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Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Jun 2024The intestine of living organisms harbors different microbiota associated with the biological functioning and health of the host and influences the process of ecological...
The intestine of living organisms harbors different microbiota associated with the biological functioning and health of the host and influences the process of ecological adaptation. Here, we studied the intestinal microbiota's composition and functional differences using 16S rRNA and metagenomic analysis in the wild, farm, and released Chinese three-keeled pond turtle (). At the phylum level, Bacteroidota dominated, followed by Firmicutes, Fusobacteriota, and Actinobacteriota in the wild group, but Chloroflexi was more abundant in the farm and released groups. Moreover, , , , , and were abundant in the released and farm cohorts, respectively. , , , and showed an abundance in the wild group. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database revealed that the relative abundance of most pathways was significantly higher in the wild turtles (carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, metabolism of cofactors, and vitamins). The comprehensive antibiotic resistance database (CARD) showed that the antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) subtype was the most abundant in the farm turtle group, while was higher in the wild turtles, and was higher in the released group. Our findings shed light on the association between the intestinal microbiota of and its habitats and could be useful for tracking habitats to protect and conserve this endangered species.
PubMed: 38929370
DOI: 10.3390/ani14121750 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2024Distilled grain waste (DGW) is rich in nutrients and can be a potential resource as animal feed. However, DGW contains as much as 14% lignin, dramatically reducing the...
Distilled grain waste (DGW) is rich in nutrients and can be a potential resource as animal feed. However, DGW contains as much as 14% lignin, dramatically reducing the feeding value. White-rot fungi such as could preferentially degrade lignin with high efficiency. However, lignin derivatives generated during alcohol distillation inhibit growth. Thus, finding a new strategy to adjust the DGW properties to facilitate growth is critical for animal feed preparation and DGW recycling. In this study, three dominant indigenous bacteria, including X1, X3, and 15F were chosen to generate single and compound microbial inoculums for DGW composting to prepare substrates for growth. Compared with non-inoculated control or single microbial inoculation, all composite inoculations, especially the three-microbial compound, led to faster organic metabolism, shorter composting process, and improved physicochemical properties of DGW. growth assays showed the fastest mycelial colonization (20.43 μg·g ergosterol) and extension (9 mm/d), the highest ligninolytic enzyme activities (Lac, 152.68 U·g; Lip, 15.56 U·g; MnP, 0.34 U·g; Xylanase, 10.98 U·g; FPase, 0.71 U·g), and the highest lignin degradation ratio (30.77%) in the DGW sample after 12 h of composting with the three-microbial compound inoculation when compared to other groups. This sample was relatively abundant in bacteria playing critical roles in amino acid, carbohydrate, energy metabolism, and xenobiotic biodegradation, as suggested by metagenomic analysis. The feed value analysis revealed that mycelia full colonization in composted DGW led to high fiber content retention and decreased lignin content (final ratio of 5% lignin) but elevated protein concentrations (about 130 g·kg DM). An additional daily weight gain of 0.4 kg/d was shown in cattle feeding experiments by replacing 60% of regular feed with it. These findings demonstrate that compound inoculant consisting of three indigenous microorganisms is efficient to compost DGW and facilitate growth. decreased the lignin content of composted DGW during its mycelial growth, improving the quality of DGW for feeding cattle.
PubMed: 38881654
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1405564 -
World Journal of Microbiology &... Jun 2024Anaerobic digestion (AD) emerges as a pivotal technique in climate change mitigation, transforming organic materials into biogas, a renewable energy form. This process...
Anaerobic digestion (AD) emerges as a pivotal technique in climate change mitigation, transforming organic materials into biogas, a renewable energy form. This process significantly impacts energy production and waste management, influencing greenhouse gas emissions. Traditional research has largely focused on anaerobic bacteria and methanogens for methane production. However, the potential of anaerobic lignocellulolytic fungi for degrading lignocellulosic biomass remains less explored. In this study, buffalo rumen inocula were enriched and acclimatized to improve lignocellulolytic hydrolysis activity. Two consortia were established: the anaerobic fungi consortium (AFC), selectively enriched for fungi, and the anaerobic lignocellulolytic microbial consortium (ALMC). The consortia were utilized to create five distinct microbial cocktails-AF0, AF20, AF50, AF80, and AF100. These cocktails were formulated based on varying of AFC and ALMC by weights (w/w). Methane production from each cocktail of lignocellulosic biomasses (cassava pulp and oil palm residues) was evaluated. The highest methane yields of CP, EFB, and MFB were obtained at 337, 215, and 54 mL/g VS, respectively. Cocktails containing a mix of anaerobic fungi, hydrolytic bacteria (Sphingobacterium sp.), syntrophic bacteria (Sphaerochaeta sp.), and hydrogenotrophic methanogens produced 2.1-2.6 times higher methane in cassava pulp and 1.1-1.2 times in oil palm empty fruit bunch compared to AF0. All cocktails effectively produced methane from oil palm empty fruit bunch due to its lipid content. However, methane production ceased after 3 days when oil palm mesocarp fiber was used, due to long-chain fatty acid accumulation. Anaerobic fungi consortia showed effective lignocellulosic and starchy biomass degradation without inhibition due to organic acid accumulation. These findings underscore the potential of tailored microbial cocktails for enhancing methane production from diverse lignocellulosic substrates.
Topics: Methane; Anaerobiosis; Lignin; Fungi; Microbial Consortia; Animals; Biomass; Rumen; Biofuels; Hydrolysis; Fermentation; Bacteria; Industrial Waste; Agriculture
PubMed: 38862848
DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04050-7 -
International Journal of Biological... Jun 2024In this study, 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy techniques were used to analyze...
In this study, 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy techniques were used to analyze the mechanisms driving the sequence of degradation of gummy substances by the microbial community and hydrolytic enzymes during the flax dew degumming process. The results revealed that the inoculation of combined bacteria induced quorum sensing, modulated hydrolytic enzyme production, and reshaped the community structure. Lignin-degraded genera (Pseudomonas and Sphingobacterium) were enriched, and the relative abundances of pectin- and cellulose-degraded genera (Chryseobacterium) decreased in the early degumming stages. Hemicellulose-degraded genera (Brevundimonas) increased over the degumming time. Moreover, the abundance of lignin hydrolytic enzymes improved in the early stages, while the abundance of pectin hydrolytic enzymes increased at the end of degumming. Various types of functional bacteria taxa changed the sequence of substance degradation. Electron scanning microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry results indicated that the degumming, facilitated by the inoculation of combined bacteria, was nearly completed by 21 d. The fibers exhibited smoother and more intact properties, along with higher thermal stability, as indicated by a melting temperature of 71.54 °C. This study provides a reference for selecting precise degumming bacterial agents to enhance degumming efficiency.
PubMed: 38848847
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132877 -
Environmental Research Jun 2024Emulsified vegetable oil (EVO), as a novel green slow-releasing substrate, has performed great potential in subsurface bioremediation due to its slow release and...
Emulsified vegetable oil (EVO), as a novel green slow-releasing substrate, has performed great potential in subsurface bioremediation due to its slow release and longevity. Nevertheless, the long time it takes to initiate this process still exposed some limitations. Herein, multiple enzyme-based EVOs (EN-EVOs) were developed to enhance the quick-acting effect in nitrate-contaminated bioremediation. This study demonstrated that EN-EVOs loaded with cellulose (c-EVO) and protein enzymes (p-EVO) performed best, not only did not change the advantages of traditional EVO, but also optimized the stability and particle size to the level of 0.8-0.9 and 247.95-252.25 nm, respectively. Nitrate (NO-N) degradation further confirmed the superiority of c-EVO in rapidly initiating degradation and achieving stable denitrification. Compared with traditional EVO, the maximum start-up efficiency and the rapid achieving stable denitrification efficiency were improved by 37.6% and 1.71 times, respectively. In such situation, the corresponding NO-N removal efficiency, kinetics rate constant (k), and half-life period (t) reached as high as 85.39%, as quick as 1.079 d, and as short as 0.64 d after 30-day cultivation. Meanwhile, the rapid conversion efficiency of NO-N was observed (k = 0.083 d). High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that the quick-acting process of NO-N reduction coupled to c-EVO was mediated by microbial reducers (e.g., Ralstonia, Gulbenkiania, and Sphingobacterium) with regulations of narG, nirS and norB genes. Microorganisms with these genes could achieve quick-acting not only by enhancing microbial activity and the synthesis and metabolism of volatile fatty acids, but also by reducing the production and accumulation of loosely bound-extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS). These findings advance our understanding on fast-acting of NO-N degradation supported by c-EVO and also offer a promising direction for groundwater remediation.
PubMed: 38824986
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119297 -
Current Microbiology May 2024India's livestock industry is grappling with a shortage of green fodder, necessitating concerted efforts to boost organized production and ensure a sufficient supply of...
India's livestock industry is grappling with a shortage of green fodder, necessitating concerted efforts to boost organized production and ensure a sufficient supply of high-quality forages, crucial for formulating nutritionally balanced, cost-effective, and rumen-healthy animal diets. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the plant growth-promoting characteristics of liquid microbial inoculants and their impact on the yield of forage pearl millet. The bacterial cultures utilized included Sphingobacterium sp., Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and an isolate from vegetable cowpea, subsequently identified as Burkholderia seminalis. These cultures were initially characterized for their plant growth-promoting traits at different temperature and physiological conditions. All the bacterial cultures were found promising for PGPR traits over varied temperature conditions and the optimum activity was recorded at 40 °C, with tolerance to saline and drought stresses as well as wide pH and temperature ranges. A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2020 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Bathinda, involving combinations of liquid microbial inoculants along with 100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF). It was observed that the treatment including B. seminalis + S. maltophilia along with RDF yielded the highest green fodder and dry matter yield, In conclusion, it is evident that the utilization of these liquid microbial inoculants holds significant potential for playing a pivotal role in the integrated nutrient management of forage pearl millet, thereby contributing to heightened productivity and sustained soil health.
Topics: Pennisetum; Animal Feed; Animals; India; Soil Microbiology; Temperature; Fertilizers; Plant Development; Bacteria
PubMed: 38744734
DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03701-0 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Jun 2024Copper (Cu) serves as an essential cofactor in all organisms, yet excessive Cu exposure is widely recognized for its role in inducing liver inflammation. However, the...
Copper (Cu) serves as an essential cofactor in all organisms, yet excessive Cu exposure is widely recognized for its role in inducing liver inflammation. However, the precise mechanism by which Cu triggers liver inflammation in ducks, particularly in relation to the interplay in gut microbiota regulation, has remained elusive. In this investigation, we sought to elucidate the impact of Cu exposure on liver inflammation through gut-liver axis in ducks. Our findings revealed that Cu exposure markedly elevated liver AST and ALT levels and induced liver inflammation through upregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and triggering the LPS/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Simultaneously, Cu exposure induced alterations in the composition of intestinal flora communities, notably increasing the relative abundance of Sphingobacterium, Campylobacter, Acinetobacter and reducing the relative abundance of Lactobacillus. Cu exposure significantly decreased the protein expression related to intestinal barrier (Occludin, Claudin-1 and ZO-1) and promoted the secretion of intestinal pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, correlation analysis was observed that intestinal microbiome and gut barrier induced by Cu were closely related to liver inflammation. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments further demonstrated the microbiota-depleted ducks transplanting fecal samples from Cu-exposed ducks disturbed the intestinal dysfunction, which lead to impaire liver function and activate the liver inflammation. Our study provided insights into the mechanism by which Cu exposure induced liver inflammation in ducks through the regulation of gut-liver axis. These results enhanced our comprehension of the potential mechanisms driving Cu-induced hepatotoxicity in avian species.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Toll-Like Receptor 4; Ducks; Signal Transduction; Liver; Lipopolysaccharides; Copper; Cytokines; Inflammation; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
PubMed: 38718729
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116430 -
International Journal of Systematic and... May 2024An aerobic, Gram-stain-negative and short rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated M6-31, was isolated from rice paddy soil sampled in Miryang, Republic of Korea. Growth...
An aerobic, Gram-stain-negative and short rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated M6-31, was isolated from rice paddy soil sampled in Miryang, Republic of Korea. Growth was observed at 4-35 °C (optimum, 28 °C), pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0-8.0) and in the presence of 0-4 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0 % w/v). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences grouped strain M6-31 with IBFC2009, SCU-B140 and MLS-26-JM13-11 in the same clade, with the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities ranging from 95.8 to 96.6 %. A genome-based phylogenetic tree reconstructed by using all publicly available genomes placed strain M6-31 with KACC 22910, '' ACCC 05744, CGMCC 1.12966 and CGMCC 1.12801. Orthologous average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain M6-31 and its closely related strains were lower than 74.6 and 22.0 %, respectively. The respiratory quinone was menaquinone-7, and the major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The major fatty acids (>10 %) were C iso, C iso 3OH and summed feature 3. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic data obtained in this study showed that strain M6-31 represents a novel species of the genus , for which the name sp. nov. (type strain M6-31=KACC 22765=JCM 35893) is proposed.
Topics: Soil Microbiology; Phylogeny; Oryza; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Fatty Acids; Sphingobacterium; Bacterial Typing Techniques; DNA, Bacterial; Republic of Korea; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Vitamin K 2; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Base Composition; Phosphatidylethanolamines
PubMed: 38713185
DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.006371 -
Microorganisms Apr 2024Carbapenems are last-resort antibiotics used to treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. Resistance to carbapenems has been designated as an urgent threat and is...
Carbapenems are last-resort antibiotics used to treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. Resistance to carbapenems has been designated as an urgent threat and is increasing in healthcare settings. However, little is still known about the distribution and characteristics of carbapenem-resistant bacteria (CRB) outside of healthcare settings. Here, we surveyed the distribution of CRB in ten diverse freshwater and seawater environments in California, U.S., ranging from San Luis Obispo County to San Bernardino County, combining both direct isolation and enrichment approaches to increase the diversity of isolated CRB. From the locations surveyed, we selected 30 CRB for further characterization. These isolates were identified as members of the genera , , , , , , and . These isolates were resistant to carbapenems, other β-lactams, and often to other antibiotics (tetracycline, gentamicin, or ciprofloxacin). We also found that nine isolates belonging to the genera , (), and () produced carbapenemases. Overall, our findings indicate that sampling different types of aquatic environments and combining different isolation approaches increase the diversity of the environmental CRB obtained. Moreover, our study supports the increasingly recognized role of natural water systems as an underappreciated reservoir of bacteria resistant to carbapenems and other antibiotics, including bacteria carrying carbapenemase genes.
PubMed: 38674746
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040802 -
Plant Disease Apr 2024Cauliflower mushroom (Sparassis latifolia), is widely distributed in Australia, North America, Europe, and East Asia (Bashir et al., 2020). It is known for its medicinal...
Cauliflower mushroom (Sparassis latifolia), is widely distributed in Australia, North America, Europe, and East Asia (Bashir et al., 2020). It is known for its medicinal significance due to the availability of various pharmacological substances and their use in health supplements (Bashir et al., 2017). In recent years, with the development of artificial cultivation technology, S. latifolia has been industrialized in China, with an annual output value 50 million dollars. In March 2023, approximately 15% of S. latifolia showed obvious bacterial rot in mushroom hothouse (about 0.05 ha), located in Shuangliu county, Sichuan province, China (104°7'51"N, 30°25'2"E). The affected parts appear water-soaked, and become sunken and softened as the disease progresses. In the finally, all the fruiting body tissues turn into paste, with colors pale yellow, and have a foul smell. The pathogen was isolated from the margin of the lesions by dilution and streaking techniques onto Nutrient Agar, and incubated at 28℃ in the dark for 2-3 days. A single colony was re-streak for purification. Eight isolates were obtained from five samples collected randomly. The representative three isolates were selected for further characterization. For pathogenicity testing, ten health fruit bodies of S. latifolia were selected (for per isolate). Bacterial suspensions (1 × 107 CFU/ml) of the three isolates were applied to the fruiting body until wet, sterile water was used as controls. All the S. latifolia were maintained at 19±1℃, 85-100% relative humidity, and 18 h of light in the mushroom hothouse. Three days later, the inoculated fruiting bodies developed yellow color, and appear water-soaked, five days later, fruiting body gradually turn to soft and part turn to rot, seven days later, the fruiting body tissues completely turn into paste with a foul smell. The symptoms exhibited were similar to those of the original diseased fruiting bodies, while the control group remained healthy. The same bacterial were re-isolated from the infected fruiting bodies and subsequently identified by morphological characteristics and DNA sequenced. The pathogenicity test was conducted three times, each yielding similar results. The colonies of the pathogen are gram-negative rods, medium sized, convex, smooth, opaque, turning yellow after several days at a temperature 28℃. For molecular identification, the DNA of the representative three isolates was extracted using a Bacterial Genomic DNA Extraction Kit (Solarbio, Beijing). The 16S rRNA genes were amplified and sequenced with the primer 27F/1492R (Lane et al., 1985). Finally, the sequences were identical. The generated representative sequence was deposited in GenBank with accession number OR399122. BLASTn analysis showed 100% identity (1404/1404 bp) with previously deposited sequence (accession number CP068224) of S. multivorum FDAARGOS in GenBank. Based on the maximum likelihood method, phylogenetic analysis revealed 100% bootstrap support values with S. multivorum. Finally, the bacterium was identified as S. multivorum. This is the first report of S. multivorum causing bacterial rot of mushroom. The fruiting body of S. multivorum consists of multiple folded flat lobes, which are thin and have large surface area, may facilitate the infection of S. multivorum. Sphingobacterium sp. are named for their synthesize sphingolipids, which play an important role in bacterial infection (Kunz et al., 2019). These results will contribute to developing control strategies for this disease.
PubMed: 38587796
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-01-24-0022-PDN