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Nitric Oxide : Biology and Chemistry Jan 2021Nitric oxide (NO) produced in the oral cavity is a powerful resource for the human body, especially when NO-syntethase production is not adequate. The role of oral...
BACKGROUND
Nitric oxide (NO) produced in the oral cavity is a powerful resource for the human body, especially when NO-syntethase production is not adequate. The role of oral microbiome in determining blood pressure levels has been linked to the active role of some bacterial species involved in the nitro-reducing process. In the present study we investigated the correlation between selected oral microbiome characteristics, nitric oxide (NO) concentration in saliva and their association with hypertension.
METHODS
A case-control study including 48 (25 normotensive and 23 hypertensive subjects), subjects between 50 and 70 years old, was carried out at the dental clinic of an Italian teaching hospital. Characteristics of participants have been evaluated by means of a physical examination, and by an assisted interview. A real-time polymerase chain reaction in samples of saliva and plaque was used to detect Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Veillonella dispar and Neisseria subflava as well as total bacterial count. Nitric oxide in saliva was evaluated by the ELISA method.
RESULTS
Normotensive subjects, compared with hypertensive subjects, had significantly higher concentration of NO (165.77 ± 61.7 vs 57.49 ± 19.61 μmol/l; p = 0.023), and higher bacterial concentration of the supragingival plaque (4.73E+07 ± 4.33+07 vs 4.02E+07 ± 4.00+07; p = 0.024). Bacterial species, usually associated to good oral health status, such as Neisseria subflava, were significantly more present in normotensive subjects than in hypertensive ones (9090.88 ± 5481.49 vs 4791.35 ± 4349.37; p < 0.001). considering the concentration of bacteria as a biomarker of the development of hypertension.
CONCLUSIONS
The results support the association between hypertension, oral microbiome and salivary nitric oxide, in fact do the results allow us to establish any biomarkers (microbial or biochemical, NO) that allow early therapeutic intervention.
Topics: Aged; Bacteria; Bacterial Load; Case-Control Studies; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Microbiota; Middle Aged; Mouth; Nitric Oxide; Saliva
PubMed: 33186726
DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.11.002 -
Journal of Translational Medicine Nov 2020Heavy tobacco smoking, a hallmark feature of lung cancer, is drastically predominant in Middle Eastern populations. The precise links between nicotine dependence and the...
BACKGROUND
Heavy tobacco smoking, a hallmark feature of lung cancer, is drastically predominant in Middle Eastern populations. The precise links between nicotine dependence and the functional contribution of the oral microbiota remain unknown in these populations.
METHODS
We evaluated the composition and functional capabilities of oral microbiota with relation to cigarette smoking in 105 adults through shotgun metagenomics using buccal swabs.
RESULTS
The oral microbiota composition in our study subjects was dominated by the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes, in addition to the genera Prevotella and Veillonella, similar to previously described westernized cohorts. Furthermore, the smoker's oral microbiota represented a significant abundance of Veillonella dispar, Leptotrichia spp. and Prevotella pleuritidis when compared to non-smokers. Within the smoking groups, differential relative abundance testing unveiled relative abundance of Streptobacillus hongkongensis, Fusobacterium massiliense, Prevotella bivia in high nicotine dependent compared to low nicotine dependent profiles based on Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. Functional profiling showed marked differences between smokers and non-smokers. Smokers exhibited an enrichment of Tricarballylate utilization and Lactate racemization when compared to the non-smokers. According to their nicotine dependence, enrichment of Xanthosine utilization, p-Aminobenzoyl-Glutamate utilization, and multidrug efflux pump in Campylobacter jejuni biosynthesis modules were detected in the high nicotine dependent group.
CONCLUSIONS
These compositional and functional differences may provide critical insight on how variations in the oral microbiota could predispose to respiratory illnesses and smoke cessation relapse in cigarette smokers. In particular, the observed enrichment of Fusobacterium and Prevotella in the oral microbiota possibly suggests an intriguing linkage to gut and lung cancers.
Topics: Adult; Cigarette Smoking; Fusobacterium; Humans; Microbiota; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Prevotella; Smoke; Streptobacillus; Tobacco Products; Veillonella
PubMed: 33167991
DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02579-3 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2020Given that sustained remission is the ultimate treatment goal in the management of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), the decision to stop anti-tumor necrosis factor...
Given that sustained remission is the ultimate treatment goal in the management of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), the decision to stop anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) treatment in UC patients is difficult. The aim of this study was to evaluate mucosal microbiota and gene expression profiles associated with long-term remission after discontinuation of anti-TNF therapy. In nine UC patients who received anti-TNF therapy for 6 months, microbiota isolated from uninflamed mucosae and gene expression in inflamed and uninflamed mucosae were investigated at week 0 and at week 24. At treatment initiation, Fusobacterium sp. and Veillonella dispar were over-represented in the relapse group compared with the non-relapse group. After treatment, Dorea sp. and Lachnospira sp. were over-represented in the non-relapse group. In the relapse group only, a significant shift in gut bacterial community composition was found between week 0 and week 24. Gene expression of ALIX (PDCD6IP) and SLC9A3 was significantly higher in the non-relapse group than in the relapse group. Lastly, we used machine learning methods to identify relevant gene signatures associated with sustained remission. Statistical analyses of microbiota and expression profiles revealed differences between UC patients who did or did not keep remission after the discontinuation of TNF inhibitors.Trial registration: UMIN000020785: Evaluation of adalimumab therapy in mesalazine-resistant or -intolerant ulcerative colitis; an observational study (EARLY study).
Topics: Adalimumab; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Colitis, Ulcerative; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gene Expression; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Male; Middle Aged; Remission Induction; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult
PubMed: 33154436
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76175-2 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2020Efforts to map gingival tissue proteomes and microbiomes have been hampered by lack of sufficient tissue extraction methods. The pressure cycling technology (PCT) is an...
Efforts to map gingival tissue proteomes and microbiomes have been hampered by lack of sufficient tissue extraction methods. The pressure cycling technology (PCT) is an emerging platform for reproducible tissue homogenisation and improved sequence retrieval coverage. Therefore, we employed PCT to characterise the proteome and microbiome profiles in healthy and diseased gingival tissue. Healthy and diseased contralateral gingival tissue samples (total = 10) were collected from five systemically healthy individuals (51.6 ± 4.3 years) with generalised chronic periodontitis. The tissues were then lysed and digested using a Barocycler, proteins were prepared and submitted for mass spectrometric analysis and microbiome DNA for 16S rRNA profiling analysis. Overall, 1,366 human proteins were quantified (false discovery rate 0.22%), of which 69 proteins were differentially expressed (≥2 peptides and < 0.05, 62 up, 7 down) in periodontally diseased sites, compared to healthy sites. These were primarily extracellular or vesicle-associated proteins, with functions in molecular transport. On the microbiome level, 362 species-level operational taxonomic units were identified. Of those, 14 predominant species accounted for >80% of the total relative abundance, whereas 11 proved to be significantly different between healthy and diseased sites. Among them, sp. HMT253 and and were associated with disease sites and strongly interacted ( > 0.7) with 30 and 6 up-regulated proteins, respectively. Healthy-site associated strains sp. HMT478 and sp. HMT417 showed strong negative interactions ( < -0.7) with 31, 21, 9, and 18 up-regulated proteins, respectively. In contrast the down-regulated proteins did not show strong interactions with the regulated bacteria. The present study identified the proteomic and intra-tissue microbiome profile of human gingiva by employing a PCT-assisted workflow. This is the first report demonstrating the feasibility to analyse full proteome profiles of gingival tissues in both healthy and disease sites, while deciphering the tissue site-specific microbiome signatures.
Topics: Fusobacterium; Gingiva; Humans; Microbiota; Proteome; Proteomics; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Streptococcus; Veillonella
PubMed: 33117738
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.588155 -
Anaerobe Dec 2020Veillonella dispar is a Gram-negative anaerobic coccus involved in only a few human diseases. We report the second case of bacteremia due to this microorganism in an...
Veillonella dispar is a Gram-negative anaerobic coccus involved in only a few human diseases. We report the second case of bacteremia due to this microorganism in an elderly patient. A 72-year-old man with a history of bladder cancer presented with diarrhea, vomiting, and fever for 48 hours. After the diagnosis of septic shock, four sets of blood cultures were taken, and three of them yielded V. dispar. Resistance to metronidazole, penicillin, and piperacillin-tazobactam was documented. Treatment with clindamycin was started, and the patient was discharged after improvement in his general condition.
Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteremia; Comorbidity; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Veillonella
PubMed: 33075505
DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102285 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Jan 2021To evaluate four DNA extraction methods to elucidate the most effective method for bacterial DNA recovery from human milk (HM). (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
AIMS
To evaluate four DNA extraction methods to elucidate the most effective method for bacterial DNA recovery from human milk (HM).
METHODS AND RESULTS
Human milk DNA was extracted using the following methods: (i) Qiagen MagAttract Microbial DNA Isolation Kit (kit QM), (ii) Norgen Milk Bacterial DNA Isolation Kit (kit NM), (iii) Qiagen MagAttract Microbiome DNA/RNA Isolation Kit (kit MM) and (iv) TRIzol LS Reagent (method LS). The full-length 16S rRNA gene was sequenced. Kits MM and method LS were unable to extract detectable levels of DNA in 9/11 samples. Detectable levels of DNA were recovered from all samples using kits NM (mean = 0·68 ng μl ) and QM (mean = 0·55 ng μl ). For kits NM and QM, the greatest number of reads were associated with Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus vestibularis, Propionibacterium acnes, Veillonella dispar and Rothia mucilaginosa. Contamination profiles varied substantially between kits, with one bacterial species detected in negative extraction controls generated with kit QM and six with kit NM.
CONCLUSIONS
Kit QM is the most suitable of the kits tested for the extraction of bacterial DNA from human milk.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
Choice of extraction method impacts the efficiency of bacterial DNA extraction from human milk and the resultant bacterial community profiles generated from these samples.
Topics: Bacteria; DNA, Bacterial; Humans; Microbiota; Milk, Human; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 32654260
DOI: 10.1111/jam.14780 -
Cell Host & Microbe Aug 2020Gut microbiota play a critical role in infant health. It is now accepted that breastmilk contains live bacteria from endogenous and exogenous sources, but it remains...
Gut microbiota play a critical role in infant health. It is now accepted that breastmilk contains live bacteria from endogenous and exogenous sources, but it remains unclear whether these bacteria transfer to the infant gut and whether this process is influenced by breastmilk feeding practices. Here, we show that certain bacteria, including Streptococcus spp. and Veillonella dispar, co-occur in mothers' milk and their infants' stool, and co-occurrence is reduced when infants receive pumped breastmilk. The relative abundances of commonly shared species are positively correlated between breastmilk and stool. Overall, gut microbiota composition is strongly associated with breastfeeding exclusivity and duration but not breastmilk feeding mode (nursing versus pumping). Moreover, breastmilk bacteria contributed to overall gut microbiota variation to a similar extent as other modifiers of the infant microbiome, such as birth mode. These results provide evidence that breastmilk may transfer bacteria to the infant gut and influence microbiota development.
Topics: Breast Feeding; Breast Milk Expression; Cohort Studies; Feces; Feeding Behavior; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Infant; Milk, Human; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Streptococcus; Veillonella
PubMed: 32652062
DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.06.009 -
Microorganisms Jun 2020Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is the chronic inflammation of the sinus cavities of the upper respiratory tract, which can be caused by a disrupted microbiome. However,...
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is the chronic inflammation of the sinus cavities of the upper respiratory tract, which can be caused by a disrupted microbiome. However, the role of the oral microbiome in CRS is not well understood. Polymicrobial and anaerobic infections of CRS frequently increased the difficulty of cultured and antibiotic therapy. This study aimed to elucidate the patterns and clinical feasibility of the oral microbiome in CRS diagnosis. Matched saliva and nasal swabs were collected from 18 CRS patients and 37 saliva specimens from normal volunteers were collected for 16S rRNA sequencing. The α-diversity of the saliva displayed no significant difference between control and CRS patients, whereas the β-diversity was significantly different ( = 0.004). Taxonomic indices demonstrated that , , and were enriched, while and were reduced in the saliva of CRS patients. These microbial markers could significantly distinguish CRS patients from control (AUC = 0.939). It is noted that the 16S rRNA results of the nasal swab were consistent with the nasopharynx aerobic culture, and additionally detected multiple pathogens in CRS patients. In summary, these results indicated these oral microbiomes may provide a novel signal for CRS detection and that NGS may be an alternative approach for CRS diagnosis.
PubMed: 32604855
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060959 -
Journal of Periodontology Oct 2020There is a sparsity of data describing the periodontal microbiome in elderly individuals. We analyzed the association of subgingival bacterial profiles and clinical...
BACKGROUND
There is a sparsity of data describing the periodontal microbiome in elderly individuals. We analyzed the association of subgingival bacterial profiles and clinical periodontal status in a cohort of participants in the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP).
METHODS
Dentate individuals underwent a full-mouth periodontal examination at six sites/tooth. Up to four subgingival plaque samples per person, each obtained from the mesio-lingual site of the most posterior tooth in each quadrant, were harvested and pooled. Periodontal status was classified according to the Centers for Disease Control/American Academy of Periodontology (CDC/AAP) criteria as well as based on the percentage of teeth/person with pockets ≥4 mm deep. Bacterial DNA was isolated and was processed and analyzed using Human Oral Microbe Identification using Next Generation Sequencing (HOMINGS). Differential abundance across the periodontal phenotypes was calculated using the R package DESeq2. α- and β-diversity metrics were calculated using DADA2-based clustering.
RESULTS
The mean age of the 739 participants was 74.5 years, and 32% were male. Several taxa including Sneathia amnii-like sp., Peptoniphilaceae [G-1] bacterium HMT 113, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fretibacterium fastidiosum, Filifactor alocis, and Saccharibacteria (TM7) [G-1] bacterium HMT 346 were more abundant with increasing severity of periodontitis. In contrast, species such as Veillonella parvula, Veillonella dispar, Rothia dentocariosa, and Lautropia mirabilis were more abundant in health. Microbial diversity increased in parallel with the severity and extent of periodontitis.
CONCLUSIONS
The observed subgingival bacterial patterns in these elderly individuals corroborated corresponding findings in younger cohorts and were consistent with the concept that periodontitis is associated with perturbations in the resident microbiome.
Topics: Aged; Aging; Bacteria; Burkholderiaceae; Clostridiales; DNA, Bacterial; Female; Humans; Male; Microbiota; Micrococcaceae; Mouth; Oral Health; Veillonella; Washington
PubMed: 32533776
DOI: 10.1002/JPER.20-0194 -
PloS One 2020The study of oral disease progression, in relation to the accumulation of subgingival biofilm in gingivitis and periodontitis is limited, due to either the ability to...
The study of oral disease progression, in relation to the accumulation of subgingival biofilm in gingivitis and periodontitis is limited, due to either the ability to monitor plaque in vitro. When compared, optical spectroscopic techniques offer advantages over traditional destructive or biofilm staining approaches, making it a suitable alternative for the analysis and continued development of three-dimensional structures. In this work, we have developed a confocal Raman spectroscopy analysis approach towards in vitro subgingival plaque models. The main objective of this study was to develop a method for differentiating multiple oral subgingival bacterial species in planktonic and biofilm conditions, using confocal Raman microscopy. Five common subgingival bacteria (Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus mutans, Veillonella dispar, Actinomyces naeslundii and Prevotella nigrescens) were used and differentiated using a 2-way orthogonal Partial Least Square with Discriminant Analysis (O2PLS-DA) for the collected spectral data. In addition to planktonic growth, mono-species biofilms cultured using the 'Zürich Model' were also analyzed. The developed method was successfully used to predict planktonic and mono-species biofilm species in a cross validation setup. The results show differences in the presence and absence of chemical bands within the Raman spectra. The O2PLS-DA model was able to successfully predict 100% of all tested planktonic samples and 90% of all mono-species biofilm samples. Using this approach we have shown that Confocal Raman microscopy can analyse and predict the identity of planktonic and mono-species biofilm species, thus enabling its potential as a technique to map oral multi-species biofilm models.
Topics: Actinomyces; Bacteria; Bacteriological Techniques; Biofilms; Culture Media; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Gingiva; Gingivitis; Microbial Viability; Microbiota; Microscopy, Confocal; Nonlinear Optical Microscopy; Periodontitis; Plankton; Prevotella intermedia; Streptococcus mutans; Veillonella
PubMed: 32392236
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232912