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Social Cognitive and Affective... Oct 2023In recent decades, a substantial volume of work has examined the neural mechanisms of cognitive reappraisal. Distancing and reinterpretation are two frequently used... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
In recent decades, a substantial volume of work has examined the neural mechanisms of cognitive reappraisal. Distancing and reinterpretation are two frequently used tactics through which reappraisal can be implemented. Theoretical frameworks and prior evidence have suggested that the specific tactic through which one employs reappraisal entails differential neural and psychological mechanisms. Thus, we were motivated to assess the neural mechanisms of this distinction by examining the overlap and differentiation exhibited by the neural correlates of distancing (specifically via objective appraisal) and reinterpretation. We analyzed 32 published functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in healthy adults using multilevel kernel density analysis. Results showed that distancing relative to reinterpretation uniquely recruited right bilateral dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) and left posterior parietal cortex, previously associated with mentalizing, selective attention and working memory. Reinterpretation relative to distancing uniquely recruited left bilateral ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC), previously associated with response selection and inhibition. Further, distancing relative to reinterpretation was associated with greater prevalence of bilateral amygdala attenuation during reappraisal. Finally, a behavioral meta-analysis showed efficacy for both reappraisal tactics. These results are consistent with prior theoretical models for the functional neural architecture of reappraisal via distancing and reinterpretation and suggest potential future applications in region-of-interest specification and neural network analysis in studies focusing on specific reappraisal tactics.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Emotions; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Parietal Lobe; Amygdala; Attention; Brain Mapping; Cognition
PubMed: 37757486
DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsad050 -
JCPP Advances Sep 2023Self-injurious thoughts and behaviours (SITBs) have been associated with dysfunction of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) in children and young people, suggesting that...
BACKGROUND
Self-injurious thoughts and behaviours (SITBs) have been associated with dysfunction of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) in children and young people, suggesting that objective ANS measures may aid assessment of suicide risk, but a systematic synthesis of this literature is currently lacking.
METHODS
Following a pre-registered protocol (PROSPERO CRD42022327605), we conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, and Web of Science, for empirical studies published until 10th May 2022 that compared indices of ANS functioning in individuals aged 0-25 years with versus without SITBs, or reported continuous associations between ANS measures and SITBs. Study quality was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scales. Pooled effect sizes (Hedge's g) were estimated with random-effects meta-analytic models.
RESULTS
Twenty studies (1979 participants) were included in our systematic review, with 16 included in meta-analyses. Results suggested that SITBs were associated with altered cardiac indices of arousal ( = -0.328, < 0.001), which was driven by lower heart rate variability in individuals with SITBs ( = -0.375, = 0.025). Overall results for electrodermal activity were not significant ( = 0.026, = 0.857), but subgroup analyses showed increased activity in studies of individuals who engaged specifically in non-suicidal self-harm ( = 0.249, = 0.014) but decreased activity in the remaining studies ( = -0.567, = 0.004).
CONCLUSIONS
Our systematic review and meta-analysis found evidence of reduced parasympathetic regulation as well as more tentative evidence of altered electrodermal activity in children and young people displaying SITBs. Future longitudinal studies should test the clinical utility of these markers for detecting and monitoring suicide risk.
PubMed: 37720589
DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12148 -
Translational Cancer Research Aug 2023Although programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and function in hematologic malignancies have aroused extensive attention, its prognostic value for extranodal...
The predictive implication of programmed cell death ligand 1 expression in extranodal natural killer/T-Cell lymphoma and its correlation with clinicopathological features: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND
Although programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and function in hematologic malignancies have aroused extensive attention, its prognostic value for extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL) is still unknown. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to explore the predictive value of neoplastic PD-L1 expression for ENKTL.
METHODS
The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CNKI databases were searched to identify eligible observational studies reporting PD-L1 expression and survival outcomes of ENKTL patients. The search was conducted in accordance with the Meta-analyses Of Observative Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were adopted to analyze survival outcomes, and the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were adopted for clinicopathological parameters. Review Manager 5.3 and STATA 17.0 were used for statistical analysis. Potential publication bias was evaluated by funnel plot and Egger's test.
RESULTS
A total of 433 patients with ENKTL were included across seven studies. The pooled results showed no significant relationship between neoplastic PD-L1 expression and overall survival (OS) (HR =1.35, 95% CI: 0.49-3.75, P=0.559). We also performed subgroup analyses. However, increased PD-L1 expression was associated with a low international prognostic index (IPI) score of 0-1 (OR =2.46; 95% CI: 1.11-5.45, P=0.03), good performance status (OR =1.97; 95% CI: 1.11-3.51, P=0.02), and a good treatment effect (OR =2.61; 95% CI: 1.01-6.70, P=0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
PD-L1-positive expression in patients with ENKTL was correlated with favorable clinical features. Thus, PD-L1-positive expression appears to be a potential predictor of treatment benefits. Additional large-scale, high-quality studies are needed to further explore its predictive value.
PubMed: 37701117
DOI: 10.21037/tcr-22-2569 -
Journal of Thoracic Disease Aug 2023The sleep onset process is an ill-defined complex process of transition from wakefulness to sleep, characterized by progressive modifications at the subjective,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The sleep onset process is an ill-defined complex process of transition from wakefulness to sleep, characterized by progressive modifications at the subjective, behavioural, cognitive, and physiological levels. To this date, there is no international consensus which could aid a principled characterisation of this process for clinical research purposes. The current review aims to systemise the current knowledge about the underlying mechanisms of the natural heterogeneity of this process.
METHODS
In this systematic review, studies investigating the process of the sleep onset from 1970 to 2022 were identified using electronic database searches of PsychINFO, MEDLINE, and Embase.
RESULTS
A total of 139 studies were included; 110 studies in healthy participants and 29 studies in participants with sleep disorders. Overall, there is a limited consensus across a body of research about what distinct biomarkers of the sleep onset constitute. Only sparse data exists on the physiology, neurophysiology and behavioural mechanisms of the sleep onset, with majority of studies concentrating on the non-rapid eye movement stage 2 (NREM 2) as a potentially better defined and a more reliable time point that separates sleep from the wake, on the sleep wake continuum.
CONCLUSIONS
The neurophysiologic landscape of sleep onset bears a complex pattern associated with a multitude of behavioural and physiological markers and remains poorly understood. The methodological variation and a heterogenous definition of the wake-sleep transition in various studies to date is understandable, given that sleep onset is a process that has fluctuating and ill-defined boundaries. Nonetheless, the principled characterisation of the sleep onset process is needed which will allow for a greater conceptualisation of the mechanisms underlying this process, further influencing the efficacy of current treatments for sleep disorders.
PubMed: 37691675
DOI: 10.21037/jtd-23-325 -
Accident; Analysis and Prevention Nov 2023In conditionally automated driving, the driver is free to disengage from controlling the vehicle, but they are expected to resume driving in response to certain... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Assessing the physiological effect of non-driving-related task performance and task modality in conditionally automated driving systems: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
In conditionally automated driving, the driver is free to disengage from controlling the vehicle, but they are expected to resume driving in response to certain situations or events that the system is not equipped to respond to. As the level of vehicle automation increases, drivers often engage in non-driving-related tasks (NDRTs), defined as any secondary task unrelated to the primary task of driving. This engagement can have a detrimental effect on the driver's situation awareness and attentional resources. NDRTs with resource demands that overlap with the driving task, such as visual or manual tasks, may be particularly deleterious. Therefore, monitoring the driver's state is an important safety feature for conditionally automated vehicles, and physiological measures constitute a promising means of doing this. The present systematic review and meta-analysis synthesises findings from 32 studies concerning the effect of NDRTs on drivers' physiological responses, in addition to the effect of NDRTs with a visual or a manual modality. Evidence was found that NDRT engagement led to higher physiological arousal, indicated by increased heart rate, electrodermal activity and a decrease in heart rate variability. There was mixed evidence for an effect of both visual and manual NDRT modalities on all physiological measures. Understanding the relationship between task performance and arousal during automated driving is of critical importance to the development of driver monitoring systems and improving the safety of this technology.
Topics: Humans; Task Performance and Analysis; Accidents, Traffic; Automation; Autonomous Vehicles; Awareness
PubMed: 37651857
DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107243 -
Multiple Sclerosis Journal -... 2023Sleep disturbance is common in people with multiple sclerosis and may worsen fatigue; however, the assessment of sleep-fatigue relationships varies across studies. To... (Review)
Review
Sleep disturbance is common in people with multiple sclerosis and may worsen fatigue; however, the assessment of sleep-fatigue relationships varies across studies. To better understand sleep-fatigue relationships in this population, we conducted a systematic review and random effects meta-analyses for the associations between fatigue and 10 sleep variables: Sleep-disordered breathing, daytime sleepiness, sleep quality, insomnia, restless legs, number of awakenings, sleep efficiency, sleep latency, sleep duration, and wake after sleep onset. Of the 1062 studies screened, 46 met inclusion criteria and provided sufficient data for calculating Hedges' g. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Sample characteristics did not differ between the 10 analyses. Results indicated that sleep quality and insomnia (assessed via self-report or diagnostic criteria) were strongly associated with fatigue (all s ≥ 0.80 and all < .001). In contrast, the number of awakenings and sleep duration (assessed objectively) were not significantly associated with fatigue. Remaining sleep variables yielded moderate, significant effects. Most effects did not vary based on study quality or sample demographics. Results highlight that insomnia and perceptions of poor sleep have a stronger link than objective sleep duration to fatigue in multiple sclerosis and may represent a more effective target for intervention.
PubMed: 37641617
DOI: 10.1177/20552173231194352 -
Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023This review aimed to systematically investigate the effect of minimal intervention dentistry on patient-reported and observation-based outcomes of anxiety, pain and... (Review)
Review
This review aimed to systematically investigate the effect of minimal intervention dentistry on patient-reported and observation-based outcomes of anxiety, pain and patient cooperation in the pediatric population. Microinvasive treatments (MITs) were compared to conventional treatments, home-based and professionally applied non-invasive treatments (NITs), and between MITs. Two reviewers independently screened studies from four electronic databases, extracted data, assessed the risk of bias and certainty of evidence with the GRADE approach. Ultimately, 26 studies were included for qualitative synthesis, with the data from 12 studies being incorporated into the meta-analysis. No statistically significantly differences in terms of anxiety were noted between MITs and conventional treatments, or between MITs from the meta-analyses. The treatment durations of MITs were not necessarily shorter than conventional treatments but varied with the use of local anesthesia, behavioral and clinical approach, and other confounding factors. The certainties of evidence were deemed low due to high risk of bias of the included studies. NITs evoked less anxiety and pain compared to MITs. Minimal intervention dentistry is an alternative treatment to manage dental caries among children and does not arouse different levels of dental anxiety and pain compared to other treatment modalities. However, further well-designed studies are required to draw an evidence-based conclusion.
PubMed: 37628440
DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11162241 -
World Journal of Microbiology &... Jul 2023Tellurium is a super-trace metalloid on Earth. Owing to its excellent physical and chemical properties, it is used in industries such as metallurgy and manufacturing,... (Review)
Review
Tellurium is a super-trace metalloid on Earth. Owing to its excellent physical and chemical properties, it is used in industries such as metallurgy and manufacturing, particularly of semiconductors and - more recently - solar panels. As the global demand for tellurium rises, environmental issues surrounding tellurium have recently aroused concern due to its high toxicity. The amount of tellurium released to the environment is increasing, and microorganisms play an important role in the biogeochemical cycling of environmental tellurium. This review focuses on novel developments on tellurium transformations driven by microbes and includes the following sections: (1) history and applications of tellurium; (2) toxicity of tellurium; (3) microbial detoxification mechanisms against soluble tellurium anions including uptake, efflux and methods of reduction, and reduced ability to cope with oxidation stress or repair damaged DNA; and (4) the characteristics and applications of tellurium nanoparticles (TeNPs) produced by microbes. This review raises the awareness of microorganisms in tellurium biogeochemical cycling and the growing applications for microbial tellurium nanoparticles.
Topics: Trace Elements; Tellurium; Nanoparticles
PubMed: 37507604
DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03704-2 -
Frontiers in Neuroscience 2023The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) in patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC) and compare differences in...
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) in patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC) and compare differences in efficacy between different stimulation modalities.
METHODS
We searched the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases for all studies published in English from inception to April 2023. Literature screening and quality assessment were performed independently by two investigators. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate the therapeutic effects of NIBS. The Cochrane Q test and I statistic were used to evaluate heterogeneity between studies. Subgroup analysis was performed to identify the source of heterogeneity, and differences in efficacy between different stimulation modalities were compared by Bayesian analysis.
RESULTS
A total of 17 studies with 377 DoC patients were included. NIBS significantly improved the state of consciousness in DoC patients when compared to sham stimulation (WMD: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.46, 1.17; I = 78.2%, = 0.000). When divided into subgroups according to stimulation modalities, the heterogeneity of each subgroup was significantly lower than before (I: 0.00-30.4%, >0.05); different stimulation modalities may be the main source of such heterogeneity. Bayesian analysis, based on different stimulation modalities, indicated that a patient's state of consciousness improved most significantly after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Diagnosis-based subgroup analysis showed that NIBS significantly improved the state of consciousness in patients with a minimal consciousness state (WMD: 1.11; 95% CI: 0.37, 1.86) but not in patients with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome or a vegetative state (WMD: 0.31; 95% CI: -0.09, 0.71). Subgroup analysis based on observation time showed that single treatment did not improve the state of consciousness in DoC patients (WMD: 0.28; 95% CI: -0.27, 0.82) while multiple treatments could (WMD: 1.05; 95% CI: 0.49, 1.61). Furthermore, NIBS had long-term effects on DoC patients (WMD: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.08-1.49).
CONCLUSION
Available evidence suggests that the use of NIBS on patients with DoC is more effective than sham stimulation, and that rTMS of the left DLPFC may be the most prominent stimulation modality.
PubMed: 37496734
DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1219043 -
Journal of Behavioral Addictions Oct 2023Implicit cognitions may be involved in the development and maintenance of specific Internet use disorders such as problematic social network use (PSNU). In more detail,... (Review)
Review
Implicit cognitions may be involved in the development and maintenance of specific Internet use disorders such as problematic social network use (PSNU). In more detail, implicit attitude, attentional biases, approach and avoidance tendencies as well as semantic memory associations are considered relevant in the context of PSNU. This viewpoint article summarizes the available literature on implicit cognitions in PSNU. We systematically reviewed articles of implicit cognitions in PSNU from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest databases based on a targeted search strategy and assessed using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The present findings suggest that specific implicit cognitions are important in the context of PSNU and therefore show parallels to other addictive behaviors. However, the empirical evidence is limited to a few studies on this topic. Implicit cognitions in PSNU should be explored in more depth and in the context of other affective and cognitive mechanisms in future work.
Topics: Humans; Cognition; Behavior, Addictive; Attentional Bias; Social Networking
PubMed: 37450371
DOI: 10.1556/2006.2023.00035