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Intermittent Fasting in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Critical Update of Available Studies.Nutrients Jan 2023Breast cancer (BC) is the most-frequent malignancy amongst women, whereas obesity and excess caloric consumption increase the risk for developing the disease. The... (Review)
Review
Breast cancer (BC) is the most-frequent malignancy amongst women, whereas obesity and excess caloric consumption increase the risk for developing the disease. The objective of this systematic review was to examine the impact of intermittent fasting (IF) on previously diagnosed BC patients, regarding quality of life (QoL) scores during chemotherapy, chemotherapy-induced toxicity, radiological response and BC recurrence, endocrine-related outcomes, as well as IF-induced adverse effects in these populations. A comprehensive search was conducted between 31 December 2010 and 31 October 2022, using the PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. Two investigators independently performed abstract screenings, full-text screenings, and data extraction, and the Mixed Method Appraisal Tool (MMAT) was used to evaluate the quality of the selected studies. We screened 468 papers, 10 of which were selected for data synthesis. All patients were female adults whose age ranged between 27 and 78 years. Participants in all studies were women diagnosed with BC of one of the following stages: I, II (HER2-/+), III (HER2-/+), IV, LUMINAL-A, LUMINAL-B (HER2-/+). Notably, IF during chemotherapy was found to be feasible, safe and able to relieve chemotherapy-induced adverse effects and cytotoxicity. IF seemed to improve QoL during chemotherapy, through the reduction of fatigue, nausea and headaches, however data were characterized as low quality. IF was found to reduce chemotherapy-induced DNA damage and augmented optimal glycemic regulation, improving serum glucose, insulin, and IGF-1 concentrations. A remarkable heterogeneity of duration of dietary patterns was observed among available studies. In conclusion, we failed to identify any IF-related beneficial effects on the QoL, response after chemotherapy or related symptoms, as well as measures of tumor recurrence in BC patients. We identified a potential beneficial effect of IF on chemotherapy-induced toxicity, based on markers of DNA and leukocyte damage; however, these results were derived from three studies and require further validation. Further studies with appropriate design and larger sample sizes are warranted to elucidate its potential standard incorporation in daily clinical practice.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Breast Neoplasms; Intermittent Fasting; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Quality of Life
PubMed: 36771239
DOI: 10.3390/nu15030532 -
JBRA Assisted Reproduction Jun 2023To elucidate through a systematic literature review the impact sperm DNA fragmentation has on embryos from assisted reproduction techniques. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To elucidate through a systematic literature review the impact sperm DNA fragmentation has on embryos from assisted reproduction techniques.
DATA SOURCE
Studies from the "PubMed", "Embase", and "BVS" databases were analyzed.
STUDIES SELECTION
The articles selected in the review included: cohort and case-control studies that addressed the proposed theme, published between January 1, 2017, and January 31, 2022, in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. As inclusion criteria: cohort and case-control articles. As exclusion criteria: articles outside the scope of the research, review articles, case reports, articles using animal models, abstracts, letters to the editor, and articles found duplicates in the databases.
DATA COLLECTION
Number of couples or cycles; age (men/women); collection type; DNA damage (%); assisted reproduction activity and techniques.
DATA SYNTHESIS
In in vitro fertilization, a reduction in fertilization rate, blastocyst rate, and embryo quality was observed. In addition to implantation and increased abortion rates in patients with high sperm DNA fragmentation. High rates of sperm DNA fragmentation in intracytoplasmic sperm injection led to reduced blastocyst production rate, embryo quality, implantation, and live birth rate, and in intrauterine insemination, a reduction in pregnancy rate.
CONCLUSION
Sperm DNA fragmentation was a potential limiting factor for assisted reproduction techniques.
Topics: Pregnancy; Humans; Male; Female; DNA Fragmentation; Semen; Fertilization in Vitro; Spermatozoa; Embryo Implantation
PubMed: 36749810
DOI: 10.5935/1518-0557.20220057 -
Journal of Advanced Research Dec 2023Crush syndrome (CS) is a kind of traumatic and ischemic injury that seriously threatens life after prolonged compression. It is characterized by systemic inflammatory... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Crush syndrome (CS) is a kind of traumatic and ischemic injury that seriously threatens life after prolonged compression. It is characterized by systemic inflammatory reaction, myoglobinuria, hyperkalemia and acute kidney injury (AKI). Especially AKI, it is the leading cause of death from CS. There are various cell death forms in AKI, among which ferroptosis is a typical form of cell death. However, the role of ferroptosis has not been fully revealed in CS-AKI.
AIM OF REVIEW
This review aimed to summarize the evidence of ferroptosis in CS-AKI and its related molecular mechanism, discuss the therapeutic significance of ferroptosis in CS-AKI, and open up new ideas for the treatment of CS-AKI.
KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW
One of the main pathological manifestations of CS-AKI is renal tubular epithelial cell dysfunction and cell death, which has been attributed to massive deposition of myoglobin. Large amounts of myoglobin released from damaged muscle deposited in the renal tubules, impeding the normal renal tubules function and directly damaging the tubules with oxidative stress and elevated iron levels. Lipid peroxidation damage and iron overload are the distinguishing features of ferroptosis. Moreover, high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and damage-associated molecule pattern molecules (HMGB1, double-strand DNA, and macrophage extracellular trap) in renal tissue have been shown to promote ferroptosis. However, how ferroptosis occurs in CS-AKI and whether it can be a therapeutic target remains unclear. In our current work, we systematically reviewed the occurrence and underlying mechanism of ferroptosis in CS-AKI.
Topics: Humans; Acute Kidney Injury; Cell Death; Crush Syndrome; Ferroptosis; Myoglobin
PubMed: 36702249
DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.01.016 -
Life (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022The aim of the present review was to assess the impact of DNA damage repair (DDR) mutations on response and outcome of patients (pts) affected by advanced prostate... (Review)
Review
The aim of the present review was to assess the impact of DNA damage repair (DDR) mutations on response and outcome of patients (pts) affected by advanced prostate cancer (PCa) submitted to radionuclide therapies with [223Ra]RaCl2 (223Ra-therapy) or prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) ligands. A systematic literature search according to PRISMA criteria was made by using two main databases. Only studies published up until to October 2022 in the English language with ≥10 enrolled patients were selected. Seven studies including 326 pts, of whom 201 (61.6%) harboring DDR defects, were selected. The majority of selected papers were retrospective and four out of seven (57.1%) had small sample size (<50 pts). Three out of seven (42.8%) studies reported a more favorable outcome (overall or progression free survival) after therapy with alpha emitters (223Ra-therapy or [225Ac]Ac-PSMA-617) in subjects with DDR defects with respect to those without mutations. In two studies employing alpha or beta emitters ([177Lu]/[225Ac]-PMSA), no significant benefit was registered in pts harboring DDR defects. In all but one paper, no significant difference in response rate was reported among pts with or without DDR mutations. Although preliminary and biased by the retrospective design, preliminary data suggest a trend towards a longer survival in PCa pts harboring DDR defects submitted to radionuclide targeted therapy with alpha emitters.
PubMed: 36676004
DOI: 10.3390/life13010055 -
Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology... Jan 2023Infertility affects one in every six couples in developed countries, and approximately 50% is of male origin. In 2021, sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) testing became an... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
Infertility affects one in every six couples in developed countries, and approximately 50% is of male origin. In 2021, sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) testing became an evidence-based test for fertility evaluations depicting fertility more clearly than standard semen parameters. Therefore, we aimed to summarize the potential prognostic factors of a higher SDF.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic search in three medical databases and included studies investigating any risk factors for SDF values. We calculated mean differences (MD) in SDF with 95% confidence interval (CI) for exposed and non-exposed individuals.
RESULTS
We included 190 studies in our analysis. In the group of associated health conditions, varicocele (MD = 13.62%, CI: 9.39-17.84) and impaired glucose tolerance (MD = 13.75%, CI: 6.99-20.51) had the most significant increase in SDF. Among malignancies, testicular tumors had the highest impact, with a maximum of MD = 11.3% (CI: 7.84-14.76). Among infections, the overall effects of both Chlamydia and HPV were negligible. Of lifestyle factors, smoking had the most disruptive effect on SDF - an increase of 9.19% (CI: 4.33-14.06). Different periods of sexual abstinence did not show significant variations in SDF values. Age seemed to have a more drastic effect on SDF from age 50 onwards, with a mean difference of 12.58% (CI: 7.31-17.86). Pollution also had a detrimental effect - 9.68% (CI: 6.85-12.52).
CONCLUSION
Of the above risk factors, varicocele, impaired glucose tolerance, testicular tumors, smoking, pollution, and paternal age of over 50 were associated with the highest SDF.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
CRD42021282533.
Topics: Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Semen; DNA Fragmentation; Varicocele; Glucose Intolerance; Spermatozoa; Life Style; Testicular Neoplasms; Infertility, Male
PubMed: 36653793
DOI: 10.1186/s12958-023-01054-0 -
Brazilian Oral Research 2023Scientific evidence about genetic and molecular changes in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) among smokers and non-smokers is inconclusive. This systematic review and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Scientific evidence about genetic and molecular changes in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) among smokers and non-smokers is inconclusive. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effects of tobacco on the DNA of individuals with OSCC based on protein mutations. Electronic searches were conducted on PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science, and Scopus to identify observational studies published up to January/2022. The Joanna Briggs Institute tool was used for the critical appraisal of studies. The certainty of the evidence was evaluated. Twenty-three studies assessing 4,060 individuals (2,967 smokers vs. 1,093 non-smokers) were included in this review. Fifteen groups of proteins/genes were investigated. Analysis of the quality of articles revealed low risk of bias in most studies. The certainty of the evidence was very low. The meta-analysis confirmed no significant difference between smokers and non-smokers with respect to damage to GSTM1 (OR: 0.60; 95%CI: 0.30-1.18), GSTT1 (OR: 1.18; 95%CI:0.49-2.83), hydrolase proteins (Ku70 and Ku80) (OR: 0.74; 95%CI: 0.18-3.05), and transferase proteins (GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTM3) (OR: 0.74; 95%CI: 0.47-1.18). Most of the studies included showed that smokers are more likely to exhibit genetic instability. However, the meta-analysis revealed that smokers do not necessarily have more genetic alterations in the DNA than non-smokers.
Topics: Humans; Nicotiana; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Genotype; Polymorphism, Genetic; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Non-Smokers; Mouth Neoplasms; Head and Neck Neoplasms; DNA
PubMed: 36629591
DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2023.vol37.0008 -
Nutrients Dec 2022Skin exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays in the sun causes premature ageing and may predispose to skin cancers. UV radiation generates excessive free radical species,... (Review)
Review
Skin exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays in the sun causes premature ageing and may predispose to skin cancers. UV radiation generates excessive free radical species, resulting in oxidative stress, which is responsible for cellular and DNA damage. There is growing evidence that phytonutrients such as flavonoids and carotenoids may impede oxidative stress and prevent photodamage. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to explore the effects of certain phytonutrients in preventing skin photodamage. We searched the electronic Medline (Ovid) and Pubmed databases for relevant studies published between 2002 and 2022. The main inclusion criteria were articles written in English, and studies reporting the effects of phytonutrient-containing plants of interest on the skin or skin cells exposed to UV radiation. We focused on tea, blueberries, lemon, carrot, tomato, and grapes, which are rich in flavonoids and/or carotenoids. Out of 434 articles retrieved, 40 were identified as potentially relevant. Based on our inclusion criteria, nine articles were included in the review. The review comprises three combined in vitro and animal studies, four human studies, one in vitro research, and one mixed in vitro and human study. All the studies reported positive effects of flavonoids and carotenoid-containing plant extract on UV-induced skin damage. This evidence-based review highlights the potential use of flavonoids and carotenoids found in plants in preventing the deleterious effects of UV radiation on the skin. These compounds may have a role in clinical and aesthetic applications for the prevention and treatment of sunburn and photoaging, and may potentially be used against UV-related skin cancers.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Ultraviolet Rays; Flavonoids; Carotenoids; Skin; Sunburn; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 36615749
DOI: 10.3390/nu15010092 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Jan 2023It has been demonstrated that human exposure to environmental chemicals may have sperm genotoxic potentiality. Among the different classes, Polycyclic Aromatic... (Review)
Review
It has been demonstrated that human exposure to environmental chemicals may have sperm genotoxic potentiality. Among the different classes, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been receiving attention in recent years due to reports of sperm geno-toxicity, a series of reproductive defects and male infertility. This review aims to substantiate the effects of PAHs exposure on male infertility, with focus on the sperm characteristics (count, concentration, volume, motility, DNA damage, and morphology). To this end, international databases such as Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase Ovid, Scopus, and Google Scholar were used to conduct a systematic search for papers on the subject, based on PRISMA guidelines, published up to 24 March 2022. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was subsequently used to assess the quality of the studies. The results showed that there is a significant negative relationship between PAHs metabolites and sperm volume, concentration, motility, morphology, as well as an observed DNA degeneration. Also, the CYP1A1 genotype polymorphisms were considered as a representative of PAHs exposure to infertility; the review highlights that polymorphisms of this genotype were more common in the infertile people. In overall, this work provides a solid summary of the existing works correlating PAHs exposure and male infertility, which could impulse further protective measures and informative campaigns on users, workers, and general population.
Topics: Humans; Male; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; Semen; Infertility, Male; Semen Analysis; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 36608572
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114485 -
Particle and Fibre Toxicology Jan 2023Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) are conceptual frameworks that organize knowledge about biological interactions and toxicity mechanisms. They present a sequence of...
BACKGROUND
Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) are conceptual frameworks that organize knowledge about biological interactions and toxicity mechanisms. They present a sequence of events commencing with initial interaction(s) of a stressor, which defines the perturbation in a biological system (molecular initiating event, MIE), and a dependent series of key events (KEs), ending with an adverse outcome (AO). AOPs have recently become the subject of intense studies in a view to better understand the mechanisms of nanomaterial (NM) toxicity. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are one of the most explored nanostructures and are extensively used in various application. This, in turn, has increased the potential for interactions of Ag NPs with environments, and toxicity to human health. The aim of this study was to construct a putative AOPs (pAOP) related to reproductive toxicity of Ag NPs, in order to lay the groundwork for a better comprehension of mechanisms affecting both undesired toxicity (against human cell) and expected toxicity (against microorganisms).
METHODS
PubMed and Scopus were systematically searched for peer-reviewed studies examining reproductive toxicity potential of Ag NPs. The quality of selected studies was assessed through ToxRTool. Eventually, forty-eight studies published between 2005 and 2022 were selected to identify the mechanisms of Ag NPs impact on reproductive function in human male. The biological endpoints, measurements, and results were extracted from these studies. Where possible, endpoints were assigned to a potential KE and an AO using expert judgment. Then, KEs were classified at each major level of biological organization.
RESULTS
We identified the impairment of intracellular SH-containing biomolecules, which are major cellular antioxidants, as a putative MIE, with subsequent KEs defined as ROS accumulation, mitochondrial damage, DNA damage and lipid peroxidation, apoptosis, reduced production of reproductive hormones and reduced quality of sperm. These successive KEs may result in impaired male fertility (AO).
CONCLUSION
This research recapitulates and schematically represents complex literature data gathered from different biological levels and propose a pAOP related to the reproductive toxicity induced by AgNPs. The development of AOPs specific to NMs should be encouraged in order to provide new insights to gain a better understanding of NP toxicity.
Topics: Animals; Male; Humans; Adverse Outcome Pathways; Metal Nanoparticles; Silver; Semen; Genitalia, Male; Mammals
PubMed: 36604752
DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00511-9 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022As the first barrier of host defense, innate immunity sets up the parclose to keep out external microbial or virus attacks. Depending on the type of pathogens, several...
As the first barrier of host defense, innate immunity sets up the parclose to keep out external microbial or virus attacks. Depending on the type of pathogens, several cytoplasm pattern recognition receptors exist to sense the attacks from either foreign or host origins, triggering the immune response to battle with the infections. Among them, cGAS-STING is the major pathway that mainly responds to microbial DNA, DNA virus infections, or self-DNA, which mainly comes from genome instability by-product or released DNA from the mitochondria. cGAS was initially found functional in the cytoplasm, although intriguing evidence indicates that cGAS exists in the nucleus where it is involved in the DNA damage repair process. Because the close connection between DNA damage response and immune response and cGAS recognizes DNA in length-dependent but DNA sequence-independent manners, it is urgent to clear the function balance of cGAS in the nucleus versus cytoplasm and how it is shielded from recognizing the host origin DNA. Here, we outline the current conception of immune response and the regulation mechanism of cGAS in the nucleus. Furthermore, we will shed light on the potential mechanisms that are restricted to be taken away from self-DNA recognition, especially how post-translational modification regulates cGAS functions.
Topics: Signal Transduction; Immunity, Innate; Nucleotidyltransferases; DNA; DNA Damage
PubMed: 36591232
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1076784