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Veterinary World Feb 2022With the increased concerns about global protein supply, chicken meat, especially from male layer chicken, constitutes an alternative in terms of quality and carcass...
Efficacy of dietary supplementary probiotics as substitutes for antibiotic growth promoters during the starter period on growth performances, carcass traits, and immune organs of male layer chicken.
BACKGROUND AND AIM
With the increased concerns about global protein supply, chicken meat, especially from male layer chicken, constitutes an alternative in terms of quality and carcass traits. Probiotics have been proposed for replacing antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs), which have been prohibited as poultry supplement feeds. The present study aimed to determine the efficacy of dietary supplementary probiotics during the starter period on growth performances, carcass traits, and immune organs of male layer chicken.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this study, one hundred and eighty 1-day-old male chicks from the strain ISA brown were used. They were divided into six groups according to the feed: 100% basal feed (T0), basal feed+2.5 g AGP/kg feed (T1), basal feed+probiotics 1 mL/kg feed (T2), basal feed+probiotics 3 mL/kg feed (T3), basal feed+probiotics 4 mL/kg feed (T4), and basal feed+probiotics 5 mL/kg feed (T5). Probiotics (, , and spp.) were given at a concentration of 1.2×10 colony-forming unit/mL. Virginiamycin was used as AGP. ISA brown layer chicken was treated for 21 days. Growth performances (body weight, feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio [FCR]), carcass traits (weight at slaughter, weight of the carcass, breast muscles, liver, lungs, kidneys, and heart), immune organs (spleen, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius), and non-edible organs (head, legs, and wings) were analyzed.
RESULTS
Probiotic supplementation at 4 and 5 mL/kg feed (T4 and T5) during the starter phase improved the body weight, FCR, and feed consumption. The weight at slaughter, weight of the carcass, breast muscles, and liver from the T4 and T5 groups were significantly greater than those in the other treatment groups. In addition, the weight of the heart, lungs, and kidneys was increased in the T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 groups compared with that measured in the T0 group. Furthermore, there were significant differences regarding the immune organs between the T0 and the other treatment groups. The weight of the head, legs, and wings was also greater in the probiotic and AGP supplementation groups (T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5) than that in the basal feed group (T0).
CONCLUSION
Probiotic (, , and spp.) supplementation at 4 and 5 mL/kg feed during the starter period can be used to improve the growth, carcass traits, and weight of immune organs in male layer chicken.
PubMed: 35400938
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.324-330 -
British Poultry Science Oct 20221. The purpose of this study was to see how dietary supplementation with phenylpyruvate affected broiler growth, slaughter performance, gut health microbiota and...
1. The purpose of this study was to see how dietary supplementation with phenylpyruvate affected broiler growth, slaughter performance, gut health microbiota and immunity. This information can be used to develop alternative approaches to antibiotic replacement in modern poultry production and health.2. A total of 288, one-day-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to one of four groups (six replicates each replicate has 12 chickens). A control basal diet (NC), basal diet plus antibiotic virginiamycin 15ppm (PC), basal diet plus phenylpyruvate 1 kg/t or 2 kg/t, respectively (LCP and HCP).3. Results showed that the birds in the PC group had higher ADFI during the first 21 d, and better FCR than the NC group. The HCP-fed group had a higher all-eviscerated ratio than the NC group and less abdominal fat than the birds fed LCP. The birds fed HCP had increased villus length and crypt depth in the ileum compared to the NC group.4. The bursa index was lower in the HCP group whereas the thymus index was lower in LCP and PC groups. In contrast, birds fed HCP has lower pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1, as well as lower TLR4. Phenylpyruvate improved number in the , genus spp., which are known for their beneficial effects on the maintenance of the cell surface structure, regulating aromatic amino acids and suppressive treatment respectively.5. It was concluded that phenylpyruvate can be utilised in feed to improve growth performance and positively modulate gut microbiota. However, this was less efficient than antibiotics in improving growth performance, although more efficient in improving productive performance and gut morphology. Moreover, a high dose of phenylpyruvate is more effective than a low dose.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Animal Feed; Toll-Like Receptor 4; Diet; Virginiamycin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cytokines; Amino Acids, Aromatic; Interleukin-1; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 35382668
DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2061330 -
Letters in Applied Microbiology May 2022Considering that plasmid conjugation is a major driver for the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria, this study aimed to investigate the effects of...
Considering that plasmid conjugation is a major driver for the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria, this study aimed to investigate the effects of residual concentrations of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) in poultry litter on the frequencies of IncFII-FIB plasmid conjugation among Escherichia coli organisms. A 2 × 5 factorial trial was performed in vitro, using two types of litter materials (sugarcane bagasse and wood shavings) and five treatments of litter: non-treated (CON), herbal alkaloid sanguinarine (SANG), AGPs monensin (MON), lincomycin (LCM) and virginiamycin (VIR). E. coli H2332 and E. coli J62 were used as donor and recipient strains, respectively. The presence of residues of monensin, lincomycin and virginiamycin increased the frequency of plasmid conjugation among E. coli in both types of litter materials. On the contrary, sanguinarine significantly reduced the frequency of conjugation among E. coli in sugarcane bagasse litter. The conjugation frequencies were significantly higher in wood shavings compared with sugarcane bagasse only in the presence of AGPs. Considering that the presence of AGPs in the litter can increase the conjugation of IncFII-FIB plasmids carrying antimicrobial resistance genes, the real impact of this phenomenon on the dissemination of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the poultry production chain must be investigated.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Cellulose; Conjugation, Genetic; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Lincomycin; Monensin; Plasmids; Poultry; Saccharum; Virginiamycin
PubMed: 35138674
DOI: 10.1111/lam.13671 -
Journal of Chromatography. A Mar 2022Vinasse - liquid organic residue derived from the production of sugarcane ethanol fuel, has been applied as soil amendment via fertigation for decades in Brazil. This...
Vinasse - liquid organic residue derived from the production of sugarcane ethanol fuel, has been applied as soil amendment via fertigation for decades in Brazil. This organic residue is an important source of nutrients and water for sugarcane crops. Through fertigation, approximately 400 billion liters of vinasse are recycled annually. Despite the economic and agronomic importance of this practice, vinasse-based fertigation can be a source of antibiotic contamination in the environment. The present work reports the application of solid phase extraction (SPE), salting-out liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE), and on-line solid phase extraction (on-line SPE) as sample preparation techniques for the analysis of the following antibiotics (contaminants) in vinasse sample: monensin, penicillin G, virginiamycin M1, virginiamycin S1, tetracycline and erythromycin. The study also employed a totally automated quantitative method based on on-line SPE and liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS/MS) for the analysis of these contaminants in vinasse. The application of the aforementioned sample preparation techniques led to the successful extraction of the analytes, and a comparative analysis of the techniques showed that the on-line SPE technique was the most advantageous among the techniques investigated. The quantitative analytical method applied yielded well-defined chromatographic peaks, working range of 1.0-370.0 ng·mL, apparent recovery ranging from 80 to 110% for most compounds, repeatability between 3 and 16%, and limits of detection ranging from1.0 to 10 ng·mL. The analysis of six vinasse samples from different ethanol producing plants led to the detection of monensin at the concentration of 14.3 ng·mL in their compositions. The results obtained show that fertigation with vinasse is a source of antibiotic contamination in the environment.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ethanol; Saccharum; Solid Phase Extraction; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 35124357
DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462833 -
Translational Animal Science Jan 2022One hundred sixty-eight Holstein steer calves (133.4 ± 7.9 kg) were used to evaluate the influence of virginiamycin (VM) supplementation on cattle growth...
One hundred sixty-eight Holstein steer calves (133.4 ± 7.9 kg) were used to evaluate the influence of virginiamycin (VM) supplementation on cattle growth performance and liver abscess incidence, and the effect of feeding 100% vs. 87% of metabolizable protein (MP) requirements during the initial 112 d on growth performance, efficiency of energy utilization, and carcass characteristics. Steers were balanced by weight and assigned to 28 pens (6 steers/pen). During the initial 112-d feeding period, dietary treatments consisted of two levels of MP (100% vs. 87% of expected requirements) supplemented with or without 22.5 mg/kg VM in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. There were no VM × MP supplementation interactions ( ≥ 0.14) on any of the parameters measured in both experiments. Calf-fed Holstein steers supplemented with VM increased ( ≤ 0.03) overall average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (G:F), observed/expected net energy (NE) values for maintenance and gain, and final body weight (BW). Cattle fed VM also increased ( ≤ 0.04) carcass weight, dressing percent, and longissimus muscle area. However, there was no effect ( ≥ 0.22) of VM supplementation on any other carcass characteristics. Calf-fed Holstein steers fed 100% MP requirements during the initial 112-d feeding period had greater ( ≤ 0.02) ADG, G:F, observed/expected NE values for maintenance and gain, and live BW compared with steers fed 87% of the expected MP requirements. However, there was no effect ( ≥ 0.17) of MP supply during the initial 112-d period on overall (342 d) growth performance measurements. The incidence of liver abscesses was low (averaging 7.7%) and not affected by dietary treatments. We conclude that, independent of MP supplies, supplemental VM enhances overall growth performance and efficiency of energy utilization of calf-fed Holstein steers.
PubMed: 35098040
DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab228 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes in pathogenic microorganisms have resulted in many countries restricting the use of antibiotics as growth...
The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes in pathogenic microorganisms have resulted in many countries restricting the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed. The combined use of essential oils and organic acids can help maintain intestinal health, improve animal growth performance, and alleviate the negative effects of banned antibiotics for certain economically important animals. Although the modes of action for the combined dietary supplementation of essential oils and organic acids such as thymol-citric acid (EOA1) and thymol-butyric acid (EOA2) remain unclear, it is speculated that their activities are achieved through beneficial modulation of gastrointestinal microbial communities and inhibition of pathogen growth. In this study, 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing was used to analyze the effects of treatment with EOA1 and EOA2 on the jejunal, cecal, and fecal microbial communities of Cobb broilers while also evaluating effects over different broiler ages. The intestinal microbial communities of broilers developed with increasing age, and gradually came to dominate the intestinal communities of treated broilers. Further, the microbial communities of feces were more complex than those of the jejuna and ceca. We systematically elucidate that the longitudinal changes in the intestinal microbial communities of Cobb broiler chickens at different ages. Meanwhile, we found that the addition of EOA1 or EOA2 to the diet: (1) inhibited the proliferation of and Alcaligenaceae in the jejuna on day 28, (2) promoted the colonization and growth of beneficial bacteria such as , Clostridia, and Bacteroidia at various growth stages, and (3) enriched the abundance of certain microbiota functions, including biological pathways related to metabolism (e.g., enzyme families). Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate that EOA1 and EOA2 dietary supplementation can affect various microbial metabolic pathways related to the metabolism and absorption of nutrients via regulation of the intestinal microbial community structures of Cobb broilers.
PubMed: 35046927
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.814626 -
Veterinary World Nov 2021Many plants contain bioactive substances with antibacterial and antifungal properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Many plants contain bioactive substances with antibacterial and antifungal properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of shell liquid smoke (CSL), clove leaf extract (CLE), and mangosteen pericarp extract (MPE) alone and in combination against and . The antioxidant activity, phenol, saponin, and tannin of CSL, CLE, MPE, and L. extract were also measured.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The agar well-diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial and antifungal activities of CSL, methanolic MPE, and CLE and their combination CSL+MPE+CLE (COMBI) on bacteria and fungus (). Antioxidant activity was measured by the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl method. Total phenol and total tannin were measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and total saponin was measured by the vanillin-sulphate method.
RESULTS
The results indicated that phenolic and tannin levels were greater in MPE than in CLE, whereas the saponin content was higher in CLE compared with MPE. Undiluted (100%) MPE exhibited lower antibacterial activity (p<0.05) than chloramphenicol against , however, undiluted CLE and COMBI showed similar activity compared with chloramphenicol against . COMBI caused significantly (p<0.05) higher inhibition compared with virginiamycin against . CSL, MPE, and COMBI exhibited significantly lower antifungal activity (p<0.05) than that of ketoconazole against . In contrast, CLE showed improved antifungal activity (p<0.05) compared with ketoconazole.
CONCLUSION
liquid smoke, pericarp extract, and leaf extract, either alone or in combination, have the potential to be used as antibacterial and antifungal agents.
PubMed: 35017855
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.3048-3055 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation on the growth, antioxidant, immune response, gut microbiota, and intestinal barrier function...
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation on the growth, antioxidant, immune response, gut microbiota, and intestinal barrier function of broilers under high stocking density (HSD) stress. A total of 324 1-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly assigned to three treatments with six replicates, each replicate including 18 chickens (18 birds/m). The experiment lasted 6 weeks. The three treatments were basal diet (control, CON), basal diet supplemented with 1 × 10 colony forming units (cfu)/kg (CB), and basal diet supplemented with 10 mg/kg virginiamycin (antibiotic, ANT). The results showed that the body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) of broilers in the CB group were significantly higher than those in the CON group in three periods ( < 0.05). The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in serum of the CB group were significantly increased compared with those in the CON and ANT groups at 42 days ( < 0.05). At 42 days, the serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels of the CB group were significantly higher than those of the CON group. Compared with the CON group, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the CB group was significantly decreased in the starter and grower stages ( < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two treatment groups ( > 0.05). significantly decreased the high stocking density-induced expression levels of IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the ileum of broilers at different stages. Additionally, could increase the expressions of claudin-1 and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in intestinal tissue. Moreover, significantly increased the Sobs and Shannon indices in the CB group compared with the ANT group ( < 0.05), while the Ace index in the CB group was significantly higher than that of the CON group ( < 0.05). Furthermore, by using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the proportion of in the CB group was increased compared to those in the CON and ANT groups at the genus level. In conclusion, supplemented into feed could improve the growth performance and feed utilization of broilers by promoting immune and intestinal barrier function and benefiting the cecal microflora.
PubMed: 34956140
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.777456 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2021() as in-feed probiotics is a potential alternative for antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in the poultry industry. The current study investigated the effects of on the...
() as in-feed probiotics is a potential alternative for antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in the poultry industry. The current study investigated the effects of on the performance, immunity, gut microbiota, and intestinal barrier function of broiler chickens. A 42-day feeding trial was conducted with a total of 600 1-day-old Arbor Acres broilers with similar initial body weight, which was randomly divided into one of five dietary treatments: the basal diet (Ctrl), Ctrl + virginiamycin (AGP), Ctrl + A (BSA), Ctrl + B (BSB), and Ctrl + A + B (1:1, BSAB). The results showed significantly increased average daily gain in a step-wise manner from the control, , and to the AGP groups. The mortality rate of the group was significantly lower than the AGP group. The concentrations of serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G (IgG), IgA, and IgM in the and AGP groups were higher than the control group, and the groups had the highest content of serum lysozyme and relative weight of thymus. Dietary increased the relative length of ileum and the relative weight of jejunum compared with the AGP group. The villus height (V), crypt depth (C), V/C, and intestinal wall thickness of the jejunum in the and AGP groups were increased relative to the control group. Dietary increased the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-1, the same as AGP. The contents of lactic acid, succinic acid, and butyric acid in the ileum and cecum were increased by dietary . Dietary significantly increased the and in the ileum and cecum and decreased the and in the cecum. The improved performance and decreased mortality rate observed in the feeding trial could be accrued to the positive effects of on the immune response capacity, gut health, and gut microflora balance, and the combination of two strains showed additional benefits on the intestinal morphology and tight junction protein expressions. Therefore, it can be concluded that dietary A and B could be used as alternatives to synthetic antibiotics in the promotion of gut health and productivity index in broiler production.
PubMed: 34917643
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.786878 -
Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A,... Jan 2022It is well-established that antibiotics stored individually at their optimal pH and in appropriate solvents are stable over time. However, limited information exists on...
It is well-established that antibiotics stored individually at their optimal pH and in appropriate solvents are stable over time. However, limited information exists on the stability of antibiotics from multiple classes when prepared and stored as a mixture prior to multiresidue analysis by mass spectrometry. This study tested the stability of antibiotic standard mixtures from eight classes [amphenicols, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, quinolones, macrolides, β-lactams, lincosamides and miscellaneous (i.e., trimethoprim)] in relation to the water:methanol ratio, presence of sodium hydroxide base (to solubilise quinolones), storage temperature, and container type including plain and silanized glass vials. Antibiotics were analysed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Several antibiotics, mainly quinolones, tetracyclines and macrolides, were unstable when stored as mixtures for one week regardless of the water:methanol ratio, storage temperature (4, -20 or -80 °C) and presence/absence of sodium hydroxide. Silanization of glassware improved the storage stability of quinolones and macrolides but reduced the stability of tetracyclines and other antibiotics including florfenicol amine, penicillin G, erythromycin and sulfadiazine. Our results show that several antibiotics in water:methanol are unstable when stored as a mixture and suggest a limited advantage of using base or silanized glass vials for the preparation and storage of antibiotic standards mixed together. Freshly prepared antibiotic standard mixtures are recommended for multi-residue quantitation of antibiotics. AMOX: amoxicillin; AMP: ampicillin; AZ: azithromycin; CAP: chloramphenicol; CE: collision energy; CTC: chlortetracycline; CIP: ciprofloxacin; DOX: doxycycline; ENO: enoxacin; ENRO: enrofloxacin; ERYTH: erythromycin; FF: florfenicol; FFA: florfenicol amine; FLU: flumequine; HDPE: high-density polyethylene; LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; LIN: lincomycin; MRM: multiple reaction monitoring; NOR: norfloxacin; OFL-D3: ofloxacin-D3; OXO: oxolinic acid; OTC: oxytetracycline; PEN-G: penicillin G; PEN-V: penicillin V; ROX: roxithromycin; SDM: sulfadimethoxine; SDZ: sulfadiazine; SMX: sulfamethoxazole; SMZ-D4: sulfamethazine-D4; SSZ: sulfasalazine; TC: tetracycline; TAP: thiamphenicol; TILM: tilmicosin; TRIM: trimethoprim; TL: tolerance limit; VIRG: virginiamycin; UPLC-MS/MS: ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Fluoroquinolones; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Macrolides; Methanol; Sulfadiazine; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Temperature; Tetracyclines; Trimethoprim; Water; beta-Lactams
PubMed: 34854803
DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1982150