekiangense, consistent with the APG IV classification system. This study elucidates the unique evolutionary features of the C. camphora mitogenome, which will provide valuable insights into the study of genetics and evolution of the family Lauraceae.
Topics: Genome, Mitochondrial; Cinnamomum camphora; Phylogeny; Evolution, Molecular; RNA, Transfer; Genome, Plant; RNA, Ribosomal
PubMed: 38922445
DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03256-1 -
International Journal of Systematic and... Jun 2024A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, aerobic, motile bacterium, J379, was isolated from radioactive water spring C1, located in a former silver-uranium mine in the Czech...
A Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, aerobic, motile bacterium, J379, was isolated from radioactive water spring C1, located in a former silver-uranium mine in the Czech Republic. This slow-growing strain exhibited optimal growth at 24-28 °C on solid media with <1 % salt concentration and alkaline pH 8-10. The only respiratory quinone found in strain J379 was MK-7(H). C ω9 (60.9 %), C (9.4 %), C and alcohol-C (both 6.2 %) were found to be the major fatty acids. The peptidoglycan contained directly cross-linked -diaminopimelic acid. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences and the core-genome analysis revealed that strain J379 forms a separate phylogenetic lineage within the recently amended order . A comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequences between strain J379 and other members of the order showed <96 % similarity. This analysis revealed that the closest type strains were D16/0 /H6 (95.2 %), 0166_1 (94.9 %) and KV-962 (94.5 %). Whole-genome analysis showed that the closest type strain was BR7-21 with an average nucleotide identity of 78 %, average amino acid identity of 63.2 % and percentage of conserved proteins of 48.2 %. The G+C content of the J379 genomic DNA was 71.7 mol%. Based on the phylogenetic and phylogenomic data, as well as its physiological characteristics, strain J379 is proposed to represent a type strain (DSM 113746=CCM 9300) of gen. nov. sp. nov. within the family .
Topics: Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Fatty Acids; DNA, Bacterial; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Base Composition; Mining; Czech Republic; Peptidoglycan; Diaminopimelic Acid; Vitamin K 2; Silver; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 38922323
DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.006432 -
International Journal of Systematic and... Jun 2024A neutrophilic iron-oxidizing and -reducing bacterium, strain MIZ03, was previously isolated from a wetland in Ibaraki, Japan. Here, we report the detailed...
A neutrophilic iron-oxidizing and -reducing bacterium, strain MIZ03, was previously isolated from a wetland in Ibaraki, Japan. Here, we report the detailed characteristics of this strain. It was motile with a single polar flagellum, and Gram-stain-negative. It could grow not only chemolithoautotrophically but also chemoorganotrophically by aerobic respiration and fermentation. Major cellular fatty acids were C 7/C 6, and C. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that strain MIZ03 belonged to the genus . This strain was closely related to with 98.5 % of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Based on its phenotypic and genomic based characteristics, we conclude that strain MIZ03 represents a new species in the genus . We propose the name sp. nov. to accommodate this strain. The type strain is MIZ03 (=JCM 34246=DSM 113266). We also propose the name sp. nov., of which the type strain is DCY110 (=KCTC 52288=JCM 31441), for the effectively, but not yet validly, published name ''.
Topics: Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Fatty Acids; Iron; Geologic Sediments; DNA, Bacterial; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Oxidation-Reduction; Japan; Fresh Water; Base Composition; Wetlands; Chemoautotrophic Growth
PubMed: 38922322
DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.006439 -
Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 2024The current study proposes to investigate the diversity and phylogeny of trypanosomes parasitizing wild birds from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Cytological examination...
The current study proposes to investigate the diversity and phylogeny of trypanosomes parasitizing wild birds from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Cytological examination was carried out by light microscopy of blood smears and positive birds were selected for amplification of the 18S rDNA sequence through PCR. The resulting amplicons were subjected to purification, cloning, and sequencing analysis. Phylogenetic reconstruction was conducted, including all avian trypanosomes representative's lineages. A total of ten bird samples from species of Turdus flavipes (N=1/12), T. albicollis (N=1/8), Tachyphonus coronatus (N=6/121), Thamnophilus caerulescens (N=1/22) and Synallaxis spixi (N=1/8) were positive for Trypanosoma spp. In the six specimens of T. coronatus, five distinct lineages of Trypanosoma spp. 18S-rRNA were observed in ninety sequences obtained, and using the strategy of cloning independent PCR, it was possible to observe that two of them were related to T. avium (JB01/JB02), and three were closed related to T. bennetti (JB03/ JB04/JB05). Addionaly, all fifteen sequences obtained from T. caerulescens/ S. spixi/T. flavipes/T. albicollis were identical. The present research is the first study to access molecular diversity and polyparasitism by avian trypanosomes in Brazil. The current research exhibits the wide genetic variability in avian trypanosomes and its non-specific relationship with its avian hosts.
Topics: Animals; Brazil; Trypanosoma; Phylogeny; Birds; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rainforest; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; DNA, Protozoan; Trypanosomiasis; Bird Diseases; Genetic Variation; DNA, Ribosomal; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 38922254
DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202420230629 -
Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista... 2024Many anuran amphibians deposit their eggs in foam nests, biostructures that help protect the eggs and tadpoles from predators. Currently, there are no other...
Many anuran amphibians deposit their eggs in foam nests, biostructures that help protect the eggs and tadpoles from predators. Currently, there are no other identification and description studies of the cultivable microbiota role in the nests of the Leptodactylid frogs such as Physalaemus cuvieri, Leptodactylus vastus and Adenomera hylaedactyla. This study aimed to isolate and identify the culturable bacteria from these three anuran species' nests, as well as to prospect enzymes produced by this microbiota. Foam nests samples and environmental samples were diluted and viable cell count was determined. Bacterial morphotypes from foam nest samples were isolated through spread plate technique. Isolates' DNAs were extracted followed by rRNA 16S gene amplification and Sanger sequencing. To evaluate their enzymatic potential, the isolates were cultured in ATGE medium supplemented with starch (0.1% w/v), gelatin (3% w/v) and skimmed milk (1% w/v), to verify amylase and protease activity. A total of 183 bacterial morphotypes were isolated, comprising 33 bacterial genera. Proteobacteria phylum was the most abundant in all the three nests (79%). The genera Pseudomonas and Aeromonas were the most abundant taxon in P. cuvieri and L. vastus. In A. Hylaedactyla, were Enterobacter and Bacillus. Regarding enzymatic activities, 130 isolates displayed protease activity and 45 isolates were positive for amylase activity. Our results provide unprecedented information concerning culturable bacterial microbiota of the foam nests of the Leptodactylid frogs, as well as their potential for biomolecules of biotechnological interest.
Topics: Animals; Anura; Bacteria; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Nesting Behavior; Microbiota; DNA, Bacterial
PubMed: 38922194
DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.280884 -
Toxins May 2024Previous studies have shown that feeding mice with food containing mantle tissue from Japanese scallops results in aggravated liver and kidney damage, ultimately...
Previous studies have shown that feeding mice with food containing mantle tissue from Japanese scallops results in aggravated liver and kidney damage, ultimately resulting in mortality within weeks. The aim of this study is to evaluate the toxicity of scallop mantle in China's coastal areas and explore the impact of scallop mantle toxins (SMT) on intestinal barrier integrity and gut microbiota in mice. The Illumina MiSeq sequencing of V3-V4 hypervariable regions of 16S ribosomal RNA was employed to study the alterations in gut microbiota in the feces of SMT mice. The results showed that intestinal flora abundance and diversity in the SMT group were decreased. Compared with the control group, significant increases were observed in serum indexes related to liver, intestine, inflammation, and kidney functions among SMT-exposed mice. Accompanied by varying degrees of tissue damage observed within these organs, the beneficial bacteria of and significantly reduced, while the harmful bacteria of and were significantly increased. Taken together, this article elucidates the inflammation and glucose metabolism disorder caused by scallop mantle toxin in mice from the angle of gut microbiota and metabolism. SMT can destroy the equilibrium of intestinal flora and damage the intestinal mucosal barrier, which leads to glucose metabolism disorder and intestinal dysfunction and may ultimately bring about systemic toxicity.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Pectinidae; Intestinal Mucosa; Mice; Marine Toxins; Male; Bacteria; Intestines; Feces; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Intestinal Barrier Function
PubMed: 38922142
DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060247 -
Toxins May 2024Ricin and abrin are highly potent plant-derived toxins, categorized as type II ribosome-inactivating proteins. High toxicity, accessibility, and the lack of effective...
Ricin and abrin are highly potent plant-derived toxins, categorized as type II ribosome-inactivating proteins. High toxicity, accessibility, and the lack of effective countermeasures make them potential agents in bioterrorism and biowarfare, posing significant threats to public safety. Despite the existence of many effective analytical strategies for detecting these two lethal toxins, current methods are often hindered by limitations such as insufficient sensitivity, complex sample preparation, and most importantly, the inability to distinguish between biologically active and inactive toxin. In this study, a cytotoxicity assay was developed to detect active ricin and abrin based on their potent cell-killing capability. Among nine human cell lines derived from various organs, HeLa cells exhibited exceptional sensitivity, with limits of detection reaching 0.3 ng/mL and 0.03 ng/mL for ricin and abrin, respectively. Subsequently, toxin-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies MIL50 and 10D8 were used to facilitate the precise identification and differentiation of ricin and abrin. The method provides straightforward and sensitive detection in complex matrices including milk, plasma, coffee, orange juice, and tea via a simple serial-dilution procedure without any complex purification and enrichment steps. Furthermore, this assay was successfully applied in the unambiguous identification of active ricin and abrin in samples from OPCW biotoxin exercises.
Topics: Ricin; Abrin; Humans; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Animals
PubMed: 38922132
DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060237 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2024poses a substantial threat to livestock health and agricultural economies worldwide. Its remarkable adaptability to diverse environments and hosts is a testament to its... (Review)
Review
poses a substantial threat to livestock health and agricultural economies worldwide. Its remarkable adaptability to diverse environments and hosts is a testament to its extensive genetic diversity. This review delves into the genetic diversity of , employing three pivotal genetic markers: the cytochrome c oxidase I (COX1) gene, ribosomal genes, and microsatellites. The COX1 gene, a crucial tool for genetic characterization and phylogenetic clustering, provides insights into the adaptability of ticks. Ribosomal genes, such as internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS-1 and2) as well as 18S and 28S, are routinely utilized for species differentiation. However, their use is limited due to indels (insertions and deletions). Microsatellites and minisatellites, known for their high polymorphism, have been successfully employed to study populations and genetic diversity across various tick species. Despite their effectiveness, challenges such as null alleles and marker variations warrant careful consideration. Bm86, a well-studied vaccine candidate, exhibits substantial genetic diversity. This diversity directly influences vaccine efficacy, posing challenges for developing a universally effective Bm86-based vaccine. Moreover, the review emphasizes the prevalence of genes associated with synthetic pyrethroid resistance. Identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms in the acaricide-resistant genes of has facilitated the development of molecular markers for detecting and monitoring resistance against synthetic pyrethroids. However, mutations in sodium channels, the target site for synthetic pyrethroid, correlate well with the resistance status of , which is not the case with other acaricide target genes. This study underscores the importance of understanding genetic diversity in developing effective tick management strategies. The choice of genetic marker should be tailored based on the level of taxonomic resolution and the group of ticks under investigation. A holistic approach combining multiple markers and integrating additional molecular and morphological data may offer a more comprehensive understanding of tick diversity and relationships. This research has far-reaching implications in formulating breeding programs and the development of vaccine against ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBDs) as well as strategies for the management of resistant ticks.
PubMed: 38921813
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060516