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Journal of Morphology Jun 2017Tachyoryctes splendens (Northeast African mole-rat) and Heliophobius emini (Emin's mole-rat) are two African mole-rats that represent separate allopatric rodent families... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Tachyoryctes splendens (Northeast African mole-rat) and Heliophobius emini (Emin's mole-rat) are two African mole-rats that represent separate allopatric rodent families namely Spalacidae and Bathyergidae respectively. While these species consume a similar diet of underground plant storage organs such as roots and tubers, T. splendens has been reported to additionally consume small amounts of aerial foliage. This study aims to provide detailed gross morphological and histological morphometric analyses of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of these two subterranean species. The formalin fixed gastrointestinal tracts of T. splendens (n = 9) and H. emini (n = 6) were photographed, weighed and measured. The length and basal surface areas were calculated for each anatomically distinct region. Representative histological samples were prepared and stained using Hematoxylin and Eosin. Microscopic luminal measurements were used to calculate a surface enlargement factor and the luminal surface area of each region. Tachyoryctes splendens had a large double chambered hemi-glandular stomach with a macroscopically visible transition from keratinized stratified squamous epithelium to glandular epithelium. The cecum was large and the luminal surface revealed a single spiral fold. The ascending colon of T. splendens was arranged in a spiral, with two centripetal and two centrifugal windings. The descending colon was arranged in a single parallel loop, similar to H. emini. A narrow colonic groove was accompanied by V-shaped folds on either side. Heliophobius emini had a simple glandular stomach, a large, haustrated cecum that displayed a cecal appendix and the descending colon was arranged in a single parallel loop. The internal aspect of the colon revealed a wide colonic groove extending from the ceco-colic junction to distal colon. As both species originate from a similar geographical region and ingest very similar diets, it is likely that the differences in the GIT morphology are attributed to phylogeny as the species represent two different families of mole-rats.
Topics: Africa, Eastern; Animals; Cecum; Colon; Gastrointestinal Tract; Mole Rats; Statistics as Topic; Stomach
PubMed: 28370359
DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20672 -
Human Pathology Apr 2017Most patients with human intestinal spirochetosis (HIS; a colorectal bacterial infection caused by Brachyspira species) seem asymptomatic, and its pathogenicity remains...
Most patients with human intestinal spirochetosis (HIS; a colorectal bacterial infection caused by Brachyspira species) seem asymptomatic, and its pathogenicity remains unclear. Recently, alterations in mucin expression were reported in animal Brachyspira infection. The present question was "Is mucin expression altered in HIS?" Using antibodies for MUCs 1, 2, 4, 5AC, and 6, we immunohistochemically compared 215 specimens from 83 histology-confirmed HIS cases with 106 specimens from 26 non-HIS cases. Positive staining (which included even focal positive staining) was rated "high (+)" or "low (+)." Results were analyzed for 4 categories of lesions, and associations between MUC expression and spirochetal presence were also analyzed. In the "specimens without polyps or adenocarcinoma" category, high (+) MUC2 positivity was more frequent in HIS than in control. In the hyperplasia/serrated polyp category, in HIS (versus control), the MUC5AC positivity rate was lower, whereas high (+) MUC4 positivity was more frequent. In the conventional adenoma category, in HIS (versus control), the MUC1 positivity rate was lower, whereas both high (+) MUC2 positivity and high (+) MUC5AC positivity were less frequent. In the adenocarcinoma category, high (+) MUC2 positivity was more frequent in HIS than in control. Among the above mucins, only MUC1 positivity was significantly associated with an absence of the so-called fringe formation, an absence of spiral organisms within mucus, and an absence of strong immunopositive materials within the epithelial layer and within the subepithelial layer. The results suggest that Brachyspira infection or a related change in the microbiome may alter the large intestine mucin expression profile in humans.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adenomatous Polyps; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers, Tumor; Biopsy; Brachyspira; Colonic Neoplasms; Colonic Polyps; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Intestine, Large; Male; Middle Aged; Mucins; Predictive Value of Tests
PubMed: 28188751
DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.01.013 -
PloS One 2017Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a foodborne pathogen that colonizes ruminants. Cattle are considered the primary reservoir of E. coli O157:H7 with super-shedders, defined as...
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a foodborne pathogen that colonizes ruminants. Cattle are considered the primary reservoir of E. coli O157:H7 with super-shedders, defined as individuals excreting > 104 E. coli O157:H7 CFU g-1 feces. The mechanisms leading to the super-shedding condition are largely unknown. Here, we used 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing to examine the composition of the fecal bacterial community in order to investigate changes in the bacterial microbiota at several locations along the digestive tract (from the duodenum to the rectal-anal junction) in 5 steers previously identified as super-shedders and 5 non-shedders. The overall bacterial community structure did not differ by E. coli O157:H7 shedding status; but several differences in the relative abundance of taxa and OTUs were noted between the two groups. The genus Prevotella was most enriched in the non-shedders while the genus Ruminococcus and the Bacteroidetes phylum were notably enriched in the super-shedders. There was greater bacterial diversity and richness in samples collected from the lower- as compared to the upper gastrointestinal tract (GI). The spiral colon was the only GI location that differed in terms of bacterial diversity between super-shedders and non-shedders. These findings reinforced linkages between E. coli O157:H7 colonization in cattle and the nature of the microbial community inhabiting the digestive tract of super-shedders.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Shedding; Biodiversity; Cattle; Discriminant Analysis; Escherichia coli O157; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Intestines; Principal Component Analysis
PubMed: 28141846
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170050 -
Klinichna Khirurhiia 2017
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Aged; Anastomosis, Surgical; Aorta, Abdominal; Atherosclerosis; Colonic Neoplasms; Femoral Vein; Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous; Humans; Intestine, Large; Male; Proctocolectomy, Restorative; Retroperitoneal Neoplasms; Sarcoma; Tomography, Spiral Computed; Treatment Outcome; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 30277351
DOI: No ID Found -
Angiologiia I Sosudistaia Khirurgiia =... 2016Presented herein is a clinical case report regarding treatment of a patient after endovascular prosthetic repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, complicated by...
Presented herein is a clinical case report regarding treatment of a patient after endovascular prosthetic repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, complicated by ischaemic necrosis of the sigmoid colon. This is followed by analysing the causes of the development of the complication, as well as by a brief review of the literature concerning this problem.
Topics: Aged; Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal; Colectomy; Colon, Sigmoid; Colonoscopy; Colostomy; Endovascular Procedures; Humans; Ischemia; Laparoscopy; Male; Tomography, Spiral Computed; Treatment Outcome; Vascular Grafting
PubMed: 27935896
DOI: No ID Found -
Abdominal Radiology (New York) Mar 2017To compare clinical features, computed tomography (CT) findings, and outcomes of right vs. left colonic diverticulitis (CD) in Caucasians.
PURPOSE
To compare clinical features, computed tomography (CT) findings, and outcomes of right vs. left colonic diverticulitis (CD) in Caucasians.
METHODS
This single-center retrospective case-control study of patients seen between July 2005 and February 2013 included 30 consecutive cases of right CD and 70 controls taken at random from a consecutive cohort of patients with left CD. The final diagnosis was established by consensus between a gastrointestinal surgeon and a gastrointestinal radiologist. Clinical features, treatment, and follow-up data were collected. Two radiologists blinded to patient data reached a consensus about multiple CT criteria. Cases and controls were compared using appropriate statistical tests, and odds ratios (ORs) associated with clinically meaningful variables were computed using univariate logistic regression.
RESULTS
Median age was significantly lower in cases than in controls (48.5 years [IQR, 31-61] vs. 63.5 years [54-75], P < 0.0001). A body mass index <20 kg/m compared to >30 kg/m was associated with a higher risk of right than of left CD (OR 22.7, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.6-200, P = 0.005). Compared to controls, cases more often had CT evidence of focal diverticular inflammation (86.7% [26/30] vs. 50% [35/70], P = 0.0006) and noncircumferential (≤180°) colonic wall thickening (66.7% [20/30] vs. 20% [14/70], P < 0.001). Complications were less common in the cases (6.7% [2/30] vs. 25.7% [18/70] than in controls, P = 0.03).
CONCLUSION
In Caucasians, right CD occurs in younger and thinner patients and carries a lower risk of complications compared to left CD. Focal diverticular inflammation by CT is more common in right than in left CD.
Topics: Adult; Case-Control Studies; Contrast Media; Diverticulitis, Colonic; Female; Humans; Iohexol; Iothalamic Acid; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; White People
PubMed: 27847996
DOI: 10.1007/s00261-016-0958-6 -
Journal of Investigative Medicine High... 2016Spirochetes, a genetically and morphologically distinct group of bacteria, are thin, spiral-shaped, and highly motile. They are known causes of several human diseases...
Spirochetes, a genetically and morphologically distinct group of bacteria, are thin, spiral-shaped, and highly motile. They are known causes of several human diseases such as syphilis, Lyme disease, relapsing fever, and leptospirosis. We report a case of colonic spirochetosis in a healthy patient presenting for surveillance colonoscopy. The diagnosis of intestinal spirochetosis was made accidentally during the histological examination of colonic polyps, which were removed during colonoscopy. We also performed an extensive review on intestinal spirochetosis with a focus on clinical presentation and outcomes of reported cases from the past two decades.
PubMed: 27570780
DOI: 10.1177/2324709616662671 -
Schweizer Archiv Fur Tierheilkunde Jul 2015This report describes the clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings in a Simmental heifer with a ceco-cecal intussusception. The general condition of the heifer...
This report describes the clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings in a Simmental heifer with a ceco-cecal intussusception. The general condition of the heifer was moderately reduced and it showed mild colic signs. Physical examination revealed a firm longish mass visible and palpable in the right flank. Findings upon rectal examination, fecal output und defecation were normal. Ultrasound examination of the mass revealed features typical for an intussusception. Based on the slow development of symptoms, normal fecal output and ultrasonography findings, a ceco-cecal intussusception was diagnosed. Right flank laparatomy was performed under general anaesthesia, and an end-to-side anastomosis between the jejunum and the spiral colon was made after resection of the intussuscepted intestines. Recovery was uneventful.
Topics: Anastomosis, Surgical; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cecal Diseases; Colon; Female; Intussusception; Jejunum; Physical Examination; Postoperative Care; Treatment Outcome; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 26753359
DOI: 10.17236/sat00027 -
Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi = Chinese... Oct 2015To compare the biological characteristics of colorectal cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) with normal fibroblasts (NFs).
OBJECTIVE
To compare the biological characteristics of colorectal cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) with normal fibroblasts (NFs).
METHODS
CAFs and NFs were isolated from fresh specimens of colorectal cancer and their paired normal colon tissue and cultured by tissue explant method. Light microscopy, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), Western blot, immunofluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy and flow cytometry were used to identify isolated fibroblasts and to explore their characteristics of activation and growth.
RESULTS
Primary colorectal CAFs and NFs were isolated and cultured successfully. NFs showed spindled morphology and were arranged in interlacing or spiral bundles. CAFs were polygonal or spindle, but were fatter than NFs. They were distributed randomly and arranged irregularly, and had obvious actin expression. CAFs and NFs both expressed fibronectin, but not E-cadherin, CD31 and caldesmon. qPCR showed that CAFs expressed more fibroblast activation protein (FAP) and less fibroblast specific protein 1 (FSP1) than that of NFs. There was no difference in the expression of α-SMA between NFs and CAFs by Western blot. α-SMA was bundled in parallel to the long axis of the cell by immunofluorescence. By electron microscopy, CAFs but not NFs showed dense myofilament that was arranged regularly. Flow cytometry showed that the percentage of S- and G2-phase in CAFs were significantly lower than that in NFs. mRNA expression of transforming growth factor β1, stromal derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)-D in CAFs were lower while that for PDGFC was higher than that in NFs. That indicated the proliferation of CAFs was inhibited and the secretion of some cytokines was different when compared with NFs.
CONCLUSIONS
CAFs show differences with NFs in morphology, characteristics of activation and secretion of some cytokines. The proliferation of CAFs is down regulated as compared with NFs.
Topics: Blotting, Western; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Colorectal Neoplasms; Fibroblasts; Flow Cytometry; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Primary Cell Culture; Tumor Cells, Cultured
PubMed: 26702529
DOI: No ID Found -
Ultraschall in Der Medizin (Stuttgart,... Dec 2015According to the German guidelines on colorectal cancer, unenhanced ultrasound is recommended for follow-up. On the other hand, ultrasound and radiology societies... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
PURPOSE
According to the German guidelines on colorectal cancer, unenhanced ultrasound is recommended for follow-up. On the other hand, ultrasound and radiology societies specify the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for ruling out liver metastases. Studies focusing on the follow-up of cancer patients are lacking. The goal of this multicenter study initiated by the German Ultrasound Society (DEGUM) was to determine the potential benefit of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the follow-up of patients with colon cancer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Follow-up patients with colon cancer (UICC > IIa) were investigated. As scheduled according to the German guidelines, unenhanced ultrasound was performed followed by contrast-enhanced ultrasound. All liver lesions were recorded. In case of additional metastases detected on contrast-enhanced ultrasound, contrast-enhanced CT, MRI or biopsy was performed to confirm additional liver metastases.
RESULTS
A total of 45 liver metastases were detected in 26/290 patients (= 9 %) using unenhanced ultrasound. A further 28 metastases were detected on contrast-enhanced ultrasound in these 26 patients. In 18 patients showing no liver metastases, 40 additional metastases were detected on unenhanced ultrasound. This means that 44 patients with a total of 113 liver metastases were detected on contrast-enhanced ultrasound (p = 0.0006).
CONCLUSION
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound should be recommended in the follow-up of patients with colon cancer in addition to unenhanced ultrasound - the up-to-date standard.
Topics: Aged; Biopsy, Needle; Colonic Neoplasms; Contrast Media; Disease Progression; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Guideline Adherence; Humans; Image Enhancement; Liver; Liver Neoplasms; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Multimodal Imaging; Neoplasm Staging; Phospholipids; Prospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sulfur Hexafluoride; Tomography, Spiral Computed; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 26544634
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-107833